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DOE OSTI2012

The Direct Path To WIPP - 12471

Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM), designated as a small quantity site (SQS) by the National TRU Program (NTP), generated contact-handled (CH) and remote-handled (RH) transuranic (TRU) waste primarily from the decontamination and clean-out of glove boxes at the Hot Cell Facility (HCF) at Technical Area (TA) V. All of the waste required repackaging, with the CH TRU waste being repackaged from late 2007 through 2011. Three shipments of CH were completed in October 2011, which de-inventoried SNL/NM's legacy TRU waste. In FY11, RH TRU waste was repackaged at the Auxiliary Hot Cell Facility (AHCF) located in TAV with the support of the Central Characterization Project (CCP). The waste was originally packaged in SNL/NM fabricated casks, cement or lead-lined 55-gallon drums, or 30-gallon drums. The AHCF is a small hot cell, with access only through a roof port which presented challenges for inserting and removing waste from the hot cell. The CCP provided visual examination operators (VEOs) to observe and document each waste item repackaged, removal of prohibited items, and radiological sampling. Dose-to-Curie measurements were calculated by CCP after a radiological report was prepared using scaling factors determined by the analysis of swipe samples. Finally, headspace gas samples were taken and sent to the Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Project (AMWTP) for analysis. Despite the challenges, the RH waste is on track to be shipped to WIPP in early FY12. The processes used and procedures developed to conduct the repackaging operations, the issues identified and mitigated were challenging but the cooperation between SNL/NM and the Central Characterization Program (CCP) enabled SNL/NM to complete the repackaging and support the characterization and shipment. An inventory list, identification of the campaigns, discussion of the challenges and mitigations, and the final loading of the RH 72-B casks at TA-V for direct shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) will be discussed. Lessons learned from the RH campaigns are: - Some containers that were originally identified as HC-3 have been re-evaluated and became < HC-3 due to the conservative estimates made by the original generators - Operators at the AHCF were not accustomed to the detail required by the VE operators. However, they worked well together and the repackaging was completed ahead of schedule. - The AK was not always accurate as was demonstrated by the solid waste found in the drum during the first visit by EPA. That waste has since been determined to be low-level. - Two drums originally thought to be RH turned out to be CH and arrangement for RTR had to be made quickly. - Six of the original RH repacked drums became low level. - Lessons learned from the CH campaigns were helpful in avoiding many issues. The RH repackaging effort has been a success due to the expertise of the AHCF operators, supervisor, and manager, the conscientious attention to detail of the CCP VE operators, the experience of the CCP DTC and headspace gas sampling staff, and the guidance and support from CCP and CBFO. Sometimes schedules had to be adjusted, processes updated, and issues discussed, but the communication between CCP and SNL/NM was good. SNL/NM hopes to have the legacy RH TRU waste shipped off-site by early 2012. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2012

Analysis of Harrell Monosodium Titanate Lot #46000524120

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DOE OSTI2014

Analysis of Harrell Monosodium Titanate Lot #46000824120

Monosodium titanate (MST) for use in the Actinide Removal Process (ARP) must be qualified and verified in advance. A single qualification sample for each batch of material is sent to SRNL for analysis, as well as a statistical sampling of verification samples. The original Harrell Industries Lot #46000824120 qualification and 16 verification samples received in September 2012 failed to meet the specification for weight percent solids. All of the pails sampled and tested contained less than 15 wt % MST solids. The lot was returned to the vendor, and in February 2014 a new qualification sample and set of 14 verification samples were received from this lot. The new lot met each of the selected specification requirements that were tested and, consequently, the material is acceptable for use in the ARP process.

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DOE OSTI2014

Analysis of Harrell Monosodium Titanate Lot #46000908120

Monosodium titanate (MST) for use in the Actinide Removal Process (ARP) must be qualified and verified in advance. A single qualification sample for each batch of material is sent to SRNL for analysis, as well as a statistical sampling of verification samples. The original Harrell Industries Lot #46000908120 qualification and 16 verification samples received in October 2012 failed to meet the specification for weight percent solids. All of the pails sampled and tested contained less than 15 wt % MST solids. The lot was returned to the vendor, and in February 2014 a new qualification sample and set of 16 verification samples were received from this lot. The new lot met each of the selected specification requirements that were tested and, consequently, the material is acceptable for use in the ARP process.

