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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,423 records · Page 79
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

3D Modeling of Safety-Related Upgrade Pilot Project

Constellation Energy and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) have established a public/private partnership to implement a pilot digital upgrade to replace legacy analog, safety-related reactor protection and emergency safety feature actuation systems (RPS/ESFAS) with modern digital systems. This effort is occurring at Constellation’s Limerick Generating Station. This project is being performed in accordance with industry processes that have been adapted to better support digital upgrades. These processes include IP-ENG-001, Standard Design Process, NISP-EN-04, Standard Digital Engineering Process and Electric Power Research Institute Report 3002011816, Digital Engineering Guide. The Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has been supporting this effort. Latest INL HFE efforts in support of this project have focused on definition and implementation of the Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Program in support of Constellation design and related licensing efforts. This paper will present the development of the HFE 3D modeling execution of the Main Control Room safety upgrades. New equipment and modifications are planned for upgrading the new safety systems. 3D modeling allows for visualization of the new equipment and modifications to be shared with engineering and design teams for evaluation and review. Anthropometric considerations such as sight lines and functional reach can be evaluated directly using the 3D model. This effort has helped to provide visualizations for additional review with operations personnel and project stakeholders.

3D Modeling↗
DOE OSTI2012

Stauts of the Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) Hohlraum Point Design

Progress on the hohlraum point design for the LIFE engine is described. New features in the original design [Amendt et al., Fus. Sci. Technol. 60, 49 (2011)] are incorporated that address the imperatives of low target cost, high manufacturing throughput, efficient and prompt material recycling, an ability for near-term testing of key target design uncertainties on the National Ignition Facility, and robustness to target chamber environment and injection insults. To this end, the novel use of Pb hohlraums and aerogel-supported liquid DT fuel loading within a high-density-carbon (HDC) ablator is implemented in the hohlraum point design.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Preliminary IHLW Formulation Algorithm Description

This report documents the initial algorithm that could be used by the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) in batching high-level waste (HLW) and glass-forming chemicals (GFCs) in the HLW melter feed preparation vessel (MFPV) (HFP-VSL-00001 and -00005). Not all Hanford tank waste can be accommodated by the models developed for this report and significant expansion of the model boundaries could be achievable to reduce the WTP mission life and total canister production count. The immobilized HLW (IHLW) must meet a series of constraints to be acceptable for disposal in the Monitored Geologic Repository, which are contained in the Specification 1 of the Contract (DOE 2000), the Waste Acceptance Product Specifications (WAPS, DOE 1996), and the Waste Acceptance System Requirements Document (WASRD, DOE 2007). The IHLW Waste Form Compliance Plan (WCP, 24590-HLW-PL-RT-07-0001, Rev 3) specifies that the formulation algorithm will be developed and used to comply with the constraints associated with glass composition and properties. This report is not an engineering calculation, does not provide design input, and is not an engineering study. Algorithm inputs include the chemical analyses of the blended HLW in the HLW blend vessel (HBV) (HLP-VSL-00028, the volume and composition of the MFPV heel, the volume and composition of the MFPV after waste addition, the volume and composition of MFPV batch after GFC addition, the compositions of individual GFCs, and the mass of glass in each canister. In addition to these inputs, uncertainties in the HLW composition and processing parameters are included in the algorithm. Using the above inputs, the algorithm calculates the following outputs: 1) the volume of HLW to be transferred from the HBV to the MFPV, 2) the mass of each GFC for addition to the MFPV, 3) the composition of the glass that will be produced along with uncertainties, and 4) the predicted properties, with associated uncertainties, of the resulting IHLW. The algorithm uses the property-composition models to calculate properties with associated uncertainties and compares them with various constraints to ensure that a processable feed is formulated and a compliant IHLW is produced. The GFC additions are determined using an optimization approach to provide high confidence that the HLW glass will meet all product quality requirements and key processing constraints. For most HLW batches there are many possible glass compositions that meet all constraints. In these cases, the glass composition is optimized for a series of target component concentrations and target property values. The algorithm also incorporates process measurement and product quality uncertainties, based on the work of Piepel et al. (2005). Estimates of the various process and measurement uncertainties that affect glass compositions and predicted glass properties have been previously reported (Piepel et al. 2005, 2006) and the impacts of these estimated uncertainties on the IHLW composition envelope that meets product quality and processing-related properties with sufficient confidence were evaluated. The details of work performed to date to develop this initial GFC addition and batching algorithm are summarized in Sections 4 and 5. An example data set is used to illustrate the calculations of the algorithm summarized in Section 6. Finally, in Section 7, there is a statement of the required work to achieve a final operational IHLW formulation control algorithm. This report is not an engineering calculation, does not provide design input, and is not an engineering study.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Human Factors Considerations for Hydrogen Rail Refueling and Maintenance

