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At least 1,405 records · Page 78

Development of Colle-Salvetti type electron-nucleus correlation functional for MC-DFT

A Colle-Salvetti type electron-nucleus correlation functional for multicomponent density-functional theory is proposed. We demonstrate that our correlation functional quantitatively reproduces the quantum nuclear effects of protons; the mean absolute deviation value is 2.8 millihartrees for the optimized structure of hydrogen-containing molecules. We also show other practical calculations with our new electron-deuteron and electron-triton correlation functionals. Since this functional is derived without any unphysical assumption, the strategy taken in this development will be a promising recipe to make new functionals for the potentials of other particles’ interactions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Enhancing the accuracy of the Fowler method for monitoring non-constant work functions

The Fowler method is a prominent non-invasive technique to determine the absolute work function of a surface based on the photoelectric effect. The evaluation procedure relies on the correlation of the photocurrent with the incident photon energy hν which is mainly dependent on the surface work function χ. Applying Fowler’s theory of the photocurrent, the measurements can be fitted by the theoretical curve near the threshold hν⪆χ yielding the work function χ and a parameter A. The straightforward experimental implementation of the Fowler method is to use several particular photon energies, e.g. via interference filters. However, with a realization like that the restriction hν ≈ χ can easily be violated, especially when the work function of the material is decreasing during the measurements as, for instance, with coating or adsorption processes. This can lead to an overestimation of the evaluated work function value of typically some 0.1 eV, reaching up to more than 0.5 eV in an unfavorable case. A detailed analysis of the Fowler theory now reveals the background of that effect and shows that the fit-parameter A can be used to assess the accuracy of the determined value of χ conveniently during the measurements. Moreover, a scheme is introduced to quantify a potential overestimation and to perform a correction to χ to a certain extent. The issues are demonstrated exemplarily at the monitoring of the work function reduction of a stainless steel sample surface due to caesiation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

An application of characteristic function in order to predict reliability and lifetime of aeronautical hardware

The forecasting of reliability and life of aeronautical hardware requires recognition of many and various destructive processes that deteriorate the health/maintenance status thereof. The aging of technical components of aircraft as an armament system proves of outstanding significance to reliability and safety of the whole system. The aging process is usually induced by many and various factors, just to mention mechanical, biological, climatic, or chemical ones. The aging is an irreversible process and considerably affects (i.e. reduces) reliability and lifetime of aeronautical equipment. Application of the characteristic function of the aging process is suggested to predict reliability and lifetime of aeronautical hardware. An increment in values of diagnostic parameters is introduced to formulate then, using the characteristic function and after some rearrangements, the partial differential equation. An analytical dependence for the characteristic function of the aging process is a solution to this equation. With the inverse transformation applied, the density function of the aging of aeronautical hardware is found. Having found the density function, one can determine the aeronautical equipment’s reliability and lifetime. The in-service collected or the life tests delivered data are used to attain this goal. Coefficients in this relationship are found using the likelihood function.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Hartree potential dependent exchange functional

We introduce a novel non-local ingredient for the construction of exchange density functionals: the reduced Hartree parameter, which is invariant under the uniform scaling of the density and represents the exact exchange enhancement factor for one- and two-electron systems. The reduced Hartree parameter is used together with the conventional meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) semilocal ingredients (i.e., the electron density, its gradient, and the kinetic energy density) to construct a new generation exchange functional, termed u-meta-GGA. This u-meta-GGA functional is exact for the exchange of any one- and two-electron systems, is size-consistent and non-empirical, satisfies the uniform density scaling relation, and recovers the modified gradient expansion derived from the semiclassical atom theory. For atoms, ions, jellium spheres, and molecules, it shows a good accuracy, being often better than meta-GGA exchange functionals. Our construction validates the use of the reduced Hartree ingredient in exchange-correlation functional development, opening the way to an additional rung in the Jacob’s ladder classification of non-empirical density functionals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Green’s function coupled cluster formulations utilizing extended inner excitations

