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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,423 records · Page 79
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Isolation Amplifier Based On Sigma-Delta Modulation

Improved isolation amplifier transmits dc or low-frequency analog signal by use of digital pulses. Relatively imprecise digital pulses convey analog signal with relatively high precision. Amplifier implements sigma-delta modulation scheme. Circuit used wherever conventional amplifier needed. Includes medical instrumentation, switching-type power supplies, and other applications in which input voltages must be measured in presence of large common-mode voltages.

Harres, Daniel N.↗
DOE OSTI2022

System-on-chip approach microwave imaging reflectometer on DIII-D tokamak

System-on-chip millimeter wave integrated circuit technology is used on the two-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging reflectometer (MIR) upgrade for density fluctuation imaging on the DIII-D tokamak fusion plasma. Customized CMOS chips have been successfully developed for the transmitter module and receiver module array, covering the 55–75 GHz working band. The transmitter module has the capability of simultaneously launching eight tunable probe frequencies (>0 dBm output power each). The receiver enclosure contains 12 receiver modules in two vertical lines. The quasi-optical local oscillator coupling of previous MIR systems has been replaced with an internal active frequency multiplier chain for improved local oscillator power delivery and flexible installation in a narrow space together with improved shielding against electromagnetic interference. The 55–75 GHz low noise amplifier, used between the receiver antenna and the first-stage mixer, significantly improves module sensitivity and suppresses electronics noise. The receiver module has a 20 dB gain improvement compared with the mini-lens approach and better than –75 dBm sensitivity, and its electronics noise temperature has been reduced from 55 000 K down to 11 200 K. Further, the V-band MIR system is developed for co-located multi-field investigation of MHD-scale fluctuations in the pedestal region with W-band electron cyclotron emission imaging on DIII-D tokamak.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Bottom-Up Two-Dimensional Electron-Capture Dissociation Mass Spectrometry of Calmodulin

Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2D MS) is a tandem mass spectrometry technique that allows data-independent fragmentation of all precursors in a mixture without previous isolation, through modulation of the ion cyclotron frequency in the ICR-cell prior to fragmentation. Its power as an analytical technique has been proven particularly for proteomics. Recently, a comparison study between 1D and 2D MS has been performed using infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) on calmodulin (CaM), highlighting the capabilities of the technique in both top-down (TDP) and bottom-up proteomics (BUP). The goal of this work is to expand this study on CaM using electron-capture dissociation (ECD) 2D MS as a single complementary BUP experiment in order to enhance the cleavage coverage of the protein under analysis. By adding the results of the BUP 2D ECD MS to the 2D IRMPD MS analysis of CaM, the total cleavage coverage increased from ~40% to ~68%. .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Isolating the Contributions of Specific Network Sites to the Diffuse Vibrational Spectrum of Interfacial Water with Isotopomer-Selective Spectroscopy of Cold Clusters

Decoding the structural information contained in the interfacial vibrational spectrum of water requires understanding how the spectral signatures of individual water molecules respond to their local hydrogen bonding environments. In this study, we isolated the contributions for the five classes of sites that differ according to the number of donor (D) and acceptor (A) hydrogen bonds that characterize each site. These patterns were measured by exploiting the unique properties of the water cluster cage structures formed in the gas phase upon hydration of a series of cations M+·(H2O)n (M = Li, Na, Cs, NH4, CH3NH3, H3O, and n = 5, 20-22). This selection of ions was chosen to systematically express the A, AD, AAD, ADD, and AADD hydrogen bonding motifs. The spectral signatures of each site were measured using two-color, IR-IR isotopomer-selective photofragmentation vibrational spectroscopy of the cryogenically cooled, mass selected cluster ions in which a single intact H2O is introduced without isotopic scrambling, an important advantage afforded by the cluster regime. The resulting patterns provide an unprecedented picture of the intrinsic line shapes and spectral complexities associated with excitation of the individual OH groups, as well as the correlation between the frequencies of the two OH groups on the same water molecule, as a function of network site. The properties of the surrounding water network that govern this frequency map are evaluated by dissecting electronic structure calculations that explore how changes in the nearby network structures, both within and beyond the first hydration shell, affect the local frequency of an OH oscillator. The qualitative trends are recovered with a simple model that correlates the OH frequency with the network-modulated local electron density in the center of the OH bond.