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) contracted Sandia National Laboratories to review the risks introduced specifically through human interactions within hydrogen rail refueling and maintenance activities and present recommendations for future system development and implementation. Due to the lack of domestic hydrogen-powered trains at the time of review, observational data was collected on analogous existing systems to consider various ways hydrogen might be implemented within future designs. The team developed 50 human factors design guidelines through analysis of human risk factors. Because hydrogen rail systems are still in the early design stage, the resulting human factors guidelines represent general best practices and do not include specific design features. The research team recommends design and regulatory agencies include a Human Factors Engineer in the design and review process to ensure the guidelines are appropriately implemented and verified.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

Model-driven Privacy Assessment in the Smart Grid

In a smart grid, data and information are transported, transmitted, stored, and processed with various stakeholders having to cooperate effectively. Furthermore, personal data is the key to many smart grid applications and therefore privacy impacts have to be taken into account. For an effective smart grid, well integrated solutions are crucial and for achieving a high degree of customer acceptance, privacy should already be considered at design time of the system. To assist system engineers in early design phase, frameworks for the automated privacy evaluation of use cases are important. For evaluation, use cases for services and software architectures need to be formally captured in a standardized and commonly understood manner. In order to ensure this common understanding for all kinds of stakeholders, reference models have recently been developed. In this paper we present a model-driven approach for the automated assessment of such services and software architectures in the smart grid that builds on the standardized reference models. The focus of qualitative and quantitative evaluation is on privacy. For evaluation, the framework draws on use cases from the University of Southern California microgrid.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Using Cyber-Informed Engineering for Cyber Defense Workbook

This workbook was prepared for a detailed workshop in Cyber-Informed Engineering. It is designed to provide an audience of electrical cooperative engineering staff with an opportunity to practice leveraging the principles of Cyber-Informed Engineering for a hypothetical system upgrade. This workbook contains material describing the fictional project, information about Cyber-Informed Engineering, hands-on exercises, and a copy of the slides presented during the workshop. It can stand alone as a CIE resource.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Numerical Optimization of Spray-Guided Spark Assistance for Cold Idle Operation in a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine

This article describes the results of a response surface model (RSM)-based numerical optimization campaign for spray-guided spark assistance at cold operations in a heavy-duty gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine. On the basis of an earlier work on spark-assisted GCI cold combustion, a space-filling design of experiments (DoE) method was first undertaken to investigate a multitude of hardware design variables and engine operating parameters. The main design variables included the number of injector nozzles, fuel split quantities and injection timings, and spark timing. The objective variables were engine combustion efficiency (ŋ c ), maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR), and engine-out nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions. A total of 150 design candidates were automatically generated using the Sobol sequence method provided by the commercial software package, CAESES. Then, closed-cycle computational fluid dynamic (CFD) spark-assisted GCI simulations under cold idling operations were performed. The outcomes from the CFD-DoE design campaign were utilized to construct high-fidelity RSMs that allowed for further design optimization of the spark plug- and fuel injector-related design variables, along with fuel injection strategy parameters. A merit function with respect to objective variables was formulated with an appropriate weight assignment on each objective variable. Finally, the best design candidate was identified from the RSM-based optimization process and further validated in the CFD analysis. The best design candidate showed the potential to significantly improve combustion efficiency (ŋ c > 90%) over the baseline at cold idle while satisfying MPRR and NOx emissions constraints (MPRR < 5 bar/CAD and NO x < 4.5 g/kWh).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Multi-scale Material Parameter Identification Using LS-DYNA® and LS-OPT®