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DOE OSTI2018

Uranium Accumulation Discoveries at Y-12 (Presentation)

In June 2017, reduction operations at the Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12) experienced a uranium accumulation event that compromised the nuclear criticality safety (NCS) of reduction operations. This event led to the execution of an extensive Extent-of-Condition (EOC) review aimed at identifying the location of other significant uranium masses in unintended locations. This paper describes the reduction process, the equipment in which unexpected accumulation was discovered, and the timeline of events leading to the discovery. It highlights the multi-disciplinary effort taken by production to recover from the event and resume operations. Lastly, it includes a description of the inconsistencies between operational conditions and Criticality Safety Evaluation (CSE) assumptions and how the EOC led to the discovery of four more accumulations within Y-12 processes.

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DOE OSTI2012

Treatment of Uranium and Plutonium Solutions Generated in the Atalante Facility, France - 12004

The Atalante complex operated by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) at the Rhone Valley Research Center consolidates research programs on actinide chemistry, especially separation chemistry, processing for recycling spent fuel, and fabrication of actinide targets for innovative concepts in future nuclear systems. The design of future systems (Generation IV reactors, material recycling) will increase the uranium and plutonium flows in the facility, making it important to anticipate the stepped-up activity and provide Atalante with equipment dedicated to processing these solutions to obtain a mixed uranium-plutonium oxide that will be stored pending reuse. Ongoing studies for integral recycling of the actinides have highlighted the need for reserving equipment to produce actinides mixed oxide powder and also minor actinides bearing oxide for R and D purpose. To meet this double objective a new shielded line should be built in the facility and should be operational 6 years after go decision. The main functions of the new unit would be to receive, concentrate and store solutions, purify them, ensure group conversion of actinides and conversion of excess uranium. This new unit will be constructed in a completely refurbished building devoted to subcritical and safe geometry of the process equipments. (author)

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DOE OSTI2019

Metallic Low-Level Waste (LLW) Handling Options: An Optimal Life cycle-Based Approach for North American Operations - 19413

Daily activities associated with nuclear power plant operations produce large volumes of low-level contaminated waste. During operation, a small percentage of this low-level waste is metallic (< 1% by volume). However, this figure increases materially when a facility is finally decommissioned, with approximately 1000 m{sup 3} of contaminated metal waste generated for every 1 GW decommissioned (13% by volume). With global nuclear decommissioning efforts expected to increase until 2050, the amount of low-level metallic waste generated is expected to increase the global inventory by over an order of magnitude. The high cost of conventional surface storage and burial of radioactive metal, coupled with the projected increase in low-level metallic waste volumes provides strong incentive to identify cost-effective waste management solutions. Surface decontamination and thermal methods are proven options for decontaminating low-level metallic waste. Surface decontamination processes include chemical, electrochemical, or mechanical methods, which are used to remove contamination from exposed layers of metal. Surface decontamination is most effective when metal has low levels of activity localized on the outer layers. When the activity is more uniformly distributed in the metal (or the geometry is complex), alternative methods such as thermal decontamination are required. In the thermal decontamination process, contaminated scrap metal is melted in a furnace and held in a molten state for a period of time while the radioactive material is separated out through gravity. Radioactive material reports to slag which is handled separately, or to the exhaust which is handled using conventional gas handling technologies. Thermal methods of decontamination involving metal melting present an opportunity to reduce long-term storage cost with a reduction in waste volume, along with the opportunity to reuse the decontaminated metal. Methods for dealing with metallic low-level waste from nuclear facilities vary extensively across the globe. The approach employed at any given site may be set by a host of factors ranging from regulatory influence, public perception, local economics, available geology for underground storage and often, precedent established long ago by early operations. This paper examines several low-level metallic waste handling options including techniques for surface decontamination and metal melting, as well as a combination of both. The various methods are categorized according to their suitability for waste characterization and local/global installations. The effectiveness of each option is benchmarked against a range of criteria, including capital and operating costs, environmental impact, overall sustainability and risk management issues. The overall objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for determining the most beneficial low-level metallic waste management strategy for a facility once the quantity, type and nature of the waste is established on a long-term basis. It is the authors' hope that the methodology can be used as a tool to test a facility's current plans (which are primarily focused on long-term storage) and identify areas for optimization with an emphasis on overall cost and environmental footprint reduction. The trend towards long term planning to handle large amounts of contaminated metal, along with obtaining a social license to implement a sustainable waste management solution, are key decision-making variables that will be discussed in relation to the LLW handling options presented in this paper. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2016

