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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,423 records · Page 79
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Natural Variation in the Multidrug Efflux Pump SGE1 Underlies Ionic Liquid Tolerance in Yeast

Imidazolium ionic liquids (IILs) have a range of biotechnological applications, including as pretreatment solvents that extract cellulose from plant biomass for microbial fermentation into sustainable bioenergy. However, residual levels of IILs, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 2 C 1 im]Cl), are toxic to biofuel-producing microbes, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae strains isolated from diverse ecological niches differ in genomic sequence and in phenotypes potentially beneficial for industrial applications, including tolerance to inhibitory compounds present in hydrolyzed plant feedstocks. We evaluated >100 genome-sequenced S. cerevisiae strains for tolerance to [C 2 C 1 im]Cl and identified one strain with exceptional tolerance. By screening a library of genomic DNA fragments from the [C 2 C 1 im]Cl-tolerant strain for improved IIL tolerance, we identified SGE1, which encodes a plasma membrane multidrug efflux pump, and a previously uncharacterized gene that we named ionic liquid tolerance 1 (ILT1), which encodes a predicted membrane protein. Analyses of SGE1 sequences from our panel of S. cerevisiae strains together with growth phenotypes implicated two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that associated with IIL tolerance and sensitivity. We confirmed these phenotypic effects by transferring the SGE1 SNPs into a [C 2 C 1 im]Cl-sensitive yeast strain using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Further studies indicated that these SNPs affect Sge1 protein stability and cell surface localization, influencing the amount of toxic IILs that cells can pump out of the cytoplasm. Our results highlight the general potential for discovering useful biotechnological functions from untapped natural sequence variation and provide functional insight into emergent SGE1 alleles with reduced capacities to protect against IIL toxicity.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

QA/QC of the East River, Colorado, discharge and geochemical time series datasets (Almont, BCC, and Pump House) to be used for modeling of hydrogeochemical balance

The following datasets were QA/QC-ed (Quality Assurance/Quality Control): 1. Brush Creek Confluence (BCC) discharge data (from Helen Malenda, USGS, Colorado School of Mines), which were calculated using the pressure transducer data and rating curves. The original 15 min time series data were presented as mean daily discharge. 2. Almont discharge data from United States Geological Survey (USGS). The original data were in 15 min time intervals, and were averaged to mean daily discharge time series. 3. Pump House discharge data as mean daily discharge (downloaded from the SFA portal). 4. BCC and Pump House chemistry data from SFA data portal and/or original spreadsheets provided by Roelof Versteeg. The following challenging QA/QC problems of the datasets were resolved: Missing data with the duration of gaps up to >1 month; Duplicated dates; Anomalies and outliers of discharge and concentrations; Time stamps of measurements of the discharge and concentrations are not aligned (hydrogeochemical balance calculations require the timestamps to be aligned). All QA/QC-ed datasets are given as csv files. The csv files were prepared using the xts files with multiple worksheets, which are also included in the data packages. Figures of the QA/QC-ed datasets are given in the jpeg and pdf formats. The QA/QC-ed datasets have been used to quantify discharge and chemical concentrations in river water in order to understand riverine exports of water and dissolved constituents in the East River watershed. These datasets served as a basis in the presentation given by P. Fox et al. at the 2021 Goldschmidt Conference.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fighting the climate crisis with caloric heat pumping: Innovations to enable widespread adoption

Caloric heat pumping is a cross-cutting thermal energy technology that can cover a wide range of applications and temperatures, from millikelvins to hundreds of kelvins, with a working medium that has zero global warming potential. The technology promises cost savings and high efficiency, having 60% Carnot efficiency demonstrated to date. The Energy Earthshots™ Initiative, launched by the U.S. Department of Energy, aims to fight the climate crisis and overcome technological barriers to a decarbonized economy. The initiative focuses on the development of energy solutions that increase efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure affordability. Three out of eight Energy Earthshots™ look for alternative thermal energy technologies for extensive temperature ranges, from hydrogen liquefaction to metal-treating temperatures. Caloric heat pumping can fulfill all these requirements; however, at the current stage, caloric systems have limited presence in real-world applications. Further, this perspective discusses key efforts to address barriers hindering the widespread adoption of caloric technology. We focus on essential breakthroughs in and effective approaches to material discovery and draw a path to high-power-density, grid-interactive caloric systems to support achieving the ambitious net-zero carbon economy goal.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