Here, we analyze new approximations of the Green’s function coupled cluster (GFCC) method where locations of poles are improved by extending the excitation level of inner auxiliary operators. These new GFCC approximations can be categorized as the GFCC-i( n, m ) method, where the excitation level of the inner auxiliary operators ( m ) used to describe the ionization potential and electron affinity effects in the N-1 and N+1 particle spaces is higher than the excitation level ( n ) used to correlate the ground-state coupled cluster wave function for the N-electron system. Furthermore, we reveal the so-called “n + 1” rule in this category [or the GFCC-i( n, n + 1) method], which states that in order to maintain size-extensivity of the Green’s function matrix elements, the excitation level of inner auxiliary operators X p (ω) and Y q (ω) cannot exceed n + 1. We also discuss the role of the moments of coupled cluster equations that in a natural way assures these properties. Our implementation in the present study is focused on the first approximation in this GFCC category, i.e., the GFCC-i(2,3) method. As our first practice, we use the GFCC-i(2,3) method to compute the spectral functions for the N 2 and CO molecules in the inner and outer valence regimes. Lastly, in comparison with the Green’s function coupled cluster singles, doubles results, the computed spectral functions from the GFCC-i(2,3) method exhibit better agreement with the experimental results and other theoretical results, particularly in terms of providing higher resolution of satellite peaks and more accurate relative positions of these satellite peaks with respect to the main peak positions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Tunable noninteracting free-energy density functionals for high-energy-density physics applications

In this work, we introduce the concept of a tunable noninteracting free-energy density functional and present two examples realized: (i) via a simple one-parameter convex combination of two existing functionals and (ii) via the construction of a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) enhancement factor that contains one free parameter and is designed to satisfy a set of incorporated constraints. Functional (i), constructed as a combination of the local Thomas–Fermi and a pseudopotential-adapted GGA for the noninteracting free-energy, has already demonstrated its practical usability for establishing the high temperature end of the equation of state of deuterium [Phys. Rev. B 104, 144104 (2021)] and CHON resin [Phys. Rev. E 106, 045207 (2022)] for inertial confinement fusion applications. Hugoniot calculations for liquid deuterium are given as another example of how the application of computationally efficient orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) can be utilized with the employment of the developed functionals. Once the functionals have been tuned such that the OF-DFT Hugoniot calculation matches the Kohn–Sham solution at some low-temperature point, agreement with the reference Kohn–Sham results for the rest of the high temperature Hugoniot path is very good with relative errors for compression and pressure on the order of 2% or less.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Landmark-embedded Gaussian process with applications for functional data modeling

In practice, we often need to infer the value of a target variable from functional observation data. A challenge in this task is that the relationship between the functional data and the target variable is very complex: the target variable not only influences the shape but also the location of the functional data. In addition, due to the uncertainties in the environment, the relationship is probabilistic, that is, for a given fixed target variable value, we still see variations in the shape and location of the functional data. To address this challenge, we present a landmark-embedded Gaussian process model that describes the relationship between the functional data and the target variable. A unique feature of the model is that landmark information is embedded in the Gaussian process model so that both the shape and location information of the functional data are considered simultaneously in a unified manner. Gibbs-Metropolis-Hasting algorithm is used for model parameters estimation and target variable inference. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated by extensive numerical studies and a case study of nano-sensor calibration.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Position-dependent correlation function from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 10 CMASS sample

We report on the first measurement of the three-point function with the position-dependent correlation function from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) Data Release 10 CMASS sample. This new observable measures the correlation between two-point functions of galaxy pairs within different subvolumes, ξ-circumflex (ř,ř{sub L}), where ř{sub L} is the location of a subvolume, and the corresponding mean overdensities, δ-bar (ř{sub L}). This correlation, which we call the 'integrated three-point function', iζ(r)≡(ξ-circumflex (ř,ř{sub L})δ-bar (ř{sub L})), measures a three-point function of two short- and one long-wavelength modes, and is generated by nonlinear gravitational evolution and possibly also by the physics of inflation. The iζ(r) measured from the BOSS data lies within the scatter of those from the mock galaxy catalogs in redshift space, yielding a ten-percent-level determination of the amplitude of iζ(r). The tree-level perturbation theory in redshift space predicts how this amplitude depends on the linear and quadratic nonlinear galaxy bias parameters (b{sub 1} and b{sub 2}), as well as on the amplitude and linear growth rate of matter fluctuations (σ{sub 8} and f). Combining iζ(r) with the constraints on b{sub 1σ{sub 8}} and fσ{sub 8} from the global two-point correlation function and that on σ{sub 8} from the weak lensing signal of BOSS galaxies, we measure b{sub 2}=0.41±0.41 (68% C.L.) assuming standard perturbation theory at the tree level and the local bias model.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Global optimization of harmonic oscillator basis in covariant density functional theory

