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NASA NTRS2000

An Indirect Mixed-Sensitivity Approach to Microgravity Vibration Isolation: The Exploitation of Kinematic Coupling In Frequency-Weighting Design-Filter Selections

Many space science experiments need an active isolation system to provide them with the requisite microgravity environment. The isolation systems planned for use with the International Space Station have been appropriately modeled using relative position, relative velocity, and acceleration states. In theory, frequency design filters can be applied to these state-space models, in order to develop optimal H, or mixed-norm controllers with desired stability- and performance characteristics. In practice. however, the kinematic coupling among the various states can lead, through the associated frequency-weighting-filters, to conflicting demands on the Riccati design "machinery." The results can be numerically ill-conditioned regulator and estimator Riccati equations and/or reduced intuition in the design process. In addition, kinematic coupling can result in a redundancy in the demands imposed by the frequency weights. Failure properly to account for this type of coupling can lead to an unnecessary increase in controller dimensionality and, in turn, controller complexity. This paper suggests a rational approach to the assignment of frequency weighting design filters, in the presence of the kinematic coupling among states that exists in the microgravity vibration isolation problem.

Hampton, R. David↗

NASA NTRS2000

NASA Center for Computational Sciences: History and Resources

The Nasa Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS) has been a leading capacity computing facility, providing a production environment and support resources to address the challenges facing the Earth and space sciences research community.

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NASA NTRS1992

Protein Crystal Growth Activities on STS-42

The Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) middeck payload is currently manifested to fly on STS-42 in January 1992. This payload is a joint effort between NASA s Office of Commercial Programs (OCP) and Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA). The PCG experiments are managed by the Center for Macromolecular Crystallography (CMC), a NASA Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS) based at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). This is the eighth flight of a payload in the PCG program that is jointly sponsored by the OCP and the OSSA. The flight hardware for STS-42 includes six Vapor Diffusion Apparatus (VDA) trays stored in two Refrigerator/Incubator Modules (R/TM s). The VDA trays will simultaneously conduct 120 experiments involving 15 different protein compounds, four of which are sponsored by the OCP, the UAB CCDS, and four co-investigators.

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NASA NTRS1997

Deep Space One: NASA's First Deep-Space Technology Validation Mission

Under development for launch in July 1998, Deep Space One (DS1) is the first flight of NASA's New Millennium Program, Chartered to validate selected technologies required for future low-cost space science programs. Advanced technologies chosen for validation on DS1 include solar electric propulsion, high-power solar concentrator arrays, autonomous on-board optical navigation, two low-mass science instrument packages, and several telecommunications and microelectronics devices.

Deep↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A High Inclination Solar Mission Enabled by Near-Term Solar Sail Propulsion

Our current understanding of the Sun, its atmosphere, and the heliosphere is severely limited by a lack of good observations of the Sun’s polar regions. A High Inclination Solar Mission (HISM) mission would go into a 0.48-AU circular solar orbit with at least a 60° inclination to conduct long-term observations of the Sun’s poles using both situ and remote-sensing instruments to study the connections between the Sun, the solar wind, and solar energetic particle events. The propulsion requirements to implement HISM are beyond the capability of conventional chemical propulsion and extremely challenging even for highly efficient solar electric propulsion. To enable HISM and a host of other propulsion-intense space science missions, NASA is actively developing solar sail propulsion, capable of continuous low thrust for the extended periods of time required to meet the delta V requirements of HISM. Upcoming solar sail missions include the Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout (2021 planned launch) and Solar Cruiser (candidate for flight in 2024).Solar sails use sunlight to propel vehicles through space by reflecting solar photons from a large, highly-reflective sail. This continuous photon pressure provides propellantless thrust, allowing for very high delta V maneuvers on long-duration, deep-space exploration. Since the Sun supplies the necessary propulsive energy, solar sails require no onboard propellant, thereby potentially increasing useful payload mass. The NASA MSFC Advanced Concepts Office recently completed a detailed mission concept study of HISM based on the solar sail propulsion technologies being developed for NEA Scout and Solar Cruiser. The HISM spacecraft concept envisions carrying a Doppler & Stokes Imager, a coronagraph, magnetometer, Faraday Cup, a plasma spectrometer, and a radio and plasma wave package to meet the science objectives established for a solar polar orbiting mission in the Heliophysics Decadal Survey. This paper will describe the mission concept and its solar sail propulsion system

Solar Sail↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Selection and Characterization of the Landing Site for NASA CLPS PRISM1 Lunar Lander Mission CP-11

The NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program delivery known as "CP-11" will carry multiple payloads to the lunar surface in 2024. The payloads include (a) Lunar Vertex, the first science suite sponsored by the NASA Science Mission Directorate's Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM) program, (b) JPL's CADRE (Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Explorers), a project from the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate's Game Changing Development Program, (c) the Lunar Space Environment Monitor (LUSEM), a high-energy particle detector from the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) and funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea (MSIT), and (d) MPAc (MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuator), a laser retro-reflector developed by the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN-LNF) and funded by the European Space Agency.

