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DOE OSTI2014

Investigating nearby star-forming galaxies in the ultraviolet with HST/COS spectroscopy. I. Spectral analysis and interstellar abundance determinations

This is the first in a series of three papers describing a project with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope to measure abundances of the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) in a sample of nine nearby star-forming galaxies. The goal is to assess the (in)homogeneities of the multiphase ISM in galaxies where the bulk of metals can be hidden in the neutral phase, yet the metallicity is inferred from the ionized gas in the H II regions. The sample, spanning a wide range in physical properties, is to date the best suited to investigate the metallicity behavior of the neutral gas at redshift z = 0. ISM absorption lines were detected against the far-ultraviolet spectra of the brightest star-forming region(s) within each galaxy. Here we report on the observations, data reduction, and analysis of these spectra. Column densities were measured by a multicomponent line-profile fitting technique, and neutral-gas abundances were obtained for a wide range of elements. Several caveats were considered, including line saturation, ionization corrections, and dust depletion. Ionization effects were quantified with ad hoc CLOUDY models reproducing the complex photoionization structure of the ionized and neutral gas surrounding the UV-bright sources. An 'average spectrum of a redshift z = 0 star-forming galaxy' was obtained from the average column densities of unsaturated profiles of neutral-gas species. This template can be used as a powerful tool for studies of the neutral ISM at both low and high redshift.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THE SURVEY OF LINES IN M31 (SLIM): INVESTIGATING THE ORIGINS OF [C II] EMISSION

The [C II] 158 μm line is one of the strongest emission lines observed in star-forming galaxies and has been empirically measured to correlate with the star-formation rate (SFR) globally and on kiloparsec scales. However, because of the multiphase origins of [C II], one might expect this relation to break down at small scales. We investigate the origins of [C II] emission by examining high spatial resolution observations of [C II] in M31 with the Survey of Lines in M31. We present five ∼700 × 700 pc (3' × 3') fields mapping the [C II] emission, Hα emission, and the ancillary infrared (IR) data. We spatially separate star-forming regions from diffuse gas and dust emission on ∼50 pc scales. We find that the [C II]-SFR correlation holds even at these scales, although the relation typically has a flatter slope than found at larger (kiloparsec) scales. While the Hα emission in M31 is concentrated in the SFR regions, we find that a significant amount (∼20%-90%) of the [C II] emission comes from outside star-forming regions and that the total IR emission (TIR) has the highest diffuse fraction of all SFR tracers. We find a weak correlation of the [C II]/TIR to dust color in each field and find a large-scale trend of increasing [C II]/TIR with galactocentric radius. The differences in the relative diffuse fractions of [C II], Hα, and IR tracers are likely caused by a combination of energetic photon leakage from H II regions and heating by the diffuse radiation field arising from older (B-star) stellar populations. However, we find that by averaging our measurements over kiloparsec scales, these effects are minimized, and the relation between [C II] and SFR found in other nearby galaxy studies is retrieved.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

JET-ISM interaction in the radio galaxy 3C 293: JET-driven shocks heat ISM to power X-ray and molecular H{sub 2} emission

We present a 70 ks Chandra observation of the radio galaxy 3C 293. This galaxy belongs to the class of molecular hydrogen emission galaxies (MOHEGs) that have very luminous emission from warm molecular hydrogen. In radio galaxies, the molecular gas appears to be heated by jet-driven shocks, but exactly how this mechanism works is still poorly understood. With Chandra, we observe X-ray emission from the jets within the host galaxy and along the 100 kpc radio jets. We model the X-ray spectra of the nucleus, the inner jets, and the X-ray features along the extended radio jets. Both the nucleus and the inner jets show evidence of 10{sup 7} K shock-heated gas. The kinetic power of the jets is more than sufficient to heat the X-ray emitting gas within the host galaxy. The thermal X-ray and warm H{sub 2} luminosities of 3C 293 are similar, indicating similar masses of X-ray hot gas and warm molecular gas. This is consistent with a picture where both derive from a multiphase, shocked interstellar medium (ISM). We find that radio-loud MOHEGs that are not brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), like 3C 293, typically have L{sub H{sub 2}}/L{sub X}∼1 and M{sub H{sub 2}}/M{sub X}∼1, whereas MOHEGs that are BCGs have L{sub H{sub 2}}/L{sub X}∼0.01 and M{sub H{sub 2}}/M{sub X}∼0.01. The more massive, virialized, hot atmosphere in BCGs overwhelms any direct X-ray emission from current jet-ISM interaction. On the other hand, L{sub H{sub 2}}/L{sub X}∼1 in the Spiderweb BCG at z = 2, which resides in an unvirialized protocluster and hosts a powerful radio source. Over time, jet-ISM interaction may contribute to the establishment of a hot atmosphere in BCGs and other massive elliptical galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Momentum injection by supernovae in the interstellar medium