The present investigation focuses on the improvement of the accuracy of the description of binding energies within moderately sized fermionic basis. Using the solutions corresponding to infinite fermionic basis it was shown that in the case of meson exchange (ME) covariant energy density functionals (CEDFs) the global accuracy of the description of binding energies in the finite $N_F$ = 16 - 20 bases can be drastically (by a factor ranging from ~3 up to ~9 dependent on the functional and $N_F$) improved by a global optimization of oscillator frequency of the basis. This is a consequence of the unique feature of the ME functionals in which with increasing fermionic basis size fermionic and mesonic energies approach the exact (infinite basis) solution from above and below, respectively. As a consequence, an optimal oscillator frequency $\hbar\omega_0$ of the basis can be defined which provides an accurate reproduction of exact total binding energies by the ones calculated in truncated basis. This leads to a very high accuracy of the calculations in moderately sized $N_F=20$ basis when mass dependent oscillator frequency is used: global rms differences $\delta B_{rms}$ between the binding energies calculated in infinite and truncated bases are only 0.025 MeV and 0.031 MeV for the NL5(Z) and DD-MEZ functionals, respectively. Optimized values of the oscillator frequency $\hbar\omega_0$ are provided for three major classes of CEDFs, i.e. for density dependent meson exchange functionals, nonlinear meson exchange ones and point coupling functionals.

Binding energy & masses↗

Meta-GGA exchange-correlation free energy density functional to increase the accuracy of warm dense matter simulations

We discuss strategies for thermalization of the ground-state meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) exchange-correlation (XC) functionals. A simple but accurate scheme is implemented via universal additive thermal correction to XC using a perturbative-like self-consistent approach. The additive correction with explicit temperature dependence is applied to the ground-state deorbitalized, strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN-L) meta-GGA XC leading to thermal XC functional denoted here as T-SCAN-L. Thermal T-SCAN-L meta-GGA functional shows significant improvement in density functional theory calculation accuracy for warm dense matter by a factor of 3 to 10, achieving unprecedented accuracy of total pressure between a few tenths and 1% when compared to traditional XC functionals, as demonstrated by the comparison to pathintegral Monte Carlo simulations for helium equation of state. Furthermore, the T-SCAN-L calculations of dc conductivity of warm dense aluminum also give better agreement with experiments over other XC functionals such as PBE and SCAN-L.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Enabling Marine Energy Integration for Ocean Observing: Functional Requirements

Marine renewable energy (i.e., wave, tidal or ocean current, thermal gradient, and salinity gradient) or MRE can revolutionize ocean observing capabilities. Five use cases representing a range of ocean observing platforms were developed based on end-user feedback. Drawing from these use cases, common needs or functional requirements were developed to help guide the integration of MRE power delivery for ocean observation structures and functions. The functional requirements were determined from descriptions of the use cases, specifications of hardware that are used or closely associated with existing ocean observation platforms, and direct feedback from ocean observation sensor/platform developers and users. Twenty types of functional requirements were identified, including those associated with power and energy use; physical system requirements; temperature and depth; electrical, acoustic, and motion interference; and reliability. Each set of functional requirements is illustrated as features of the use cases. By defining functional requirements for MRE technology integration in ocean observing platforms, and focusing on end-user requirements, barriers to developing MRE-driven ocean observation missions can be reduced.