David T. Blewett↗

NASA NTRS2001

Living With a Star, the Geospace Mission Definition Team and Aeronomy

To gain an understanding of the Sun-Earth system, including how and why the sun varies, how the earth responds, and the impacts on humanity, research is needed that has a integrated and systematic approach. The Living With a Star (LWS) program represents an important element in this regard both to continued progress in space science in general and in Aeronomy in particular. A fundamental question in Aeronomy is how the variable sun affects the ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere. The LWS program focuses on those areas of scientific understanding that promote progress in areas that have human impact and can be investigated with space borne instruments. The Geospace Mission Definition Team is charged with investigating the science priorities identified by the LWS Science Architecture Team and developing an approach to making the necessary measurements in concert with other missions and programs. An important aspect of this approach is that all LWS measurement programs are operating simultaneously for several years. We will review some of the areas that the LWS SAT have emphasized in Aeronomy, including understanding the effects of solar variability on ionospheric density and irregularities, the effects of solar variability on the mass density of the atmosphere at LEO altitudes, and the effects of solar variability on near-surface temperatures and on ozone distribution.

Kintner, Paul M., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Image motion compensation for the OSS-3/7 telescopes

The three telescope for the NASA Office of Space Science (OSS) Missions 3/7 will be clustered on the Instrument Point System (IPS). The IPS is to be mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the space shuttle orbiter. The three telescopes include the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT), the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), and the Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photopolarimetry Experiment (WUPPE). All three instruments have the ability to view from earth orbit stellar objects which are fainter than those which can be seen with ground-based telescopes. An Image Motion Compensation (IMC) system will be required for the appropriate conduct of the observations. The OSS-3/7 pointing problem is discussed, and a cost effective IMC system is proposed.

Shelton, H.L.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Approaching the new reality

I'm very pleased to be here and to have this opportunity to discuss with you what I view as the current challenges in space science. Today, NASA finds itself at a major crossroads. We are in the process of moving from one era in our existence into another. As we continue to launch important science missions, we are simultaneously changing the way we do business, in a very fundamental way. We are again focusing on more frequent access to space through smaller, less costly missions. We are again focusing on NASA's role as a source of technological advancement within the U.S. economy. And we are returning to the leaner, more flexible approach to managing our projects. In short, NASA has embarked on a new journey, and a challenging journey it will be.

Diaz, Al V.↗

NASA NTRS1998

This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury

When Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, it charged NASA with the responsibility "to contribute materially to . . . the expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space" and "provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof." NASA wisely interpreted this mandate to include responsibility for documenting the epochal progress of which it is the focus. The result has been the development of a historical program by NASA as unprecedented as the task of extending man's mobility beyond his planet. This volume is not only NASA's accounting of its obligation to disseminate information to our current generation of Americans. It also fulfills, as do all of NASA's future-oriented scientific-technological activities, the further obligation to document the present as the heritage of the future. The wide-ranging NASA history program includes chronicles of day-to-day space activities; specialized studies of particular fields within space science and technology; accounts of NASA's efforts in organization and management, where its innovations, while less known to the public than its more spectacular space shots, have also been of great significance; narratives of the growth and expansion of the space centers throughout the country, which represent in microcosm many aspects of NASA's total effort; program histories, tracing the successes- and failures- of the various projects that mark man's progress into the Space Age; and a history of NASA itself, incorporating in general terms the major problems and challenges, and the responses thereto, of our entire civilian space effort. The volume presented here is a program history, the first in a series telling of NASA's pioneering steps into the Space Age. It deals with the first American manned-spaceflight program: Project Mercury. Although some academicians might protest that this is "official" history, it is official only in the fact that it has been prepared and published with the support and cooperation of NASA. It is not "official" history in the sense of presenting a point of view supposedly that of NASA officialdom-if anyone could determine what the "point of view" of such a complex organism might be. Certainly, the authors were allowed to pursue their task with the fullest freedom and in accordance with the highest scholarly standards of the history profession.

Swenson, Loyd S., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2000

The Spacelab Accomplishments Forum

This document is a record of the Spacelab Accomplishments Forum held in March 1999. Presentations made at the Forum covered the design, engineering, utilization, and science associated with Spacelab, as well as the international associations and impact of Spacelab and its use in the design and utilization of the International Space Station. Topics included Earth observations, space science, life science, commercial uses, microgravity science, and international participation.

Emond, J.↗

NASA NTRS2000

MU-SPIN Conference Explorers Program Perspective

The mission of the Explorer Program is to provide frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations from space within the following space science themes: (1) Astronomical Search for Origins and Planetary Systems; (2) Structure and Evolution of the Universe (3) The Sun-Earth Connection. America's space exploration started with Explorer 1: (1) Launched February 1, 1958; (2) Discovered the Van Allen Radiation Belts; (3) Over 75 Explorer missions have flown.