Ever-tightening regulations on fuel economy, and the likely future regulation of carbon emissions, demand persistent innovation in vehicle design to reduce vehicle mass. Classical methods for computational mass reduction include sizing, shape and topology optimization. One of the few remaining options for weight reduction can be found in materials engineering and material design optimization. Apart from considering different types of materials, by adding material diversity and composite materials, an appealing option in automotive design is to engineer steel alloys for the purpose of reducing plate thickness while retaining sufficient strength and ductility required for durability and safety. A project to develop computational material models for advanced high strength steel is currently being executed under the auspices of the United States Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP) funded by the US Department of Energy. Under this program, new Third Generation Advanced High Strength Steel (i.e., 3GAHSS) are being designed, tested and integrated with the remaining design variables of a benchmark vehicle Finite Element model. The objectives of the project are to integrate atomistic, microstructural, forming and performance models to create an integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) toolkit for 3GAHSS. The mechanical properties of Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are controlled by many factors, including phase composition and distribution in the overall microstructure, volume fraction, size and morphology of phase constituents as well as stability of the metastable retained austenite phase. The complex phase transformation and deformation mechanisms in these steels make the well-established traditional techniques obsolete, and a multi-scale microstructure-based modeling approach following the ICME [0]strategy was therefore chosen in this project. Multi-scale modeling as a major area of research and development is an outgrowth of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996 which banned surface testing of nuclear devices [1]. This had the effect that experimental work was reduced from large scale tests to multiscale experiments to provide material models with validation at different length scales. In the subsequent years industry realized that multi-scale modeling and simulation-based design were transferable to the design optimization of any structural system. Horstemeyer [1] lists a number of advantages of the use of multiscale modeling. Among these are: the reduction of product development time by alleviating costly trial-and-error iterations as well as the reduction of product costs through innovations in material, product and process designs. Multi-scale modeling can reduce the number of costly large scale experiments and can increase product quality by providing more accurate predictions. Research tends to be focussed on each particular length scale, which enhances accuracy in the long term. This paper serves as an introduction to the LS-OPT and LS-DYNA methodology for multi-scale modeling. It mainly focuses on an approach to integrate material identification using material models of different length scales. As an example, a multi-scale material identification strategy, consisting of a Crystal Plasticity (CP) material model and a homogenized State Variable (SV) model, is discussed and the parameter identification of the individual material models of different length scales is demonstrated. The paper concludes with thoughts on integrating the multi-scale methodology into the overall vehicle design.

Stander, Nielen↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multiscale Development and Validation of the Stainless Steel Alloy Corrosion (SStAC) Tool for High Temperature Engine Materials

The goal of this project was to create a simulation tool to assist in part design, reducing costs by eliminating the need for conservative material selection, and enabling alloy optimization to improve corrosion resistance. Thus, it helps decrease costs for existing engines and assists in the material and engine design for the engines of the future. To meet our stated goal, we developed the Stainless-Steel Alloy Corrosion (SStAC) tool, which: (1) Models corrosion of engine valves fabricated from 21-2N valve steel in an engine environment at temperatures up to 800 °C. (2) Runs in 1D for a fast estimate of the corrosion rate, and in 2D or 3D for more detailed simulations that represent any part geometry and predict the precise location and rate of corrosion and its impact on the mechanical and thermal behavior. (3) Was implemented using the open-source Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). (4) Couples the corrosion model with mechanics and thermal transport models. The SStAC tool can predict the corrosion rate of 21-2N engine valves with less than 10% error.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids under uncertain feedstock compositions: Process design and techno-economic analysis

In this study, different process schemes were designed and evaluated for biodiesel production from engineered cane lipids with uncertain fatty acid compositions. Four different process schemes were compared under (i) thermal glycerolysis and (ii) enzymatic glycerolysis approaches. These schemes were based on the biodiesel yield and economic indicators such as the net present value (NPV) and the minimum selling price (MSP) of biodiesel. A scheme with polar lipid separation under thermal glycerolysis resulted in the maximum NPV ($\$96.5$ million) and minimum MSP ($\$1107$ /ton biodiesel), respectively. Through local sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that the cane lipid percentage is the most significant factor influencing process economics. A conjoint analysis of the lipid procurement price and cane lipid percent suggested that 15% cane lipids with a low lipid procurement price ($\$0.536$ /kg) results in a positive NPV. When the cane lipid price is higher (> $\$0.80$ /kg), a 20% lipid content should be considered to achieve a positive NPV. At 20% cane lipids, the worst-case and best-case scenarios were evaluated by analyzing the interplay of the three most important parameters, Here, the best-case scenario revealed that the minimum NPV under any process scheme could yield more than $\$100$ million (or MSP: $\$0.80$ /L), and the worst-case analysis showed that losses incurred by the plant could be as high as 80 million (MSP: $\$1.36$ /L). A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that there is a 70% chance of the plant being profitable (NPV > 0).

