Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “ST”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,423 records · Page 79
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1983

Stratospheric aerosol light absorption before and after El Chichon

Direct in-situ measurements of aerosol light absorption before, during, and after the eruption of Mt. St. Helens and El Chichon reveal the presence of light absorbing species at all times. Large enhancements which appear to drop rapidly with time are found at certain locations immediately following volcanic events. Although a general patchiness is present in the aerosol and its associated absorption coefficient, post eruption values appear to remain elevated in the mean when compared to early 1979 data prior to the El Chichon eruption. From the data collected for this period, lower bounds for the single scatter albedo are presented along with implications for associated radiative effects.

Clarke, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A comparison of surface temperature derived from HCMM infrared measurements with field data

The satellite for the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) was launched on April 26, 1978. The HCMM had the objective to collect data in support of studies concerned with the feasibility of using infrared temperature data to compute the thermal inertia from the earth's surface. The HCMM radiometer had a channel for reflected radiation in the 0.5 to 1.1 micron waveband, and a channel for the infrared radiation in the 10.5 to 12.5 micron band. However, difficulties developed in connection with changes in the characteristics of the radiometer. The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of HCMM infrared temperatures with in situ data from the Mississippi River in the St. Louis, Missouri, area and with sea-surface temperatures collected in the Nantucket Shoals and Gulf of Mexico regions. It was found that, on the average, the difference between satellite in situ data was -4.6 C.

Vukovich, F. M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Space Telescope Control System science user operations

The Space Telescope science users will have a flexible and efficient means of accessing the capabilities provided by the ST Pointing Control System, particularly with respect to managing the overal acquisition and pointing functions. To permit user control of these system functions - such as vehicle scanning, tracking, offset pointing, high gain antenna pointing, solar array pointing and momentum management - a set of special instructions called 'constructs' is used in conjuction with command data packets. This paper discusses the user-vehicle interface and introduces typical operational scenarios.

Dougherty, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Space telescope and cosmology

The status of institutional arrangements and of the hardware development for Space Telescope are highlighted. After a brief summary of instrument characteristics, some examples are given on the possible use of the ST to study objects of interest to cosmology.

Giacconi, R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Reheating the intergalactic medium under extremal conditions

Sherman (1982) commenced the investigation of a hypothetical closure density intergalactic medium (IGM) in the recombination epoch and found present acceptable temperatures in the range from 160,000 to 4,200,000 K for IGM heating. The present investigation has the objective to complete these calculations by finding extreme bounds on the reheating epoch which preceded recombination. The final results are presented in a table. Three models have been generated. The presented models suggest that a closure density IGM is constrained to be heated by a source in the range from 10 to the -31st to 10 to the -27th ergs per s per cu cm. The heating had to originate no earlier than z approximately 28.

Sherman, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Comparisons of rational engineering correlations of thermophoretically-augmented particle mass transfer with STAN5-predictions for developing boundary layers

Modification of the code STAN5 to properly include thermophoretic mass transport, and examination of selected test cases developing boundary layers which include variable properties, viscous dissipation, transition to turbulence and transpiration cooling. Under conditions representative of current and projected GT operation, local application of St(M)/St(M),o correlations evidently provides accurate and economical engineering design predictions, especially for suspended particles characterized by Schmidt numbers outside of the heavy vapor range.

Gokoglu, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Steps toward 8 m honeycomb mirror blanks. II - Experiments with waffleplate and honeycomb casting

A technique for fabricating large low-cost light-weight borosilicate-glass mirrors for ground and space-based astronomy is described. This technique involves the remelting of glass into complex molds for vacuum-formed ceramic fiber and is used to cast in one piece either waffleplate or full honeycomb sandwich blanks. The construction of molds and the cycle for melting and annealing are described in detail. A 1.1-m square blank with a 22.4-cm-thick face and 1.6-cm ribs, 15-cm deep on 15-cm squares, has been cast, and a 1.8-m circular blank of full honeycomb construction is scheduled for production. The casting of blanks of up to 8-m in diameter is anticipated, with densities of 200 kg/sq m (like that of the ST mirror) being typical of casting.

Hill, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Future Studies of the Local Interstellar Medium with Space Telescope and Columbus

The spectrographs aboard Space Telescope and Columbus which will provide important new information about the interstellar medium in the immediate vicinity of the sun are described. The space telescope's highest resolution is adequate to define the multicomponent nature of interstellar absorption lines and to measure thermal line widths exceeding 3 km/s. The Columbus spacecraft will contain spectrographs capable of resolutions of 3 x 10 to the 4th power between 912 and 1200 A and 500 between 100 and 900 A. In the short wavelength region, lines of He I and II, are observable. If the 3 x 10 to the 4th power resolution spectrograph provides extended wavelength coverage to 770 A, lines of Ne VIII which are expected from 8 x 10 to the 5th power K gas are accessible. The ST HRS and Columbus spectrographs enable the study of a wide range of problems relating to cold, warm, and hot gas in the local ISM.