Remote Retrieval, Disruption and Processing of Legacy Nuclear Waste - 16179

The UK National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL) is currently undertaking, in conjunction with Sellafield Ltd, a series of high profile trials of robotic equipment on a full scale test facility at their Workington Laboratory in England. These trials are designed to underpin and substantiate the processes proposed for the remote retrieval, disruption and processing of legacy Miscellaneous Beta Gamma Waste (MBGW) from a number of different donor plants on the Sellafield site, including some of the older fuel storage ponds and storage silos. These processes will be conducted inside the new Box Encapsulation Plant (BEP) which is due to be commissioned at Sellafield by 2020. These processes will subsequently enable Sellafield Ltd to safely recover legacy Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) from the older storage facilities on site and process it into a safer form which is more suitable for long term storage and then ultimately final disposal in a Geological Disposal Facility. As part of this legacy waste processing within the BEP plant, MBGW waste items will have to be remotely removed from a variety of different types of import skips. This waste will then be transferred, using robots, into the export container, which is a 3 m{sup 3} box liner, where the processed waste will be flood grouted to produce an encapsulated waste package. As part of this processing, any MBGW items consisting of sealed containers will have to be remotely disrupted before being grout encapsulated. This disruption is in order to (a) release any trapped liquors or gases from the containers and (b) ensure full grout infiltration of the container contents, thus minimising the amount of free liquors and voids within the final waste product. The NNL are conducting this technical work to confirm the viability of the proposed concept, processes and equipment. The developed solution consists of a linear layout of processing equipment with a pair of heavy duty, standard industrial, 'commercially off the shelf' (COTS) robots positioned around a Waste Handling Table. These robots have a 500 kg payload capacity and are operated remotely to handle all of the various types of MBGW waste, including the heavy and bulky items. The robots can be operated in manual tele-operation mode as well as pre-programmed automatic mode and have a range of primary and secondary tooling in order to perform the waste processing and disruption tasks as well as undertake general house-keeping and cleaning duties within the cell. The main tools include two types of hydraulic grab for the main waste recovery and handling tasks and a hydraulic shear for the waste disruption activities, but a number of other tools have also been designed and built for ancillary activities, such as a set of general purpose gripper jaws, drilling tool, bolt removal tool, pump tool, spray tool and a number of different housekeeping tools etc. The robot trials were started in November 2014, and have attracted a significant degree of high level stakeholder interest, including the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), Environment Agency (EA) and Radioactive Waste Management Limited (RWML) witnessing a number of the critical demonstration trials. Robots of the type selected are readily available, robust, reliable and easy to use. The trials have been very successful in proving the retrieval, processing and disruption operations, reducing the burden in the legacy waste facilities. Utilising robots to perform these tasks will lower the probability of producing non-compliant waste packages. In addition the robots can increase the consolidation of incoming waste skips into outgoing 3 m{sup 3} box liners, significantly increasing packing efficiencies and reducing the overall number of export containers produced thus lowering the decommissioning and waste storage/disposal costs. The trials have also enabled an assessment of the optimum way to operate the robots, as well as their reliability and maintainability issues. Engineering work associated with recovering failed robots and removing them from a typical Sellafield plant environment and then subsequently replacing them with functioning robots has also been undertaken and further work is now planned. The success of the trials, completed safely to a very challenging timescale, has enabled the use of robots in BEP to be endorsed as a viable option by the key stakeholders. Following a robust decision making process, this was a clear cut decision. The technical development and testing of the robot technology is currently continuing in order to investigate areas such as robot reliability, failure recoveries, human factors, ease of waste identification, optimisation of throughput rates, nuclearisation modifications etc. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2015

Technical Assessment of Proposed LAW Simulant for Cold Commissioning

Prior to radioactive operations, the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) will implement a cold-commissioning plan or strategy that will include water runs and other melter feed simulants to not only test the various engineering systems, unit operations, and processing strategies with respect to safety and performance, but to also allow facility operations to gain operational experience before introducing radioactive material into the vitrification facilities. Based on direction from Bechtel National, Inc. to eliminate nitrogen oxide (NOx) generation, EnergySolutions has recommended the use of a simple NaOH solution with glass formers to support this stage of testing during cold commissioning.