50 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Water (EE-4↗

Resource selection functions based on hierarchical generalized additive models provide new insights into individual animal variation and species distributions

Habitat selection studies are designed to generate predictions of species distributions or inference regarding general habitat associations and individual variation in habitat use. Such studies frequently involve either individually indexed locations gathered across limited spatial extents and analyzed using resource selection functions (RSFs) or spatially extensive locational data without individual resolution typically analyzed using species distribution models. Both analytical methodologies have certain desirable features, but analyses that combine individual- and population-level inference with flexible non-linear functions may provide improved predictions while accounting for individual variation. Here, we describe how RSFs can be fit using hierarchical generalized additive models (HGAMs) using widely available software, providing a means to explore individual variation in habitat associations and to generate species distribution maps. We used GPS tracking data from golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos from across eastern North America with four environmental predictors to generate monthly distribution models. We considered three model structures that assumed different amounts of individual variation in the functional relationship between predictors and habitat use and used k-fold cross-validation to compare model performance. Models accounting for individual variability in shape and smoothness of functional responses performed best. Eagles exhibited the least amount of individual variation in response to land cover variables during winter months, with most individuals more closely adhering to the population-level trend. During the summer months, eagles exhibited more substantial individual variation in shape and smoothness of the functional relationships, suggesting some need to account for individual variation in eagle habitat use for both inferential and predictive purposes, during this time of year. Because they allow users to blend flexible functions with random effects structures and are well-supported by a variety of software platforms, we believe that HGAMs provide a useful addition to the suite of analyses used for modeling habitat associations or predicting species distributions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Temperature and CO 2 interactively drive shifts in the compositional and functional structure of peatland protist communities

Microbes affect the global carbon cycle that influences climate change and are in turn influenced by environmental change. Here, we use data from a long-term whole-ecosystem warming experiment at a boreal peatland to answer how temperature and CO 2 jointly influence communities of abundant, diverse, yet poorly understood, non-fungi microbial Eukaryotes (protists). These microbes influence ecosystem function directly through photosynthesis and respiration, and indirectly, through predation on decomposers (bacteria and fungi). Using a combination of high-throughput fluid imaging and 18S amplicon sequencing, we report large climate-induced, community-wide shifts in the community functional composition of these microbes (size, shape, and metabolism) that could alter overall function in peatlands. Importantly, we demonstrate a taxonomic convergence but a functional divergence in response to warming and elevated CO 2 with most environmental responses being contingent on organismal size: warming effects on functional composition are reversed by elevated CO 2 and amplified in larger microbes but not smaller ones. Furthermore, these findings show how the interactive effects of warming and rising CO 2 levels could alter the structure and function of peatland microbial food webs—a fragile ecosystem that stores upwards of 25% of all terrestrial carbon and is increasingly threatened by human exploitation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

TU-F-CAMPUS-J-03: Elasticity Functions Based On 4DCT Images to Predict Tumor and Normal Tissue Response to Radiation for Patients with Lung Cancers

Purpose: To investigate radiotherapy outcomes by incorporating 4DCT-based physiological and tumor elasticity functions for lung cancer patients. Methods: 4DCT images were acquired from 28 lung SBRT patients before radiation treatment. Deformable image registration (DIR) was performed from the end-inhale to the end-exhale using a B-Spline-based algorithm (Elastix, an open source software package). The resultant displacement vector fields (DVFs) were used to calculate a relative Jacobian function (RV) for each patient. The computed functions in the lung and tumor regions represent lung ventilation and tumor elasticity properties, respectively. The 28 patients were divided into two groups: 16 with two-year tumor local control (LC) and 12 with local failure (LF). The ventilation and elasticity related RV functions were calculated for each of these patients. Results: The LF patients have larger RV values than the LC patients. The mean RV value in the lung region was 1.15 (±0.67) for the LF patients, higher than 1.06 (±0.59) for the LC patients. In the tumor region, the elasticity-related RV values are 1.2 (±0.97) and 0.86 (±0.64) for the LF and LC patients, respectively. Among the 16 LC patients, 3 have the mean RV values greater than 1.0 in the tumors. These tumors were located near the diaphragm, where the displacements are relatively large.. RV functions calculated in the tumor were better correlated with treatment outcomes than those calculated in the lung. Conclusion: The ventilation and elasticity-related RV functions in the lung and tumor regions were calculated from 4DCT image and the resultant values showed differences between the LC and LF patients. Further investigation of the impact of the displacements on the computed RV is warranted. Results suggest that the RV images might be useful for evaluation of treatment outcome for lung cancer patients.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