Supernova (SN) explosions deposit prodigious energy and momentum in their environments, with the former regulating multiphase thermal structure and the latter regulating turbulence and star formation rates in the interstellar medium (ISM). However, systematic studies quantifying the impact of SNe in realistic inhomogeneous ISM conditions have been lacking. Using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the dependence of radial momentum injection on both physical conditions (considering a range of mean density n{sub 0} = 0.1–100 cm{sup −3}) and numerical parameters. Our inhomogeneous simulations adopt two-phase background states that result from thermal instability in atomic gas. Although the supernova remnant (SNR) morphology becomes highly complex for inhomogeneous backgrounds, the radial momentum injection is remarkably insensitive to environmental details. For our two-phase simulations, the final momentum produced by a single SN is given by 2.8×10{sup 5} M{sub ⊙} km s{sup −1}n{sub 0}{sup −0.17}. This is only 5% less than the momentum injection for a homogeneous environment with the same mean density, and only 30% greater than the momentum at the time of shell formation. The maximum mass in hot gas is also quite insensitive to environmental inhomogeneity. Strong magnetic fields alter the hot gas mass at very late times, but the momentum injection remains the same. Initial experiments with multiple spatially correlated SNe show a momentum per event nearly as large as single-SN cases. We also present a full numerical parameter study to assess convergence requirements. For convergence in the momentum and other quantities, we find that the numerical resolution Δ and the initial size of the SNR r{sub init} must satisfy Δ,r{sub init}<r{sub sf}/3, where the shell formation radius is given by r{sub sf}=30 pc n{sub 0}{sup −0.46} for two-phase models (or 30% smaller for a homogeneous medium).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Evidence for a massive, extended circumgalactic medium around the Andromeda Galaxy

We demonstrate the presence of an extended and massive circumgalactic medium (CGM) around Messier 31 using archival HST Cosmic Origins Spectrograph ultraviolet spectroscopy of 18 QSOs projected within two virial radii of M31 (R{sub vir}=300 kpc). We detect absorption from Si iii at −300≲v{sub LSR}≲−150 km s{sup −1} toward all three sightlines at R≲0.2R{sub vir}, 3 of 4 sightlines at 0.8≲R/R{sub vir}≲1.1, and possibly 1 of 11 at 1.1<R/R{sub vir}≲1.8. We present several arguments that the gas at these velocities observed in these directions originates from the M31 CGM rather than the Local Group or Milky Way CGM or Magellanic Stream. We show that the dwarf galaxies located in the CGM of M31 have very similar velocities over similar projected distances from M31. We find a non-trivial relationship only at these velocities between the column densities (N) of all the ions and R, whereby N decreases with increasing R. At R<0.8R{sub vir}, the covering fraction is close to unity for Si iii and C iv (f{sub c}∼60%–97% at the 90% confidence level), but drops to f{sub c}≲10%–20% at R≳R{sub vir}. We show that the M31 CGM gas is bound, multiphase, predominantly ionized, and is more highly ionized gas at larger R. We estimate using Si ii, Si iii, and Si iv, a CGM metal mass of ≳2×10{sup 6} M{sub ⊙} and gas mass of ≳3×10{sup 9}(Z{sub ⊙}/Z) M{sub ⊙} within 0.2R{sub vir}, and possibly a factor of ∼10 larger within R{sub vir}, implying substantial metal and gas masses in the CGM of M31.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THE LAUNCHING OF COLD CLOUDS BY GALAXY OUTFLOWS. I. HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS WITH RADIATIVE COOLING

To better understand the nature of the multiphase material found in outflowing galaxies, we study the evolution of cold clouds embedded in flows of hot and fast material. Using a suite of adaptive mesh refinement simulations that include radiative cooling, we investigate both cloud mass loss and cloud acceleration under the full range of conditions observed in galaxy outflows. The simulations are designed to track the cloud center of mass, enabling us to study the cloud evolution at long disruption times. For supersonic flows, a Mach cone forms around the cloud, which damps the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability but also establishes a streamwise pressure gradient that stretches the cloud apart. If time is expressed in units of the cloud crushing time, both the cloud lifetime and the cloud acceleration rate are independent of cloud radius, and we find simple scalings for these quantities as a function of the Mach number of the external medium. A resolution study suggests that our simulations accurately describe the evolution of cold clouds in the absence of thermal conduction and magnetic fields, physical processes whose roles will be studied in forthcoming papers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth and evolution of thermal instabilities in idealized galaxy cluster cores