Yang, Nan↗
DOE OSTI2014

A method for the frequency control in time-resolved two-dimensional gigahertz surface acoustic wave imaging

We describe an extension of the time-resolved two-dimensional gigahertz surface acoustic wave imaging based on the optical pump-probe technique with periodic light source at a fixed repetition frequency. Usually such imaging measurement may generate and detect acoustic waves with their frequencies only at or near the integer multiples of the repetition frequency. Here we propose a method which utilizes the amplitude modulation of the excitation pulse train to modify the generation frequency free from the mentioned limitation, and allows for the first time the discrimination of the resulted upper- and lower-side-band frequency components in the detection. The validity of the method is demonstrated in a simple measurement on an isotropic glass plate covered by a metal thin film to extract the dispersion curves of the surface acoustic waves.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Guided radar system for arc detection: Initial results at DIIID

A guided radar arc detection and localization system has been designed, fabricated, installed in the feed line to one of the resonant loops on the 285/300 FW antenna, and successfully tested during vacuum conditioning. The system injects a train of binary phase-modulated pulses at a carrier frequency of 25 MHz up-shifted to around 450MHz into the main high power transmission line connected to the antenna through a septate coupler and a circulator. The pulses are reflected by arcs, and the time delay provides the distance to the arc. The reflected signals are analyzed in real time, with a time response sufficient to provide active arc detection as well as localization. RF pulses have been injected into the antenna at a power level of up to 650kW. The arc location was varied by either puffing gas into the vacuum vessel, in which case arcs always occurred in the antenna, or injecting RF without a gas puff, in which case the arcs almost always occurred in the transmission line feeding the antenna. The localization obtained during these initial tests had a relatively low resolution of about 2 m, but arcs occurring inside or outside the antenna could clearly be differentiated and corresponded with the expected location. The septate coupler proved fully compatible with the antenna feed and matching network and improved performance significantly in comparison to the use of directional couplers.

Salvador, S. M.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Optical system for liquid level measurements

This work describes the development of a novel laser instrument for non-contact liquid level measurements. The physical principle of operation is based on the self-mixing effect induced in the laser diode by modulating the laser wavelength. The frequency main tone of the resulting fringes is proportional to the absolute target distance. A high speed FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) electronic performs the data acquisition and elaboration. The high elaboration/acquisition speed improves the chance of acquiring good signal also on a moving liquid target. The optical characteristics of the liquid surface have been studied in order to identify the optimal optical configuration when the surface is flat as well as when the surface is rippled. The final low-cost instrument works in real time and is able to track a filling process with 2.5 cm/s of speed, with resolution better than 1 mm for distances up to 50 cm.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Boron doped simulated graphene field effect transistor model

Graphene based electronic devices due to its unique properties has transformed electronics. A Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GNRFET) model is simulated in Virtual Nano Lab (VNL) and the calculations are based on density functional theory (DFT). Simulations were performed on this pristine GNRFET model and the transmission spectrum was observed. The graph obtained showed a uniform energy gap of +1 to −1eV and the highest transmission peak at −1.75 eV. To this pristine model of GNRFET, doping was introduced and its effect was seen on the Fermi level obtained in the transmission spectrum. Boron as a dopant was used which showed variations in both the transmission peaks and the energy gap. In this model, first the single boron was substituted in place of carbon and Fermi level showed an energy gap of 1.5 to −0.5eV with the highest transmission peak at −1.3 eV. In another variation in the model, two carbon atoms were replaced by two boron atoms and Fermi level shifted from 2 to 0.25eV. In this observation, the highest transmission peak was observed at −1(approx.). The use of nanoelectronic devices have opened many areas of applications as GFET is an excellent building block for electronic circuits, and is being used in applications such as high-performance frequency doublers and mixers, digital modulators, phase detectors, optoelectronics and spintronics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evolution of magnetism in Ru doped Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3}

We synthesized Ru doped single crystalline samples of the honeycomb iridate material Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3} and studied their magnetic properties using AC and DC magnetic susceptibility. The parent compound Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3} is a spin orbit driven Mott insulator with long range order below T{sub N} = 15 K. We find that even smallest substitution of Ru changes the antiferromagnetic long range order state to a spin glass like state indicating the fragile nature of magnetism in Na2IrO3. We track the freezing temperature Tg as a function of Ru concentration and the shift of T{sub g} with frequency f of the ac modulation in AC susceptibility which is found to be very different from canonical spin-glasses like Cu-Mn.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multi-modality deep learning for pulse prediction in homogeneous nonlinear systems via parametric conversion