Savage, B. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Fine-grained millimeter-sized objects in type 3 ordinary chondrites and their relation to chondrules and matrix

Fine-grained, opaque, silicate-rich matrix material, occurring as rims on chondrules and clasts, discrete clasts, and between chondrule and mineral fragments is a primitive component of chondrites and may resemble the material from which chondrules formed. To elucidate the relationship between chondrules and matrix and to help identify chondrule precursor material, the nimeralogy and bulk compositions of 30 mm-sized, fine-grained objects in Tieschitz (h3.6), Sharps (H3.4), Allan Hills A77299 (H3.7), Yamato 74191 (L3.6), Semarkona (LL3.0), and St. Mary's Co. (LL3.3) were studied. All are composed of submicron to micron sized material and may contain larger mineral fragments. Three texturally and mineralogically distinct types of objects were identified; all are minor components of the chondrites studied ( 1% except Sharps where melt-breccia-textured objects are approximately minus 1%). Bulk compositions of network and melt-breccia-textured objects define a rather narrow trend on a plot of Si/Al vs. Mg/Al, emphasizing a possible genetic relationship. Data show that Si/Mg is higher for network and melt-breccia-textured objects than for porphyritic and barred olivine chondrules. Melting in vaccuo of network-textured objects would cause a loss of Si relative to Mg (3), suggesting that material compositionally similar to fine grained objects could have been precursors to some chondrules.

Recca, S. I.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Atmospheric Modeling And Sensor Simulation (AMASS) study

The capabilities of the atmospheric modeling and sensor simulation (AMASS) system were studied in order to enhance them. This system is used in processing atmospheric measurements which are utilized in the evaluation of sensor performance, conducting design-concept simulation studies, and also in the modeling of the physical and dynamical nature of atmospheric processes. The study tasks proposed in order to both enhance the AMASS system utilization and to integrate the AMASS system with other existing equipment to facilitate the analysis of data for modeling and image processing are enumerated. The following array processors were evaluated for anticipated effectiveness and/or improvements in throughput by attachment of the device to the P-e: (1) Floating Point Systems AP-120B; (2) Floating Point Systems 5000; (3) CSP, Inc. MAP-400; (4) Analogic AP500; (5) Numerix MARS-432; and (6) Star Technologies, Inc. ST-100.

Parker, K. G.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Aerodynamic-structural study of canard wing, dual wing, and conventional wing systems for general aviation applications

An analytical aerodynamic-structural airplane configuration study was conducted to assess performance gains achievable through advanced design concepts. The mission specification was for 350 mph, range of 1500 st. mi., at altitudes between 30,000 and 40,000 ft. Two payload classes were studied - 1200 lb (6 passengers) and 2400 lb (12 passengers). The configurations analyzed included canard wings, closely coupled dual wings, swept forward - swept rearward wings, joined wings, and conventional wing tail arrangements. The results illustrate substantial performance gains possible with the dual wing configuration. These gains result from weight savings due to predicted structural efficiencies. The need for further studies of structural efficiencies for the various advanced configurations was highlighted.

Selberg, B. P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Evaluation of OMV ranging and docking systems

The Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) will serve as a shuttle-based or permanent space station-based vehicle designed to rendezvous and soft dock with various other free-flying space vehicles for purposes of inspection, support, and retrieval. This study is concerned primarily with the eventual need for the OMV to rendezvous and dock softly with the Edwin P. Hubble Space Telescope (ST). Utilizing the available capabilities of the large microwave anechoic chamber facility at Marshall Space Flight Center for simulating docking target vehicle motions in a free-space environment, a program is being devised for benchmark testing of rendezvous and docking sensor systems proposed for use on the OMV. A testing regimen suitable for evaluating the accuracy and tracking agility in sensing range, range rate, and angle information at close ranges (0 R 30m) has been developed.