PW2 Pumping: March 18 thru March 22, 2020

Processed Coherence-length-gated Microwave Photonics Interferometry (CMPI) distributed vertical strain on March 18 through March 22, 2020 at the hydromechanical test facility located at the Clemson University Simpson Station research facility in Central, South Carolina, USA. This includes ambient data in addition to a pumping test performed between 14:31-20:31 EST on 3/22/2020 from Pumping Well 2 (PW2). These data are from a strain ribbon that was deployed in the vadose zone at approximately 34.670130°N, -82.729524°E from the ground surface to a depth of 8m in saprolite containing weak reflectors pairs were placed every 0.85 m along the fiber. Each weak reflector pair forms a 15 cm cavity strain meter. Strain unit: meters/meter (strain). Sampling rate 0.1 Hz. Each column corresponds to the strain data taken at a depth d from the ground surface. c1: d = 1.00m c2: d = 1.85m c3: d = 2.70m c4: d = 3.55m (large demodulation error) c5: d = 4.40m c6: d = 5.25m c7: d = 6.10m (large demodulation error) c8: d = 6.95m

Distributed Strain Sensing↗
DOE OSTI2012

X-Ray Emission Spectrometer Design with Single-Shot Pump-Probe and Resonant Excitation Capabilities

Core-level spectroscopy in the soft X-ray regime is a powerful tool for the study of chemical bonding processes. The ultrafast, ultrabright X-ray pulses generated by the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) allow these reactions to be studied in greater detail than ever before. In this study, we investigated a conceptual design of a spectrometer for the LCLS with imaging in the non-dispersive direction. This would allow single-shot collection of X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) measurements with varying laser pump X-ray probe delay or a variation of incoming X-ray energy over the illuminated area of the sample. Ray-tracing simulations were used to demonstrate how the components of the spectrometer affect its performance, allowing a determination of the optimal final design. These simulations showed that the spectrometer's non-dispersive focusing is extremely sensitive to the size of the sample footprint; the spectrometer is not able to image a footprint width larger than one millimeter with the required resolution. This is compatible with a single shot scheme that maps out the laser pump X-ray probe delay in the non-dispersive direction as well as resonant XES applications at normal incidence. However, the current capabilities of the Soft X-Ray (SXR) beamline at the LCLS do not produce the required energy range in a small enough sample footprint, hindering the single shot resonant XES application at SXR for chemical dynamics studies at surfaces. If an upgraded or future beamline at LCLS is developed with lower monochromator energy dispersion the width can be made small enough at the required energy range to be imaged by this spectrometer design.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Component and System Level Research of Variable Capacity Heat Pumps

With high cooling and heating efficiencies, variable capacity heat pumps are an emerging technology with the potential to substantially reduce the energy required for the heating and cooling of residential structures. In order for them to make an impact in this area, they must first be more widely accepted by the American consumer as an alternative to less expensive single speed systems. This acceptance, in large part, is based upon a greater understanding of how these systems perform in real world tests. To this end, this study will evaluate the energy consumption and efficiencies of four variable capacity heat pumps installed in two unoccupied research homes in Farragut, a suburb of Knoxville, Tennessee, one occupied home in downtown Knoxville, and one occupied home in Duluth, Georgia.

Munk, Jeffrey D.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Testing Dynamic Simulation Models for Different Types of Advanced Pumped Storage Hydro Units

A major task of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored project “Modeling and Analysis of Value of Advanced Pumped Storage Hydropower in the U.S.” was to develop new dynamic simulation models to represent advanced pumped storage hydro (PSH) technologies. This report describes the testing that was performed to demonstrate the performance of these simulation models and illustrates how these models can now be used in analyses required for investigations into applications of these technologies.

Koritarov, Vladimir↗
DOE OSTI2015

Evaluation of the Feasibility and Viability of Modular Pumped Storage Hydro (m-PSH) in the United States

The viability of modular pumped storage hydro (m-PSH) is examined in detail through the conceptual design, cost scoping, and economic analysis of three case studies. Modular PSH refers to both the compactness of the project design and the proposed nature of product fabrication and performance. A modular project is assumed to consist of pre-fabricated standardized components and equipment, tested and assembled into modules before arrival on site. This technology strategy could enable m-PSH projects to deploy with less substantial civil construction and equipment component costs. The concept of m-PSH is technically feasible using currently available conventional pumping and turbine equipment, and may offer a path to reducing the project development cycle from inception to commissioning.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

High Efficiency Water Heating Technology Development Final Report. Part I, Lab/Field Performance Evaluation and Accelerated Life Testing of a Hybrid Electric Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH)