In this Letter, we introduce FusionNet, a multi-modality deep learning framework designed to predict and analyze output pulses in high-power rare-earth-doped laser systems driving parametric conversion in homogeneous guided nonlinear media. FusionNet integrates temporal, spectral, and physical experimental conditions to model ultrafast nonlinear phenomena, including parametric nonlinear frequency conversion, self-phase modulation, and cross-phase modulation in homogeneous guided systems such as gas-filled hollow-core fibers. These systems bridge physical models with experimental data, advancing our understanding of light-guiding principles and nonlinear interactions while expediting the design and optimization of on-demand high-power, high-brightness systems. Our results demonstrate a 73% reduction in prediction error and an 83% improvement in computational efficiency compared to conventional neural networks. This work establishes a new paradigm for accelerating parametric simulations and optimizing experimental designs in high-power laser systems, with further implications for high-precision spectroscopy, quantum information science, and distributed entangled interconnects.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Realizing a topological diode effect on the surface of a topological Kondo insulator

Introducing the concept of topology into material science has sparked a revolution from classic electronic and optoelectronic devices to topological quantum devices. The latter has potential for transferring energy and information with unprecedented efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a topological diode effect on the surface of a three-dimensional material, SmB 6 , a candidate topological Kondo insulator. The diode effect is evidenced by pronounced rectification and photogalvanic effects under electromagnetic modulation and radiation at radio frequency. Our experimental results and modeling suggest that these prominent effects are intimately tied to the spatially inhomogeneous formation of topological surface states (TSS) at the intermediate temperature. This work provides a manner of breaking the mirror symmetry (in addition to the inversion symmetry), resulting in the formation of pn-junctions between puddles of metallic TSS. Further, this effect paves the way for efficient current rectifiers or energy-harvesting devices working down to radio frequency range at low temperature, which could be extended to high temperatures using other topological insulators with large bulk gap.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Casimir Light in Dispersive Nanophotonics

Time-varying optical media, whose dielectric properties are actively modulated in time, introduce a host of novel effects in the classical propagation of light, and are of intense current interest. In the quantum domain, time-dependent media can be used to convert vacuum fluctuations (virtual photons) into pairs of real photons. Here, we refer to these processes broadly as “dynamical vacuum effects” (DVEs). Despite interest for their potential applications as sources of quantum light, DVEs are generally very weak, presenting many opportunities for enhancement through modern techniques in nanophotonics, such as using media which support excitations such as plasmon and phonon polaritons. Here, we present a theory of weakly modulated DVEs in arbitrary nanostructured, dispersive, and dissipative systems. A key element of our framework is the simultaneous incorporation of time-modulation and “dispersion” through time-translation-breaking linear response theory. As an example, we use our approach to propose a highly efficient scheme for generating entangled surface polaritons based on time-modulation of the optical phonon frequency of a polar insulator.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Detecting Phase-Resolved Magnetization Dynamics by Magneto-Optic Effects at 1550 nm Wavelength

We demonstrate the detection of phase-resolved magnetization dynamics with combinatorial magneto-optic Kerr and Faraday effects. The method uses a continuous-wave laser that is amplitude-modulated at the spin dynamic frequencies, and thus allows for coherent tracking of the spin dynamics, akin a “lock-in” type measurement. In particular, our method, using a single 1550-nmwavelength, probes simultaneously the ferromagnetic resonance of Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG) and Permalloy (Py = Ni 80 Fe 20 ) in a YIG-Pyhetero structure. The fiber-based magneto-optic components also have the advantage of being made into a compact, tabletop or even portable system with yet robust measurement performances. We believe that our method will be found useful in studying hybrid quantum magnonic systems and/or investigating phase-resolved spin dynamics in nanomagnet structures involving both ferromagnetic insulators and metals.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-J-31: Biodynamic Imaging of Cancer Tissue and Response to Chemotherapy

Purpose: To measure intracellular motions inside three-dimensional living cancer tissue samples to establish a novel set of biodynamic biomarkers that assess tissue proliferative activity and sensitivity or resistance to chemotherapy. Methods: Biodynamic imaging (BDI) uses digital holography with low-coherence low-intensity light illumination to construct 3D holograms from depths up to a millimeter deep inside cancer tissue models that include multicellular tumor spheroids and ex vivo cancer biopsies from canine non-Hodgkins lymphoma and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) mouse explants. Intracellular motions modulate the holographic intensity with frequencies related to the Doppler effect caused by the motions of a wide variety of intracellular components. These motions are affected by applied therapeutic agents, and BDI produces unique fingerprints of the action of specific drugs on the motions in specific cell types. In this study, chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin for canine lymphoma and oxoplatin for ovarian) are applied to the living tissue models and monitored over 10 hours by BDI. Results: Multicellular spheroids and patient biopsies are categorized as either sensitive or insensitive to applied therapeutics depending on the intracellular Doppler signatures of chemotherapy response. For both lymphoma and EOC there is strong specificity to the two types of sensitivities, with sensitive cell lines and biopsies exhibiting a global cessation of proliferation and strong suppression of metabolic activity, while insensitive cell lines and biopsies show moderate activation of Doppler frequencies associated with membrane processes and possible membrane trafficking. Conclusion: This work supports the hypothesis that biodynamic biomarkers from three-dimensional living tumor tissue, that includes tissue heterogeneity and measured within 24 hours of surgery, is predictive of near-term patient response to therapy. Future work will correlate biodynamic biomarkers with progression free survival times. This work is supported by NIH 1R01EB016582 and NSF 1263753-CBET. Nolte, Turek and An have a financial interest in Animated Dynamics, Inc. that will be licensing technology from Purdue University.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Interdecadal Climate Variations Controlling the Water Level of Lake Qinghai over the Tibetan Plateau