Mcdonald, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

SAM 2 measurements of the polar stratospheric aerosol, volume 5

The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM) 2 sensor is aboard the Earth-orbiting Nimbus 7 spacecraft providing extinction measurements of the Antarctic and Arctic stratospheric aerosol with a vertical resolution of 1 km. Representative examples and weekly averages of aerosol data and corresponding temperature profiles for the time and place of each SAM 2 mesurement (Oct. 1980 through Apr. 1981) are presented. Contours of aerosol extinction as a function of altitude and longitude or time are plotted and weekly aerosol optical depths are calculated. Seasonal variations and variations in space (altitude and longitude) for both polar regions are easily seen. Stratospheric optical depths are 0.002 to 0.003 for the Antarctic region and 0.005 to 0.006 at the beginning to 0.002 to 0.003 at the end of the time period for the Arctic region. The Northern Hemisphere values are quite large due mainly to the eruption of Mount St. Helens (46.2 deg N, 122.2 deg W) in May 1980. Polar stratospheric clouds at altitudes of about 20 km were observed during the Arctic winter. A ready-to-use format containing a representative sample of the fifth 6 months of data to be used in atmospheric and climatic studies is presented.

Mccormick, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Telescope in lunar orbit

The use of a large telescope in high lunar orbit 4000 km above the Moon's equator is proposed. It is recognized that the Hubble Space Telescope (ST), will provide the necessary capabilities if it can be transferred to lunar orbit. The Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV), will be able to scan the lunar surface, locate small outcrops of minerals important to base development, support early base operations and undertake detailed geophysical exploration of the whole lunar surface.

Page, T.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Data analysis for lidar and quartz crystal microbalance systems

Results are presented of the analysis of data taken on the stratospheric aerosol, using lidar, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), and the SAGE and SAM II satellite systems. The main objective of the work reported has been to use the data, taken with the NASA-LaRC instruments to study the stratospheric effects of volcanic eruptions during the period between the launch of the SAGE and SAM II satellite systems and October 1980. Four significant volcanic eruptions, for which data are available, occurred during this period--Soufriere, Sierra Negra, Mt. St. Helens, and Ulawun. Data on these have been analyzed to determine the changes in stratospheric mass loading produced by the eruptions, and to study the dispersion of the newly injected material.

Kent, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Comparison of tropopause altitude determination by the Platteville Radar, Sunset Radar and the NWS Rawinsonde

During the month of March, 1981 the Sunset and Platteville Radar and Platteville Radar were operated primarily with vertical antenna beams. These radars are both VHF ST (Stratosphere-Troposphere) radars. The separation between them was 63 km, the Sunset site located in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and the Platteville site was in the plains, just east of the mountains. Both radars were operated continuously for about three weeks with a time resolution of a few minutes. Both made measurements in the 4 to 20 km altitude interval with an altitude sampling of 1.2 km. The purpose is to compare the estimation of the altitude of the tropopause by these two radars with the altitude of the tropopause derived from standard NWS rawinsondes.

Green, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Synoptic-scale dynamics with vertical velocity, part 1.8A

Radar measurements of all three of the atmospheric velocity components by the MST technique data from all the pioneering work of Woodman and Geillen (1974). The radar horizontal velocities have been compared with other standard measurements, such as radiosonde winds, in a number of studies and are now finding widespread acceptance within the meteorological community for research and operational forecasting purposes. Perhaps the single most interesting report recently is that the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) profiler winds are turning out to be one of the most useful pieces of data for predicting upslope snowfall in the cold season forecasting study of the PROFS Program (Reynolds, 1983). By contrast, the vertical velocities measured by MST radars have received relatively little attention, despite the facts that direct continuous measurement of vertical velocity is unique (i.e., it cannot be done with radiosondes) and that the vertical velocity is intimately linked with the dynamics of the atmosphere. Indeed, for many forecasting applications the vertical velocity is the single most important variable, yet it is usually inferred indirectly from other dynamical variables. The stratosphere-troposphere (ST) radars now available have the potential to change this situation. Some of the results from vertical velocity measurements which have direct application in synoptic scale dynamics.

Nastrom, G. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Relationship of isolated turbulent regions to the general turbulent background, part 4.4A

The atmosphere below 100 km is often referred to as the homosphere; the region above, the heterosphere. In the homosphere, constitutents are mixed, and average molecular weight is constant. In the heterosphere, diffusive separation occurs, and species tend to fractionate; average molecular weight decreases with height. Mixing in the homosphere has its source dynamical (wind) energy. Against this background turbulence, intermittent enhancements of turbulent intensity are observed. Some of these enhancements are long lived -- for example, a turbulent layer at approximately 86 km altitude seems to be almost a permanent feature of the (global) daytime D region, as oserved by partial reflection. This may well be a delineation of the mesopause level, since long-term radio meteor studies have shown approx. 85 km to be the breakpoint between thermospheric circulation above, and mesospheric circulation below. The use of stratosphere-troposphere (ST) radars in the lower atmosphere, and mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) and partial-reflection radars in the mesosphere for height/time profiles of turbulent intensity is discussed.

Roper, R. G.↗