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At least 1,423 records · Page 79

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NASA NTRS1972

Single crystals of selected titanates and tungstates

The compound preparation and crystal growth of a number of mixed titanate compositions was investigated. None of the compounds studied were found to melt congruently and therefore, crystal growth was extremely difficult. Various single crystal preparation methods always resulted in mixed phases from which 1-2 mm size crystals could be separated. It is concluded from this study that before successful single crystal growth can be accomplished, a detailed study of the phase diagrams in each of the systems of interest must be completed.

Loiacono, G. M.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Some possible filler alloys with low vapor pressures for refractory-metal brazing

A compilation of eutectics and melting-point minima for binary combinations of metals having vapor pressures below 10 to the minus 10th power torr at 1500 degrees K and .00005 torr at 2000 degree K is presented. These compositions and others near them on their phase diagrams are potential special brazing fillers for refractory metals. Some possible problems and advantages for fusion bonds of such mixtures are indicated. Evaluations of brazing fillers containing refractory metals are reported.

Morris, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Characterization of nickel-copper alloy specimens processed as a part of the M553 sphere forming experiment during the Skylab 1 and 2 flight

Both processed nickel-copper alloy specimens apparently completely melted by the electron beam in the Skylab M512 materials processing facility and either floated free in space, but collided with some smooth flat surface before solidifying, or remained attached to its support post during solidification. Both specimens had a smooth flat area on the surface due to this adherence during solidification. The nominal composition of the alloy before processing in space was 70 percent Ni and 30 percent Cu. Tests show that a considerable amount of copper was lost during processing by evaporation. It was further found that less copper was present in the cap areas, particularly at the surface, than was in the remainder of the specimens. The microchemistry of the dendrites and interdendritic regions, however, is in agreement with the phase diagram for this alloy. The measured densities of these specimens were less than the theoretical density of the alloy due to the amount of porosity present, however, no large voids were found by radiographic techniques.

Hubbard, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite - Evidence for a liquid origin

We have made a detailed examination of the mineralogy, textures, and assemblages of six calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAI) in the Allende meteorite. They can be classified into four types - hibonite-bearing, fassaite- and olivine-bearing, feldspathoid-bearing and fassaite-bearing CAI that are hibonite and olivine free. Examples of each type appear to have crystallized from a liquid rather than by agglomeration of solid nebular condensates. Some lines of evidence for a liquid origin are the presence of spherical and ovoid shapes and rims containing minerals that are more refractory than minerals inside the inclusion. Thermodynamic calculations and comparisons with liquidus phase diagrams indicate that the CAI could have been produced by direct condensation to metastable subcooled liquids that subsequently crystallized or by remelting of an equilibrium high-temperature condensate by impact. The diopside rims in some hibonite-bearing CAI and the paucity of metal in fassaite-olivine-bearing CAI are more consistent with direct condensation of a liquid.

Blander, M.↗

NASA NTRS1976

New solid conductors of Na/+/ and K/+/ ions

About 40 structure types for solid conductors of Na(+) and K(+) ions are surveyed. Five compounds in three structure types are discovered to be good solid conductors of alkali metal ions, capable of ion transport with conductivities in the vicinity of 0.00001/ohm-cm at 25 C. These compounds are a bcc form of NaSbO3, an orthorhombic layer structure of the composition 2M2O.3Nb2O5 with M equal to Na or K, and the Na pyrochlores NaTa2O5F and NaTaWO6. Ion exchange is required to produce each of these Na compounds. Only the 2K2O.3Nb2O5 can so far be synthesized directly from the oxides and thus is the only one which can be sintered readily. The niobate is about as good a conductor of K(+) ion as is K-beta alumina. The NaSbO3 compares well with Na beta at 280 C. A number of phase diagrams are developed.

Singer, J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Higher-order Bragg coupling in periodic media with gain or loss

Wave propagation in longitudinally periodic media with gain or loss is considered. An extended coupled-waves approach and a Floquet approach are used to study index and gain (or loss) coupling in periodic media at the first few Bragg resonances by the use of Brillouin diagrams. Phase speeding or slowing that is dependent upon the type of coupling occurs in periodic media. Even and odd resonances display different dispersion characteristics. Several examples of coupling due to multiharmonic periodicities are also covered. Coupling or feedback strength can be continuously varied by changing the relative phase of multiharmonic periodicities.