Using observed and reanalysis research, the pronounced interdecadal variations of Lake Qinghai (LQH) water levels and associated climate factors were diagnosed. From the 1960s to the early 2000s, the water level of LQH in the Tibetan Plateau has experienced a continual decline of 3 m but has since increased considerably. A water budget assessment of the LQH watershed implied that the water vapor flux divergence ∇•Q is the dominant atmospheric process modulating precipitation and subsequently the lake volume change ΔV. The marked interdecadal variability in ΔV and ∇•Q and was found to be related to the North Pacific (NP) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) modes during the cold season (November–March). Through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and regression analyses, the water vapor sink over the LQH watershed also responds critically to the summer Eurasian wave train modulated by the low-frequency variability associated with the cold season NP and PDO modes. Removal of these variability modes (NP, PDO, and the Eurasian wave train) led to a residual uptrend in the hydrological variables of ΔV, ∇•Q and precipitation, corresponding to the net water level increase. Attribution analysis using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) single-forcing experiments shows that the simulations driven by greenhouse gas forcing produced a significant increase in the LQH precipitation, while anthropogenic aerosols generated a minor wetting trend as well.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Use of Wind Turbine Kinetic Energy to Supply Transmission Level Services

This paper discusses the broad use of rotational kinetic energy stored in wind turbine rotors to supply services to the electrical power grid. The grid services are discussed in terms of zero-net-energy, which do not require a reduction in power output via pitch control (spill), but neither do they preclude doing so. The services discussed include zero-net-energy regulation, transient and small signal stability, and other frequency management services. The delivery of this energy requires a trade-off between the frequency and amplitude of power modulation and is limited, in some cases, by equipment ratings and the unresearched long-term mechanical effects on the turbine. As wind displaces synchronous generation, the grid's inertial storage is being reduced, but the amount of accessible kinetic energy in a wind turbine at rated speed is approximately 6 times greater than that of a generator with only a 0.12% loss in efficiency and 75 times greater at 10% loss. The potential flexibility of the wind's kinetic storage is also high. However, the true cost of providing grid services using wind turbines, which includes a potential increase in operations and maintenance costs, have not been compared to the value of the services themselves.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

THz Plasmonics and Topological Optics of Weyl Semimetals

THz magneto-optical properties of 3D topological Weyl semimetals were investigated with both THz spectroscopy and THz pump-probe measurements. The unique THz effects predicted in these materials may have important applications in THz technology. The electronic band structure was characterized spectroscopically through THz zero-field reflectance and/or cyclotron resonance measurements. The studies included the dynamic chiral pumping and the study of the predicted novel magneto-electric effects arising from the underlying Berry curvature and magneto plasmonic-like effects in the absence of an applied magnetic field. Chiral pumping in the extreme quantum limit was studied on Weyl semimetals to directly probe the chiral N=0 Landau level. Non-linear pump-probe measurements were used to measure the chiral pumping lifetime. Solids with topologically robust electronic states exhibit unusual electronic and optical transport properties that do not exist in other materials. A particularly interesting example is chiral charge pumping, the so-called chiral anomaly, in recently discovered topological Weyl and Dirac semimetals, where simultaneous application of parallel DC electric and magnetic fields creates an imbalance in the number of carriers of opposite topological charge (chirality). In an earlier study we investigated the Weyl metals Na 3 Bi and Cd 3 As 2 . In this grant we followed up with magneto-optical studies of TaAs, another Weyl semimetal. More recently, we have also characterized other Weyl and Dirac systems that have come on line. The Physics community is still looking for the “hydrogen atom” of the Weyl semimetal. CoSi is one promising new system which features Weyl node spacing comparable to the Brillouin zone size. This system may be suitable for study of the predicted chiral plasmons that arise from the Berry curvature in Weyl materials. In other experiments gates can be applied to the samples in order to study the Fermi arc surface states by modulation reflectance spectroscopy at THz frequencies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