DOE has supported efforts for many years with the objective of getting a water heater that uses heat pump technology (aka a heat pump water heater or HPWH) successfully on the residential equipment market. The most recent previous effort (1999-2002) produced a product that performed very well in ORNL-led accelerated durability and field tests. The commercial partner for this effort, Enviromaster International (EMI), introduced the product to the market under the trade name Watter$aver in 2002 but ceased production in 2005 due to low sales. A combination of high sales price and lack of any significant infrastructure for service after the sale were the principal reasons for the failure of this effort. What was needed for market success was a commercial partner with the manufacturing and market distribution capability necessary to allow economies of scale to lead to a viable unit price together with a strong customer service infrastructure. General Electric certainly meets these requirements, and knowing of ORNL s expertise in this area, approached ORNL with the proposal to partner in a CRADA to produce a high efficiency electric water heater. A CRADA with GE was initiated early in Fiscal Year, 2008. GE initially named its product the Hybrid Electric Water Heater (HEWH).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

Affordable Hybrid Heat Pump Clothes Dryer

This project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of a step change in residential clothes dryer energy efficiency by demonstrating heat pump technology capable of 50% energy savings over conventional standard-size electric dryers with comparable drying times. A prototype system was designed from off-the-shelf components that can meet the project’s efficiency goals and are affordable. An experimental prototype system was built based on the design that reached 50% energy savings. Improvements have been identified that will reduce drying times of over 60 minutes to reach the goal of 40 minutes. Nevertheless, the prototype represents a step change in efficiency over heat pump dryers recently introduced to the U.S. market, with 30% improvement in energy efficiency at comparable drying times.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development and Implications of a Predictive Cost Methodology for Modular Pumped Storage Hydropower (m-PSH) Projects in the United States

The slow pace of Pumped Storage Hydropower development in the US over the past twenty years has led to widespread interest in the feasibility and viability of alternative PSH designs, development schemes, and technologies. Since 2011, Oak Ridge National Lab has been exploring the economic viability of modular Pumped Storage Hydropower (m-PSH) development through targeted case studies, revenue simulations, and analysis of innovative configurations and designs. This paper outlines the development and supporting analysis of a scalable, comprehensive cost modeling tool designed to simulate the initial capital costs for a variety of potential m-PSH projects and deployment scenarios. The tool is used to explore and determine innovative research strategies that can improve the economic viability of m-PSH in US markets.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Preliminary Feasibility Study of a Hybrid Solar and Modular Pumped Storage Hydro System at Biosphere 2

In this study, the preliminary feasibility of a hybrid solar and modular pumped storage system designed for high energy independence at Biosphere 2 is assessed. The system consists of an array of solar PV panels that generate electricity during the day to power both Biosphere 2 and a pump that sends water through a pipe to a tank at a high elevation. When solar power is not available, the water is released back down the pipe towards a tank at a lower elevation, where it passes through a hydraulic water turbine to generate hydroelectricity to power Biosphere 2. The hybrid system is sized to generate and store enough energy to enable Biosphere 2 to operate without a grid interconnection on an average day.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

A model of annular linear induction pumps

The present work explains how the magnetic field and the induced current are obtained when the distributed coils are powered by a 3 phase power supply. From the magnetic field and the induced current, the thrust and the induction losses in the pump can be calculated to estimate the pump performance.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

FY 17 Q1 Commercial integrated heat pump with thermal storage milestone report

The commercial integrated heat pump with thermal storage (AS-IHP) offers significant energy saving over a baseline heat pump with electric water heater. The saving potential is maximized when the AS-IHP serves coincident high water heating and high space cooling demands. A previous energy performance analysis showed that the AS-IHP provides the highest benefit in the hot-humid and hot-dry/mixed dry climate regions. Analysis of technical potential energy savings for these climate zones based on the BTO Market calculator indicated that the following commercial building market segments had the highest water heating loads relative to space cooling and heating loads education, food service, health care, lodging, and mercantile/service. In this study, we focused on these building types to conservatively estimate the market potential of the AS-IHP. Our analysis estimates maximum annual shipments of ~522,000 units assuming 100% of the total market is captured. An early replacement market based on replacement of systems in target buildings between 15 and 35 years old was estimated at ~136,000 units. Technical potential energy savings are estimated at ~0.27 quad based on the maximum market estimate, equivalent to ~13.9 MM Ton CO2 emissions reduction.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