Jaggard, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Variable temperature pressure cell for polycrystalline X-ray studies down to 2 K - Application to Bi

A variable pressure diamond anvil cell is described for operation at temperatures continuously variable from 300 down to 2 K and controllable within 10 mK. Polycrystalline X-ray data are collected from the pressure cavity by means of either (1) standard photographic techniques, (2) diffractometer measurements, or (3) energy dispersive diffractometry. The facility has been used to examine parts of the phase diagram of Bi. Results from this study indicate that the Bi-I and Bi-III structures are retained to low temperatures; however, there is no evidence to support a structural transition from Bi-V to Bi-VIII.

Skelton, E. F.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Light-scattering study of the glass transition in lubricants

The sound velocity of four lubricants has been measured as a function of temperature and pressure using Brillouin scattering. A change in slope of the velocity as a function of temperature or pressure allowed the determination of the glass transition temperature and pressure. The glass transition data were used to construct a phase diagram for each lubricant. The data indicate that the glass transition temperature increased with pressure at a rate which ranged from 120 to 200 C/GPa. The maximum pressure attained was 0.69 GPa and the temperature range was from 25 to 100 C.

Alsaad, M. A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Cooling rates of group IVA iron meteorites

Cooling rates of six group IVA iron meteorites were estimated by a taenite central Ni concentration-taenite half-width method. Calculated cooling rates range from 13 to 25 C/Myr, with an average of 20 C/Myr. No correlation between cooling rate and bulk Ni content is observed, and the data appear to be consistent with a uniform cooling rate as expected from an igneous core origin. This result differs from previous studies reporting a wide range in cooling rates that were strongly correlated with bulk Ni content. The differences result mainly from differences in the phase diagram and the selected diffusion coefficients. Cooling rates inferred from taenite Ni concentrations at the interface with kamacite are consistent with those based on taenite central Ni content.

Willis, J.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Lunar petrogenesis in a well-stirred magma ocean

The principal group of low-KREEP highlands rocks as indicated by quartz-olivine-anorthite pseudoternary phase diagrams shows chemical trends which violate the Bowen reaction principle, in that the greater the concentration of magnesian and mafic minerals, the more sodic the coexisting plagioclase tends to be. It is suggested that this trend was established during the primary differentiation of the lunar crust and is a result of crystallization in a vigorously convecting (well-stirred) system. Under these conditions all plagioclase crystals, all pyroxene crystals, and all of the residual liquid remain fairly uniform in composition until advanced crystallization immobilizes the system. The rock suite then established would vary continuously from anorthositic types at the top to ultramafic types at the bottom.

Wood, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Optical polarimetry: Instrumentation and applications; Proceedings of the Seminar, San Diego, Calif., August 23, 24, 1977

Instrumentation used in optical polarimetry is discussed with reference to high-resolution spectropolarimetry, an orbiter cloud photopolarimeter, X-ray polarimeters, and the design of a self-nulling ellipsometer. Consideration is given to surface and thin-film ellipsometry noting studies of electrochemical surface layers, surface anisotropy, polish layers on infrared window materials, and anodic films. Papers on biological, chemical, and physical polarimetry are presented including birefringence in biological materials, vibrational optical activity, and the optical determination of the thermodynamic phase diagram of a metamagnet. Remote sensing is discussed in terms of polarization imagery, the optical polarimetry of particulate surfaces, and techniques and applications of elliptical polarimetry in astronomy and atmospheric studies.

Azzam, R. M. A.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Clues to the origin of sulfide minerals in CI chondrites

The dominant sulfide in CI carbonaceous chondrites is an Fe-deficient pyrrhotite containing about 1% Ni, Alais, Ivuna, and Orgueil also contain minor cubanite, CuFe2S3, and Alais minor pentlandite, (Fe,Ni)9S8. All pyrrhotites contain 39.4 + or - 0.1% S; Ni contents range from 0.7 to 1.3%. The phase diagrams reveal no temperature at which the observed pentlandite-pyrrhotite assemblage is at equilibrium. Similarly, the pyrrhotite composition alone are inconsistent with equilibrium formation from a gas of solar composition. In Xe from high-purity submilligram Orgueil pyrrhotite separates, the ratios Xe-129/Xe-132 are not significantly larger than those in trapped meteoritic Xe. The lack of positive evidence for extinct I-129 in pyrrhotite does not permit any inferences regarding cooling rates in the early solar nebula. It is concluded that sulfides in CI chondrites cannot be nebular condensates formed under equilibrium conditions. Argon isotopic abundances reveal the presence of significant spallation and trapped gas components in Orgueil pyrrhotite. The Orgueil exposure age is calculated to be at least about 10 m.y.