Heat input roughly balances radiative cooling in the gaseous cores of galaxy clusters even when the central cooling time is short, implying that cooling triggers a feedback loop that maintains thermal balance. Furthermore, cores with short cooling times tend to have multiphase structure, suggesting that the intracluster medium (ICM) becomes locally thermally unstable for cooling times ≲1 Gyr. Both observations and theoretical models have linked the condensation of cold gas with heating by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) through a cycle in which cooling gas fuels the AGN and drives energetic outbursts that reheat the ICM and maintain a state of approximate thermal balance. In this work, we use 2D and 3D hydrodynamic simulations to study the onset of condensation in idealized galaxy-cluster cores. In particular, we look at how the condensation process depends on the ratio of cooling time to freefall time and on the geometry of the gravitational potential. We conclude that the ICM can always evolve to a state in which condensation occurs if given enough time, but that an initial timescale ratio t{sub cool}/t{sub ff}≲10 is needed for thermal instability to grow quickly enough to affect realistic cluster cores within a timescale that is relevant for cosmological structure formation. We find that instability leads to convection and that perturbations continue to grow while the gas convects. Condensation occurs when the timescale ratio in the low-entropy tail of the perturbation distribution drops below t{sub cool}/t{sub ff}≲3, even if the volume-averaged timescale ratio is substantially greater. In our simulations, the geometry of the gravitational potential does not have a strong effect on thermal stability. Finally, we find that if condensation is powering feedback, a conversion efficiency of around 10{sup −3} for converting the condensed mass into thermal energy is sufficient to maintain thermal balance in the ICM.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

H i-to-H{sub 2} transitions in the Perseus molecular cloud

We use the Sternberg et al. theory for interstellar atomic to molecular hydrogen (H i-to-H{sub 2}) conversion to analyze H i-to-H{sub 2} transitions in five (low-mass) star-forming and dark regions in the Perseus molecular cloud, B1, B1E, B5, IC348, and NGC1333. The observed H i mass surface densities of 6.3–9.2 M{sub ⊙} pc{sup −2} are consistent with H i-to-H{sub 2} transitions dominated by H i-dust shielding in predominantly atomic envelopes. For each source, we constrain the dimensionless parameter αG, and the ratio I{sub UV}/n, of the FUV intensity to hydrogen gas density. We find αG values from 5.0 to 26.1, implying characteristic atomic hydrogen densities 11.8–1.8 cm{sup −3}, for I{sub UV}≈1 appropriate for Perseus. Our analysis implies that the dusty H i shielding layers are probably multiphased, with thermally unstable UNM gas in addition to cold CNM within the 21 cm kinematic radius.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

GMC COLLISIONS AS TRIGGERS OF STAR FORMATION. I. PARAMETER SPACE EXPLORATION WITH 2D SIMULATIONS

We utilize magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to develop a numerical model for giant molecular cloud (GMC)–GMC collisions between nearly magnetically critical clouds. The goal is to determine if, and under what circumstances, cloud collisions can cause pre-existing magnetically subcritical clumps to become supercritical and undergo gravitational collapse. We first develop and implement new photodissociation region based heating and cooling functions that span the atomic to molecular transition, creating a multiphase ISM and allowing modeling of non-equilibrium temperature structures. Then in 2D and with ideal MHD, we explore a wide parameter space of magnetic field strength, magnetic field geometry, collision velocity, and impact parameter and compare isolated versus colliding clouds. We find factors of ∼2–3 increase in mean clump density from typical collisions, with strong dependence on collision velocity and magnetic field strength, but ultimately limited by flux-freezing in 2D geometries. For geometries enabling flow along magnetic field lines, greater degrees of collapse are seen. We discuss observational diagnostics of cloud collisions, focussing on {sup 13}CO(J = 2–1), {sup 13}CO(J = 3–2), and {sup 12}CO(J = 8–7) integrated intensity maps and spectra, which we synthesize from our simulation outputs. We find that the ratio of J = 8–7 to lower-J emission is a powerful diagnostic probe of GMC collisions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