High Efficiency Water Heating Technology Development Final Report, Part II: CO 2 and Absorption-Based Residential Heat Pump Water Heater Development

The two objectives of this project were to 1.demonstrate an affordable path to an ENERGY STAR qualified electric heat pump water heater (HPWH) based on low-global warming potential (GWP) CO 2 refrigerant, and 2.demonstrate an affordable path to a gas-fired absorption-based heat pump water heater with a gas energy factor (EF) greater than 1.0. The first objective has been met, and the project has identified a promising low-cost option capable of meeting the second objective. This report documents the process followed and results obtained in addressing these objectives.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Diode Pumped Alkaline Laser System: A High Powered, Low SWaP Directed Energy Option for Ballistic Missile Defense High-Level Summary - April 2017

The Diode-Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL) system is an R&D effort funded by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) underway at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). MDA has described the characteristics needed for a Boost Phase directed energy (DE) weapon to work against ICBM-class threat missiles. In terms of the platform, the mission will require a high altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that can fly in the “quiet” stratosphere and display long endurance – i.e., days on station. In terms of the laser, MDA needs a high power, low size and weight laser that could be carried by such a platform and deliver lethal energy to an ICBM-class threat missile from hundreds of kilometers away. While both the military and industry are pursuing Directed Energy for tactical applications, MDA’s objectives pose a significantly greater challenge than other current efforts in terms of the power needed from the laser, the low size and weight required, and the range, speed, and size of the threat missiles. To that end, MDA is funding two R&D efforts to assess the feasibility of a high power (MWclass) and low SWaP (size, weight and power) laser: a fiber combining laser (FCL) project at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory, and LLNL’s Diode-Pumped Alkali Laser (DPAL) system.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Advanced control for ground source heat pump systems

Ground source heat pumps (GSHP), also known as geothermal heat pumps (GHP), are proven advanced HVAC systems that utilize clean and renewable geothermal energy, as well as the massive thermal storage capacity of the ground, to provide space conditioning and water heating for both residential and commercial buildings. GSHPs have higher energy efficiencies than conventional HVAC systems. It is estimated, if GSHPs achieve a 10% market share in the US, in each year, 0.6 Quad Btu primary energy consumption can be saved and 36 million tons carbon emissions can be avoided (Liu et al. 2017). However, the current market share of GSHPs is less than 1%. The foremost barrier preventing wider adoption of GSHPs is their high installation costs. To enable wider adoption of GSHPs, the costeffectiveness of GSHP applications must be improved.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Interaction between Heat Pump Water Heaters or Other Internal Point Source Loads and a Central Heating System

Water heating represents approximately 18% of residential energy consumption, or 4.6 quadrillion Btus of source energy use annually (EIA 2009). Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) offer an efficient option for residential water heating, with the ability to reduce water heating energy consumption by up to 63%. Previous research has demonstrated the laboratory performance of HPWHs and has shown savings of 43 to 62% on water heating energy consumption are possible, based on field tests (Ecotope 2015). In order to achieve such high efficiencies, HPWHs employ a refrigeration cycle to move heat from the ambient air into the water. Therefore, when HPWHs are installed in conditioned space, they will remove heat from that space which can help the HVAC system in the cooling season and require additional energy from the HVAC system in the heating season. This project provides an unbiased evaluation of the space conditioning interactions between a HPWH and the heating system in several locations throughout the home to further our understanding of the impact that HPWHs have on space conditioning loads. This report explores the HPWH interaction factor from several perspectives: (1) a theoretical analysis, (2) a review of previous literature, and (2) an experimental assessment. The experiments were conducted in PNNL’s side-by-side Lab Homes, which provide a platform for evaluating energy-saving and grid-responsive technologies in a controlled environment. The PNNL Lab Homes are two factory-built homes installed on PNNL’s campus in Richland, Washington. The homes represent existing homes, which account for approximately 99% of occupied homes in the U.S. These 1500 ft2 homes have three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and are equipped with 7.7 HSPF heat pump and an electric forced air furnace. Both homes have R-22 floors, R-11 walls and R-22 ceiling insulation levels, with double-pane clear glass windows. The results of this experiment verified that the energy use of the HVAC system increases as a point source cooling load, like a HPWH, is moved closer to the thermostat. The opposite is also true, as a point source heating load is moved closer to the thermostat, the heating load decreases. The results show between 30-40% difference between the interaction that this type of load has when it is placed in the master bathroom compared to the living room for the PNNL Lab Homes.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