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Data from Biodiesel Production from Engineered Sugarcane Lipids under Uncertain Feedstock Compositions: Process Design and Techno-Economic Analysis

In this study, different process schemes were designed and evaluated for biodiesel production from engineered cane lipids with uncertain fatty acid compositions. Four different process schemes were compared under (i) thermal glycerolysis and (ii) enzymatic glycerolysis approaches. These schemes were based on the biodiesel yield and economic indicators such as the net present value (NPV) and the minimum selling price (MSP) of biodiesel. A scheme with polar lipid separation under thermal glycerolysis resulted in the maximum NPV ($96.5 million) and minimum MSP ($1107/ton biodiesel), respectively. Through local sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that the cane lipid percentage is the most significant factor influencing process economics. A conjoint analysis of the lipid procurement price and cane lipid percent suggested that 15% cane lipids with a low lipid procurement price ($0.536/kg) results in a positive NPV. When the cane lipid price is higher (>$0.80/kg), a 20% lipid content should be considered to achieve a positive NPV. At 20% cane lipids, the worst-case and best-case scenarios were evaluated by analyzing the interplay of the three most important parameters, The best-case scenario revealed that the minimum NPV under any process scheme could yield more than $100 million (or MSP: $0.80/L), and the worst-case analysis showed that losses incurred by the plant could be as high as $80 million (MSP: $1.36/L). A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that there is a 70% chance of the plant being profitable (NPV > 0).

Conversion↗
DOE OSTI2024

On the Application of Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE)

The 2023 National Cybersecurity Strategy has recommended a transition to secure-by-design methodologies in critical infrastructure. This paper presents the adoption of the National Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) Strategy as initiated by the U.S. DOE’s CESER office, advocating for the integration of cybersecurity at the earliest stages of system design. The strategy targets design engineers responsible for energy infrastructure to embed CIE principles within the engineering lifecycle, thus enhancing cyber resilience. This paper discusses the expansion of secure-by-design concepts to cyber-physical systems, moving beyond traditional IT security to include engineering considerations that can mitigate cyber risks through design choices. The paper introduces Digital Risk Management, balancing traditional cybersecurity with CIE to reduce both likelihood and impact of cyber threats. A set of CIE starter questions derived from 12 core principles is detailed, aiding engineers to consider cybersecurity in their designs and highlights the importance of CIE in anticipating and reducing the impacts of cyber attacks, suggesting that such integration is essential for national security and infrastructure resilience.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

ASNF Engineering Scale Drying Experiment System Operability Functional Requirements

This checklist specifies the functional requirements for the drying system installed at Holtec International under the scope of INL Contract # 215725, in collaboration with University of South Carolina under INL Contract Number 207046, consistent with the parameters described in INL/EXT-19-56017, Aluminum-clad Spent Nuclear Fuel Engineering Scale Drying Experiment Design. Completion of the ASNF Engineering Scale Drying Experiment Acceptance Criteria for Fabricated Items, INL/MIS-20-58551, is a prerequisite.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Systems Engineering Model for ART Energy Conversion

The near-term objective of the EC team is to establish an operating, commercially scalable Recompression Closed Brayton Cycle (RCBC) to be constructed for the NE - STEP demonstration system (demo) with the lowest risk possible. A systems engineering approach is recommended to ensure adequate requirements gathering, documentation, and mode ling that supports technology development relevant to advanced reactors while supporting crosscut interests in potential applications. A holistic systems engineering model was designed for the ART Energy Conversion program by leveraging Concurrent Engineering, Balance Model, Simplified V Model, and Project Management principles. The resulting model supports the identification and validation of lifecycle Brayton systems requirements, and allows designers to detail system-specific components relevant to the current stage in the lifecycle, while maintaining a holistic view of all system elements.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Incorporating the Role(s) of Human Actors in Complex System Design for Safety and Security