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DOE OSTI2024

KOMPASS-II: Compaction of Crushed salt for Safe Containment – Phase 2

Long-term stable sealing elements are a basic component in the safety concept for a possible repository for heat-emitting radioactive waste in rock salt. The sealing elements will be part of the closure concept for drifts and shafts. They will be made from a welldefinied crushed salt in employ a specific manufacturing process. The use of crushed salt as geotechnical barrier as required by the German Site Selection Act from 2017 /STA 17/ represents a paradigm change in the safety function of crushed salt, since this material was formerly only considered as stabilizing backfill for the host rock. The demonstration of the long-term stability and impermeability of crushed salt is crucial for its use as a geotechnical barrier. The KOMPASS-II project, is a follow-up of the KOMPASS-I project and continues the work with focus on improving the understanding of the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupled processes in crushed salt compaction with the objective to enhance the scientific competence for using crushed salt for the long-term isolation of high-level nuclear waste within rock salt repositories. The project strives for an adequate characterization of the compaction process and the essential influencing parameters, as well as a robust and reliable long-term prognosis using validated constitutive models. For this purpose, experimental studies on long-term compaction tests are combined with microstructural investigations and numerical modeling. The long-term compaction tests in this project focused on the effect of mean stress, deviatoric stress and temperature on the compaction behavior of crushed salt. A laboratory benchmark was performed identifying a variability in compaction behavior. Microstructural investigations were executed with the objective to characterize the influence of pre-compaction procedure, humidity content and grain size/grain size distribution on the overall compaction process of crushed salt with respect to the deformation mechanisms. The created database was used for benchmark calculations aiming for improvement and optimization of a large number of constitutive models available for crushed salt. The models were calibrated, and the improvement process was made visible applying the virtual demonstrator.

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DOE OSTI2011

SLUDGE BATCH 7B GLASS VARIABILITY STUDY

The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) is preparing to initiate processing Sludge Batch 7b (SB7b). In support of the upcoming processing, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) provided a recommendation to utilize Frits 418 with a 6% Na{sub 2}O addition (26 wt% Na{sub 2}O in sludge) and 702 with a 4% Na{sub 2}O addition (24 wt% Na{sub 2}O in sludge) to process SB7b. This recommendation was based on assessments of the compositional projections for SB7b available at the time from the Savannah River Remediation (SRR). To support qualification of SB7b, SRNL executed a variability study to assess the applicability of the current durability models for SB7b. The durability models were assessed over the expected composition range of SB7b, including potential caustic additions, combined with Frits 702 and 418 over a 32-40% waste loading (WL) range. Thirty four glasses were selected based on Frits 418 and 702 coupled with the sludge projections with an additional 4-6% Na{sub 2}O to reflect the potential caustic addition. Six of these glasses, based on average nominal sludge compositions including the appropriate caustic addition, were developed for both Frit 418 and Frit 702 at 32, 36 and 40% WL to provide coverage in the center of the anticipated SB7b glass region. All glasses were fabricated and characterized using chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Product Consistency Test (PCT). To comply with the DWPF Glass Product Control Program, a total of thirty four glasses were fabricated to assess the applicability of the current DWPF PCCS durability models. Based on the measured PCT response, all of the glasses were acceptable with respect to the Environmental Assessment (EA) benchmark glass regardless of thermal history. The NL[B] values of the SB7b variability study glasses were less than 1.99 g/L as compared to 16.695 g/L for EA. A small number of the D-optimally selected 'outer layer' extreme vertices (EV) glasses were not predictable using the current Product Composition Control System (PCCS) models for durability, but were acceptable compared to the EA glass when tested. These glasses fell outside of the lower 95% confidence band, which demonstrates conservatism in the model. A few of the glasses fell outside of the upper 95% confidence band; however, these particular glasses have normalized release values that were much lower than the values of EA and should be of no practical concern. Per the requirements of the DWPF Glass Product Control Program, the PCCS durability models have been shown to be applicable to the SB7b sludge system with a range of Na{sub 2}O concentrations blended with Frits 418 or 702. PCT results from the glasses fabricated as part of the variability study were shown to be predictable by the current DWPF PCCS models and/or acceptable with respect to the EA benchmark glass regardless of thermal history or compositional view.