An extreme metallicity, large-scale outflow from a star-forming galaxy at z ∼ 0.4

We present a detailed analysis of a large-scale galactic outflow in the circumgalactic medium of a massive (M{sub h}∼10{sup 12.5} M{sub ⊙}), star-forming (∼6.9 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}), sub-L{sub *} (∼0.5L{sub B}{sup ∗}) galaxy at z = 0.39853 that exhibits a wealth of metal-line absorption in the spectra of the background quasar Q 0122−003 at an impact parameter of 163 kpc. The galaxy inclination angle (i=63{sup ∘}) and the azimuthal angle (Φ=73{sup ∘}) imply that the QSO sightline is passing through the projected minor-axis of the galaxy. The absorption system shows a multiphase, multicomponent structure with ultra-strong, wide velocity spread O VI (logN=15.16±0.04, Δv{sub 90} = 419 km s{sup −1}) and N V (logN=14.69±0.07, Δv{sub 90} = 285 km s{sup −1}) lines that are extremely rare in the literature. The highly ionized absorption components are well explained as arising in a low density (∼10{sup −4.2} cm{sup −3}), diffuse (∼10 kpc), cool (∼10{sup 4} K) photoionized gas with a super-solar metallicity ([X/H]≳0.3). From the observed narrowness of the Lyβ profile, the non-detection of S IV absorption, and the presence of strong C IV absorption in the low-resolution FOS spectrum, we rule out equilibrium/non-equilibrium collisional ionization models. The low-ionization photoionized gas with a density of ∼10{sup −2.5} cm{sup −3} and a metallicity of [X/H]≳−1.4 is possibly tracing recycled halo gas. We estimate an outflow mass of ∼2×10{sup 10} M{sub ⊙}, a mass-flow rate of ∼54 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}, a kinetic luminosity of ∼9×10{sup 41} erg s{sup −1}, and a mass loading factor of ∼8 for the outflowing high-ionization gas. These are consistent with the properties of “down-the-barrel” outflows from infrared-luminous starbursts as studied by Rupke et al. Such powerful, large-scale, metal-rich outflows are the primary means of sufficient mechanical and chemical feedback as invoked in theoretical models of galaxy formation and evolution.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Cooling, AGN feedback, and star formation in simulated cool-core galaxy clusters

Numerical simulations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) feedback in cool-core galaxy clusters have successfully avoided classical cooling flows, but often produce too much cold gas. We perform adaptive mesh simulations that include momentum-driven AGN feedback, self-gravity, star formation, and stellar feedback, focusing on the interplay between cooling, AGN heating, and star formation in an isolated cool-core cluster. Cold clumps triggered by AGN jets and turbulence form filamentary structures tens of kpc long. This cold gas feeds both star formation and the supermassive black hole (SMBH), triggering an AGN outburst that increases the entropy of the intracluster medium (ICM) and reduces its cooling rate. Within 1–2 Gyr, star formation completely consumes the cold gas, leading to a brief shutoff of the AGN. The ICM quickly cools and redevelops multiphase gas, followed by another cycle of star formation/AGN outburst. Within 6.5 Gyr, we observe three such cycles. There is good agreement between our simulated cluster and the observations of cool-core clusters. ICM cooling is dynamically balanced by AGN heating, and a cool-core appearance is preserved. The minimum cooling time to free-fall time ratio typically varies between a few and ≳20. The star formation rate (SFR) covers a wide range, from 0 to a few hundred M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}, with an average of ∼40 M{sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}. The instantaneous SMBH accretion rate shows large variations on short timescales, but the average value correlates well with the SFR. Simulations without stellar feedback or self-gravity produce qualitatively similar results, but a lower SMBH feedback efficiency (0.1% compared to 1%) results in too many stars.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

THE MAGELLANIC STREAM SYSTEM. I. RAM-PRESSURE TAILS AND THE RELICS OF THE COLLISION BETWEEN THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