High-throughput functional trait testing for bacterial pathogens

Functional traits are characteristics that affect the fitness and metabolic function of a microorganism. There is growing interest in using high-throughput methods to characterize bacterial pathogens based on functional virulence traits. Traditional methods that phenotype a single organism for a single virulence trait can be time consuming and labor intensive. Alternatively, machine learning of whole-genome sequences (WGS) has shown some success in predicting virulence. However, relying solely on WGS can miss functional traits, particularly for organisms lacking classical virulence factors. We propose that high-throughput assays for functional virulence trait identification should become a prominent method of characterizing bacterial pathogens on a population scale. This work is critical as we move from compiling lists of bacterial species associated with disease to pathogen-agnostic approaches capable of detecting novel microbes. We discuss six key areas of functional trait testing and how advancing high-throughput methods could provide a greater understanding of pathogens.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Study of dust particle charging in weakly ionized inert gases taking into account the nonlocality of the electron energy distribution function

The charging of dust particles in weakly ionized inert gases at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The conditions under which the gas is ionized by an external source, a beam of fast electrons, are considered. The electron energy distribution function in argon, krypton, and xenon has been calculated for three rates of gas ionization by fast electrons: 10{sup 13}, 10{sup 14}, and 10{sup 15} cm{sup ⃛} s{sup −1}. A model of dust particle charging with allowance for the nonlocal formation of the electron energy distribution function in the region of strong plasma quasi-neutrality violation around the dust particle is described. The nonlocality is taken into account in an approximation where the distribution function is a function of only the total electron energy. Comparative calculations of the dust particle charge with and without allowance for the nonlocality of the electron energy distribution function have been performed. Allowance for the nonlocality is shown to lead to a noticeable increase in the dust particle charge due to the influence of the group of hot electrons from the tail of the distribution function. It has been established that the screening constant virtually coincides with the smallest screening constant determined according to the asymptotic theory of screening with the electron transport and recombination coefficients in an unperturbed plasma.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Relation between two-point Green’s functions of N=1 SQED with N{sub f} flavors, regularized by higher derivatives, in the three-loop approximation

We verify the identity which relates the two-point Green’s functions of N=1 SQED with N{sub f} flavors, regularized by higher derivatives, by explicit calculations in the three-loop approximation. This identity explains why, in the limit of the vanishing external momentum, the two-point Green’s function of the gauge superfield is given by integrals of double total derivatives in the momentum space. It also makes it possible to exactly derive the NSVZ β-function in all loops if the renormalization group functions are defined in terms of the bare coupling constant. In order to verify the considered identity, we use it to construct integrals giving the three-loop β-function starting from the two-point Green’s functions of matter superfields in the two-loop approximation. Then we demonstrate that the results for these integrals coincide with the sums of the corresponding three-loop supergraphs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Origin of the Q{sup 2}-dependence of the DIS structure functions

We consider in detail Q{sup 2}-dependence of the DIS structure functions. Very often this dependence is claimed to be originated by the Q{sup 2}-dependence of the QCD coupling. This leads to the small-x asymptotics of the structure functions with Q{sup 2}-dependent intercepts. We demonstrate that the DGLAP parametrization α{sub s} = α{sub s}(Q{sup 2}) is an approximation valid in the region of large x (where 2pq can be approximated by Q{sup 2}) only, providing the factorization scale is also large. Outside this region, the DGLAP parametrization fails, so α{sub s} should be replaced by an effective coupling which is independent of Q{sup 2} at small x. As a consequence, intercepts of the structure functions are independent of Q{sup 2}. Nevertheless, the small-x asymptotics of the structure functions explicitly depend on Q{sup 2}, even when the coupling does not depend on it. We also consider the structure functions at small Q{sup 2} and give a comment on power-Q{sup 2} corrections to the structure functions at large and small Q{sup 2}.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