Kerridge, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The 3-5 semiconductor solid solution single crystal growth

Techniques used for liquid and vapor phase epitaxy of gallium indium arsenide are described and the difficulties encountered are examined. Results show that the growth of bulk III-V solid solution single crystals in a low gravity environment will not have a major technological impact. The float zone technique in a low gravity environment is demonstrated using cadmium telluride. It is shown that this approach can result in the synthesis of a class of semiconductors that can not be grown in normal gravity because of growth problems rooted in the nature of their phase diagrams.

Gertner, E. R.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Electroepitaxy of multicomponent systems - Ternary and quarternary compounds

A theoretical model is presented which accounts for the electroepitaxial growth kinetics and composition of multicomponent compounds in terms of mass transport in the liquid and phase diagram relationships. The mass transport in the interface is dominated by electromigration in the absence of convection and by diffusion in the presence of convection. The composition of the solid is controlled by the Peltier effect at the growth interface and by the diffusion and mobility constants of the solute components and the growth velocity (current density). Thus, for a given solution composition, the composition of the solid can be varied by varying the current density. For a given current density the composition remains constant even in the case of relatively thick epitaxial layers. All aspects of the model were found to be in good agreement with the growth and composition characteristics of Ga/x-1/Al/x/As layers.

Bryskiewicz, T.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Stability of brines on Mars

The detection of high chlorine and sulfate abundances and duricrusts on Mars strongly suggests the occasional presence of brines on the Martian surface. Ternary phase diagrams for the likely chloride and sulfate brines indicate that the minimum temperature at which a brine can be stable is near 210 K with a water concentration of approximately 70 wt % and a high concentration of calcium chloride. The dominance of sulfate over chlorine in the Martian regolith suggests precipitation of salts at temperatures higher than the minimum.

Brass, G. W.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Advanced methods for preparation and characterization of infrared detector materials

Mercury cadmium telluride crystals were prepared by the Bridgman method with a wide range of crystal growth rates and temperature gradients adequate to prevent constitutional supercooling under diffusion-limited, steady state, growth conditions. The longitudinal compositional gradients for different growth conditions and alloy compositions were calculated and compared with experimental data to develop a quantitative model of the crystal growth kinetics for the Hg(i-x)CdxTe alloys, and measurements were performed to ascertain the effect of growth conditions on radial compositional gradients. The pseudobinary HgTe-CdTe constitutional phase diagram was determined by precision differential thermal analysis measurements and used to calculate the segregation coefficient of Cd as a function of x and interface temperature. Computer algorithms specific to Hg(1-x)CdxTe were developed for calculations of the charge carrier concentrations, charge carrier mobilities, Hall coefficient, optical absorptance, and Fermi energy as functions of x, temperature, ionized donor and acceptor concentrations, and neutral defect concentrations.

Lehoczky, S. L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A quantitative study of factors influencing lamellar eutectic morphology during solidification

The factors that influence the shape of the solid-liquid interface of a lamellar binary eutectic alloy are evaluated. Alloys of carbon tetrabromide and hexachloroethane which serve as a transparent analogue of lamellar metallic eutectics are used. The observed interface shapes are analyzed by computer-aided methods. The solid-liquid interfacial free energies of each of the individual phases comprising the eutectic system are measured as a function of composition using a 'grain boundary groove' technique. The solid-liquid interfacial free energy of the two phases are evaluated directly from the eutectic interface. The phase diagram for the system, the heat of fusion as a function of composition, and the density as a function of composition are measured. The shape of the eutectic interface is controlled mainly by the solid-liquid and solid-solid interfacial free energy relationships at the interface and by the temperature gradient present, rather than by interlamellar diffusion in the liquid at the interface, over the range of growth rates studied.

Kaukler, W. F. S.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Containerless preparation of advanced optical glasses: Experiment 77F095

Containerless processing of optical glasses was studied in preparation for space shuttle MEA flight experiments. Ground based investigation, experiment/hardware coordination activities and development of flight experiment and sample characterization plans were investigated. In the ground based investigation over 100 candidate glass materials for space processing were screened and promising compositions were identified. The system of Nb2O5-TiO2-CaO was found to be very rich with containerless glass compositions and as extensive number of the oxides combinations were tried resulting in a glass formation ternary phase diagram. The frequent occurrence of glass formation by containerless processing among the compositions for which no glass formations were previously reported indicated the possibility and an advantage of containerless processing in a terrestrial environment.

Happe, R. A.↗