We have analyzed the Magellanic Stream (MS) using the deepest and the most resolved H i survey of the Southern Hemisphere (the Galactic All-Sky Survey). The overall Stream is structured into two filaments, suggesting two ram-pressure tails lagging behind the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), and resembling two close, transonic, von Karman vortex streets. The past motions of the Clouds appear imprinted in them, implying almost parallel initial orbits, and then a radical change after their passage near the N(H i) peak of the MS. This is consistent with a recent collision between the MCs, 200–300 Myr ago, which has stripped their gas further into small clouds, spreading them out along a gigantic bow shock, perpendicular to the MS. The Stream is formed by the interplay between stellar feedback and the ram pressure exerted by hot gas in the Milky Way (MW) halo with n{sub h} = 10{sup −4} cm{sup −3} at 50–70 kpc, a value necessary to explain the MS multiphase high-velocity clouds. The corresponding hydrodynamic modeling provides the currently most accurate reproduction of the whole H i Stream morphology, of its velocity, and column density profiles along L{sub MS}. The “ram pressure plus collision” scenario requires tidal dwarf galaxies, which are assumed to be the Cloud and dSph progenitors, to have left imprints in the MS and the Leading Arm, respectively. The simulated LMC and SMC have baryonic mass, kinematics, and proper motions consistent with observations. This supports a novel paradigm for the MS System, which could have its origin in material expelled toward the MW by the ancient gas-rich merger that formed M31.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Supernova feedback and the hot gas filling fraction of the interstellar medium

Supernovae (SNe), the most energetic stellar feedback mechanism, are crucial for regulating the interstellar medium (ISM) and launching galactic winds. We explore how supernova remnants (SNRs) create a multiphase medium by performing three-dimentional hydrodynamical simulations at various SN rates, S, and ISM average densities, n-bar . The evolution of an SNR in a self-consistently generated three-phase ISM is qualitatively different from that in a uniform or a two-phase warm/cold medium. By traveling faster and further in the low-density hot phase, the domain of an SNR increases by >10{sup 2.5}. Varying n-bar and S, we find that a steady state can only be achieved when the hot gas volume fraction f{sub V,hot}≲0.6±0.1. Above that level, overlapping SNRs render connecting topology of the hot gas, and the ISM is subjected to thermal runaway. Photoelectric heating (PEH) has a surprisingly strong impact on f{sub V,hot}. For n-bar ≳3 cm{sup −3}, a reasonable PEH rate is able to suppress the thermal runaway. Overall, we determine the critical SN rate for the onset of thermal runaway to be S{sub crit}=200( n-bar /1 cm{sup −3}){sup k}(E{sub SN}/10{sup 51} erg){sup −1} kpc{sup −3} Myr{sup −1}, where k = (1.2, 2.7) for n-bar ⩽1 and >1 cm{sup −3}, respectively. We present a fitting formula of the ISM pressure P( n-bar ,S), which can be used as an effective equation of state in cosmological simulations. Despite the five orders of magnitude span of ( n-bar ,S), the average Mach number varies little: M ≈ 0.5 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.3, and 2.3 ± 0.9 for the hot, warm, and cold phases, respectively.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Controlled plasma–droplet interactions: a quantitative study of OH transfer in plasma–liquid interaction

Plasmas in contact with liquids are a rich source of OH radicals and have been extensively studied in the last decade to leverage the ability to generate chemically reactive species in gas phase plasmas to decompose organics. Multiphase transfer of OH radicals is highly transport limited and to overcome transport limits, the plasma activation of aerosols, small liquid droplets, interspersed in the plasma has been proposed. In this work, we report a combined experimental and modeling study of a controlled plasma–droplet interaction experiment using a diffuse RF glow discharge in He + 0.2% H 2 O with detailed plasma diagnostics, ex situ analysis of the plasma-induced chemistry in the droplet containing formate, droplet trajectory and size measurements. This enables a quantitative study of the reactivity transfer of OH from the gas phase plasma to the liquid phase and how its diffusion limitations impact formate decomposition in the water droplet. For a droplet with a diameter of 36 μm, we observed 50% reduction in formate concentration in the droplets after plasma treatment for droplet residence times in the plasma of ~10 ms. These short droplet residence times in the plasma allow in some cases for droplet size reductions of ~5% in spite gas temperatures of 360 K. A one-dimensional reaction–diffusion model was used to calculate the OH transport and formate oxidation inside the droplet and was able to predict the conversion of formate by plasma in a droplet without any fitting parameters. The model further shows that formate conversion is dominated by near-interfacial reactions with OH radicals and is limited by diffusion of formate in the droplet. Here, the results show that a controlled plasma–micro-droplet reactor as reported in this study might be an excellent tool for detailed quantitative plasma–liquid interaction studies.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Droplet bioprinting of acellular and cell-laden structures at high-resolutions