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DOE OSTI2013

Recent Improvements in Interface Management for Hanford's Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant - 13263

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of River Protection (ORP) is responsible for management and completion of the River Protection Project (RPP) mission, which includes the Hanford Site tank farms operations and the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The RPP mission is to store, retrieve and treat Hanford's tank waste; store and dispose of treated wastes; and close the tank farm waste management areas and treatment facilities by 2047. The WTP is currently being designed and constructed by Bechtel National Inc. (BNI) for DOE-ORP. BNI relies on a number of technical services from other Hanford contractors for WTP's construction and commissioning. These same services will be required of the future WTP operations contractor. Partly in response to a DNFSB recommendation, the WTP interface management process managing these technical services has recently been improved through changes in organization and issue management. The changes are documented in an Interface Management Plan. The organizational improvement is embodied in the One System Integrated Project Team that was formed by integrating WTP and tank farms staff representing interfacing functional areas into a single organization. A number of improvements were made to the issue management process but most notable was the formal appointment of technical, regulatory and safety subject matter experts to ensure accurate identification of issues and open items. Ten of the thirteen active WTP Interface Control Documents have been revised in 2012 using the improved process with the remaining three in progress. The value of the process improvements is reflected by the ability to issue these documents on schedule and accurately identify technical, regulatory and safety issues and open items. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2015

High Waste Loading Glass Formulation Development for High-Sr HLW

This report describes work performed to develop and test new glass and feed formulations in order to increase waste loading and glass melting rates for Hanford HLW with high concentrations of strontium. Testing was designed to identify glass and melter feed formulations that optimize waste loading and waste processing rate while meeting all processing and product quality requirements.

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DOE OSTI2019

Davis-Besse Water Processing System Upgrade - 19654

This paper looks at the in-house liquid radwaste (LRW) processing system configuration at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station in Oak Harbor, Ohio. The suboptimal performance of that system, which had been in service for over three decades, prompted Plant Management to canvass the industry for LRW processing technologies and techniques that might offer improvements. The goal was to upgrade water processing performance at Davis-Besse, particularly during outages, when water generation is high and the most difficult to decontaminate water is produced. This paper reviews the goals established by Management to guide the selection of technology and equipment components. The chosen vendor would be responsible for designing a system that would incorporate the plant's existing equipment as much as feasible, while respecting the limited space and funding available for the project. The LRW processing system changes eventually made by Davis-Besse are identified and discussed. We also offer a summary of pre- and post-upgrade operation and performance in vital areas, including manpower requirements (for operation and maintenance), effluent quality, waste production and overall operating cost. The information and experiences cited in this paper are directly applicable to other nuclear power plants who might contemplate an upgrade of LRW processing systems or of individual system components. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2020

A Systematic Evidence Based Performance Approach to Regulation of Nuclear Sites in England and Wales - 20058