Traditional systems engineering demonstrates the importance of customer needs in scoping and defining design requirements; yet, in practice, other human stakeholders are often absent from early lifecycle phases. Human factors are often omitted in practice when evaluating and down-selecting design options due to constraints such as time, money, access to user populations, or difficulty in proving system robustness through the inclusion of human behaviors. Advances in systems engineering increasingly include non-technical influences into the design, deployment, operations, and maintenance of interacting components to achieve common performance objectives. Furthermore, such advances highlight the need to better account for the various roles of human actors to achieve desired performance outcomes in complex systems. Many of these efforts seek to infuse lessons and concepts from human factors (enhanced decision-making through Crew Resource Management), systems safety (Rasmussen's “drift toward danger”) and organization science (Giddens' recurrent human acts leading to emergent behaviors) into systems engineering to better understand how socio-technical interactions impact emergent system performance. Safety and security are examples of complex system performance outcomes that are directly impacted by varying roles of human actors. Using security performance of high consequence facilities as a representative use case, this article will outline the System Context Lenses to understand how to include various roles of human actors into systems engineering design. Several exemplar applications of this organizing lenses will be summarized and used to highlight more generalized insights for the broader systems engineering community.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Life-Cycle Approaches in Computerized Vehicle Design and Additive Technology

Computer engineering permits the creation of models closely matching actual processes and vehicle designs. Production costs may be significantly reduced, while additive technologies permit customized production, with minimal expenditure of time and materials in development and prototyping. Such technologies may expediently be used in digital design of vehicles, taking account of the complete product life cycle.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Social Acceptance of a Reduced-Footprint Synthetic Mooring System for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in the Gulf of Maine

Engineers are looking to reduce the size of floating offshore wind mooring footprints to minimize conflict with other ocean users. To this end, the University of Maine (UMaine) received funding from the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to design, demonstrate, and validate a novel reduced-footprint synthetic mooring system for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) that reduces impacts to fisheries and the levelized cost of energy. UMaine designed two mooring systems for the New England Aqua Ventus (NEAV) I demonstration project to quantify the technical, economic, and social impacts of a reduced-footprint hybrid mooring system. Specifically, a traditional catenary chain mooring system and a novel polyester rope-chain hybrid system were designed to the front-end engineering design level for this assessment. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was funded by DOE to help independently quantify the social and techno-economic impacts of the rope-chain hybrid mooring system designed by UMaine. This report focuses on NREL's assessment of the social acceptance of the reduced-footprint rope-chain hybrid mooring system and the conventional all-chain mooring system by competing users in the Gulf of Maine.

ENGINEERING,WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Progress Report on Development of Intermediate Fidelity Full Assembly Analysis Methods

While high fidelity modeling capabilities for various physics phenomena are being pursued under advanced modeling and simulation initiatives under the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, they generally rely on high-performance computation facilities and are too expensive to be used for parameter-space exploration or design analysis. One-dimensional system codes have been used for a long time and have reached a degree of maturity, but limit their validity to specific applications. Thus, an intermediate fidelity (IF) modeling method is being pursued in this work for a fast-running, modest-fidelity, whole-core transient analyses capability. The new approach is essential for design scoping and engineering analyses and could lead to improvements in the design of the new generations of reactors and to the reduction of uncertainties in safety analysis. This report summarizes the initial effort on the development of the intermediate-fidelity full assembly modeling method. The requirements and the desired merits of the IF approach have been defined. A three-dimensional momentum source model has been developed to model the anisotropic flow in the wire-wrapped rod bundle without the need to resolve the geometric details. It has been confirmed that the momentum source model works well if its affecting region is accurately imposed. The validity of the model is further verified by mesh and parameter sensitivity studies. The developed momentum source model, in principle, can be applied to any wire-wrapped bundle geometries and any flow regimes; while the modeling strategy can be applied to other conditions with complex or distorted geometry, such as flow in blocked channels.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