Barrowman, Jim↗

NASA NTRS1981

Advanced science and applications space platform

Requirements for and descriptions of the mission equipment, subsystems, configuration, utilities, and interfaces for an Advanced Science and Applications Space Platform (ASASP) are developed using large space structure technology. Structural requirements and attitude control system concepts are emphasized. To support the development of ASASP requirements, a mission was described that would satisfy the requirements of a representative set of payloads requiring large separation distances selected from the Science and Applications Space Platform data base. Platform subsystems are defined which support the payload requirements and a physical platform concept is developed. Structural system requirements which include utilities accommodation, interface requirements, and platform strength and stiffness requirements are developed. An attitude control system concept is also described. The resultant ASASP is analyzed and technological developments deemed necessary in the area of large space systems are recommended.

White, J.↗

NASA NTRS2001

SNOOPY: Student Nanoexperiments for Outreach and Observational Planetary Inquiry

As scientists and engineers primarily employed by the public, we have a responsibility to "communicate the results of our research so that the average American could understand that NASA is an investment in our future...". Not only are we employed by the public, but they are also the source of future generations of scientists and engineers. Teachers typically don't have the time or expertise to research recent advances in space science and reduce them to a form that students can absorb. Teachers are also often intimidated by both the subject and the researchers themselves. Therefore, the burden falls on us - the space scientists and engineers of the world - to communicate our findings in ways both teachers and students can understand. Student Nanoexperiments for Outreach and Observational Planetary InquirY (SNOOPY) provides just such an opportunity to directly involve our customers in planetary science missions.

Kuhlma, K. R.↗

DOE OSTI2022

From Theory to Large-Scale Simulations, or Living Without “The Paradox of Choice”

Navigating the challenges we face at work and in life is often difficult, and can even make us question our past decisions. This dilemma is even worse nowadays because of the many options available to us, leaving us not enough time to explore them all: the paradox of choice. My life experience offers another perspective on how to make choices; wherein I had to rely more on serendipity, coincidence, and embracing risks. This paper presents a brief description of my career path in space science—from a small village in the countryside to one of the top science Laboratories in the world—and lessons learned through the process of becoming a more resilient scientist. I came to the United States from Bulgaria about 30 years ago, seeking a better education and job opportunities. Navigating a career of research scientist, not only did I find jobs that motivated me every day, I also met amazing people to work with along the way. As a woman in science, I hope my story can inspire and attract young researchers (girls and boys alike) to our community, helping to grow and diversify the next generation of space scientists.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

NASA NTRS1996

Intercomparison, Visualization, and Analysis Testbed System for EOS Global Assimilated Datasets and Satellite Data

The Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) of the University of Wisconsin - Madison had two primary goals for NASA grant NAG5-2906. (1) Collaborate with scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to integrate SSEC's Vis5D software into NASA's Interactive Image Spread Sheet (IISS). Vis5D provides environmental modelers with interactive three-dimensional visualization of their model output. Integration of Vis5D with the IISS would give 3-D graphics capability to the iiss. (2) Make improvements in Vis5D as required by scientists at the NASA Data Assimilation Office (DAO). We were successful in both of these goals. Furthermore, the generic approach taken to achieving the first goal has enabled Vis5D to be integrated into many other software systems.

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NASA NTRS1994

Hubble Space Telescope Briefing: HST Science Overview

This NASA Kennedy Space Center video release presents a broad overview of the science that is now possible as a result of the servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Dr. Ed Weiler (HST Program Scientist, NASA Headquarters), Dr. Dave Leckrone (HST, Senior Project Scientist, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)), Dr. John Trauger (Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) Principal Investigator, Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL)), Dr. Chris Burrows (WFPC2 Co-Investigator, Space Telescope Science Inst.(STSci)-European Space Agency (ESA), Jim Crocker ((Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement) COSTAR Team Leader, STSci), Dr. Holland Ford (COSTAR Project Scientist, Johns Hopkins Univ., STSci), and Dr. Duccio Machetto (European Space Agency (ESA)) give brief presentations, which feature images of stars and galaxies taken from the ground, from WFPC1 (prior to the servicing mission), and from WFPC2 (after the servicing mission). The main theme of the discussions center around the spherical aberration that was found in the images prior to servicing and the corrected images seen without the aberration following servicing. A question and answer period rounds out the press conference, with questions posed from scientific journalists at GSFC and other NASA centers.

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NASA NTRS2009

Potential Science Missions Enabled by NASA's Planned Ares V

NASA s planned Ares V cargo vehicle with its 10 meter diameter fairing and ~60,000 kg payload mass to L2 offers the potential to launch entirely new classes of space science missions such as 8-meter monolithic aperture telescopes, 12-meter aperture x-ray telescopes, 16 to 24 meter segmented telescopes and highly capable outer planet missions. The paper will summarize the current Ares V baseline performance capabilities and review potential mission concepts enabled by these capabilities.

Stahl, H. Philip↗