The Environment Agency for England has developed a systematic evidence-based approach to pursue our strategic environmental objectives for the regulation of nuclear sites. We use an annual evidence review process to ensure effective and efficient targeting of limited resources to achieve those objectives. Over the last 8 years, we have been developing and refining this approach to ensure risk-based and value driven regulation. The approach comprises nuclear site and nuclear sector review processes known as Site Environment Review (SER) and Nuclear Environment Review (NER). This approach complements our regulation of nuclear site permit holders under the Environmental Permitting Regulations (EPR). We deliver our regulation of nuclear sites in England and Wales alongside the Office for Nuclear Regulation. The SER process involves the lead regulator for each nuclear site assessing the permit holder's environmental performance across 14 themes, set within the context of the site's main activities and associated waste disposals. Our themes include environmental leadership, resources and climate change, radioactive waste management, facility management and decommissioning, groundwater, and environmental radiological protection. We use evidence from site inspections and working within our subject matter groups to grade current and predicted future environmental performance. We are particularly interested in sustainability and the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) to prevent the creation, and minimise the disposal, of radioactive wastes. We use risk analysis (strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities) to examine performance against our strategic environmental objectives, which are set out, in our 5-year Nuclear Delivery Plan (NDP). The output supports the targeting of our resources at each nuclear site. We consult the relevant permit holders on the SER priorities and use their feedback to refine our plans. We expect all permit holders to take account of our priorities when considering their own programmes of work, objectives and plans. The NER process brings together what we learn and achieve through regulation across the sector. It provides input to planning priorities, supported by qualitative and semi-quantitative evidence. It covers the 28 nuclear sites in England and Wales and spans the same 14 environmental themes. During the process we collate, compile and summarise evidence from the SERs and other sources such as inspection reports and evidence from our other nuclear work programmes. The output is the NER annual report. This provides a snapshot of the status of the nuclear sector and gives insights to enable us to regulate more efficiently and effectively. It also takes account of cross-cutting issues and risks such as changes in international standards, domestic policy, regulatory framework, domestic standards and guidance, learning from experience such as incidents, events and good practice, and innovation, research and development. It provides graphics that illustrate the grading of environmental performance for the nuclear sector across the fourteen environmental themes. This analysis allows benchmarking of nuclear site's environmental performance and the visualisation provides a convenient comparison of performance across themes, sites, and over time. We use this intelligence to inform our investment in training and development of our staff, and our cross-cutting engagement on strategic issues with government, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) and other corporate organisations. Adopting this approach can provide benefits with organisational reputation, stakeholder participation and ensuring value from the public investment. This paper describes the history of the SER/NER process, a selection of outputs from the process and ideas for improvement. The paper will be of interest to other regulators and organisations across the world that are interested in supporting continuous improvement. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2013

Preliminary Safety Analysis of the Gorleben Site: Overview - 13298

The project preliminary safety analysis of the Gorleben site started in 2010 and is based on the safety requirements for heat generating radioactive waste released from the German Federal Ministry for Environment, natural conservation and nuclear safety. The project consists of several tasks: the database defining the geology of Gorleben and the composition of the waste to be disposed of, the safety and demonstration concept, the repository concepts, the scenario analysis, the system analysis with long-term safety assessment and the synthesis. The overall synthesis indicates presently the compatibility of a repository in Gorleben with the safety requirements. The application of the method for a site selection process is still under evaluation. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2015

Reverse logistics system and recycling potential at a landfill: A case study from Kampala City

Highlights: • Quantifies the different waste streams delivered at the landfill. • Evaluates the amount of potential waste products that enters into the reverse cycle. • Drawing out the reverse logistics activities from Kampala City to Kiteezi landfill. • Identify the storage, collection and transportation mechanisms of products to the various destinations; and finally. • The study suggests efficient measures to improve reverse logistics system. - Abstract: The rapid growing population and high urbanisation rates in Sub-Saharan Africa has caused enormous pressure on collection services of the generated waste in the urban areas. This has put a burden on landfilling, which is the major waste disposal method. Waste reduction, re-use and recycling opportunities exist but are not fully utilized. The common items that are re-used and re-cycled are plastics, paper, aluminum, glass, steel, cardboard, and yard waste. This paper develops an overview of reverse logistics at Kiteezi landfill, the only officially recognised waste disposal facility for Kampala City. The paper analyses, in details the collection, re-processing, re-distribution and final markets of these products into a reversed supply chain network. Only 14% of the products at Kiteezi landfill are channeled into the reverse chain while 63% could be included in the distribution chain but are left out and disposed of while the remaining 23% is buried. This is because of the low processing power available, lack of market value, lack of knowledge and limited value addition activities to the products. This paper proposes possible strategies of efficient and effective reverse logistics development, applicable to Kampala City and other similar cities.

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DOE OSTI2011

Final Report Integrated DM1200 Melter Testing Using AZ-102 and C-106/AY-102 HLW Simulants: HLW Simulant Verification

The principal objectives of the DM1200 melter tests were to determine the effects of feed rheology, feed solid content, and bubbler configuration on glass production rate and off-gas system performance while processing the HLW AZ-101 and C-106/AY-102 feed compositions; characterize melter off-gas emissions; characterize the performance of the prototypical off-gas system components, as well as their integrated performance; characterize the feed, glass product, and off-gas effluents; and perform pre- and post test inspections of system components. The specific objectives (including test success criteria) of this testing, along with how each objective was met, are outlined in a table.

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