Advances in digital light projection(DLP) based (bio) printers have made printing of intricate structures at high resolution possible using a wide range of photosensitive bioinks. A typical setup of a DLP bioprinter includes a vat or reservoir filled with liquid bioink, which presents challenges in terms of cost associated with bioink synthesis, high waste, and gravity-induced cell settling, contaminations, or variation in bioink viscosity during the printing process. Here, we report a vat-free, low-volume, waste-free droplet bioprinting method capable of rapidly printing 3D soft structures at high resolution using model bioinks and model cells. A multiphase many-body dissipative particle dynamics model was developed to simulate the dynamic process of droplet-based DLP printing and elucidate the roles of surface wettability and bioink viscosity. Process variables such as light intensity, photo-initiator concentration, and bioink formulations were optimized to print 3D soft structures (∼0.4–3 kPa) with a typical layer thickness of 50 µm, an XY resolution of 38 ± 1.5 μm and Z resolution of 237 ± 5.4 µm. To demonstrate its versatility, droplet bioprinting was used to print a range of acellular 3D structures such as a lattice cube, a Mayan pyramid, a heart-shaped structure, and a microfluidic chip with endothelialized channels. Droplet bioprinting, performed using model C3H/10T1/2 cells, exhibited high viability (90%) and cell spreading. Additionally, microfluidic devices with internal channel networks lined with endothelial cells showed robust monolayer formation while osteoblast-laden constructs showed mineral deposition upon osteogenic induction. Overall, droplet bioprinting could be a low-cost, no-waste, easy-to-use, method to make customized bioprinted constructs for a range of biomedical applications.

DLP↗
DOE OSTI2013

UNDERSTANDING GALAXY OUTFLOWS AS THE PRODUCT OF UNSTABLE TURBULENT SUPPORT

The interstellar medium is a multiphase gas in which turbulent support is as important as thermal pressure. Sustaining this configuration requires both continuous turbulent stirring and continuous radiative cooling to match the decay of turbulent energy. While this equilibrium can persist for small turbulent velocities, if the one-dimensional velocity dispersion is larger than Almost-Equal-To 35 km s{sup -1}, the gas moves into an unstable regime that leads to rapid heating. I study the implications of this turbulent runaway, showing that it causes a hot gas outflow to form in all galaxies with a gas surface density above Almost-Equal-To 50 M{sub Sun} pc{sup -2}, corresponding to a star formation rate per unit area of Almost-Equal-To 0.1 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1} kpc{sup -2}. For galaxies with v{sub esc} {approx}> 200 km s{sup -1}, the sonic point of this hot outflow should lie interior to the region containing cold gas and stars, while for galaxies with smaller escape velocities, the sonic point should lie outside this region. This leads to efficient cold cloud acceleration in higher mass galaxies, while in lower mass galaxies, clouds may be ejected by random turbulent motions rather than accelerated by the wind. Finally, I show that energy balance cannot be achieved at all for turbulent media above a surface density of Almost-Equal-To 10{sup 5} M{sub Sun} pc{sup -2}.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

COOLING TIME, FREEFALL TIME, AND PRECIPITATION IN THE CORES OF ACCEPT GALAXY CLUSTERS

Star formation in the universe's largest galaxies—the ones at the centers of galaxy clusters—depends critically on the thermodynamic state of their hot gaseous atmospheres. Central galaxies with low-entropy, high-density atmospheres frequently contain multiphase star-forming gas, while those with high-entropy, low-density atmospheres never do. The dividing line between these two populations in central entropy, and therefore central cooling time, is amazingly sharp. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the dichotomy. One points out that thermal conduction can prevent radiative cooling of cluster cores above the dividing line. The other holds that cores below the dividing line are subject to thermal instability that fuels the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) through a cold-feedback mechanism. Here we explore those hypotheses with an analysis of the Hα properties of ACCEPT galaxy clusters. We find that the two hypotheses are likely to be complementary. Our results support a picture in which cold clouds inevitably precipitate out of cluster cores in which cooling outcompetes thermal conduction and rain down on the central black hole, causing AGN feedback that stabilizes the cluster core. In particular, the observed distribution of the cooling-time to freefall-time ratio is nearly identical to that seen in simulations of this cold-feedback process, implying that cold-phase accretion, and not Bondi-like accretion of hot-phase gas, is responsible for the AGN feedback that regulates star formation in large galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The age–chemical abundance structure of the Galactic disc – II. α -dichotomy and thick disc formation

ABSTRACT We extend our previous work on the age–chemical abundance structure of the Galactic outer disc to the inner disc (4 < r < 8 kpc) based on the SDSS/APOGEE survey. Different from the outer disc, the inner disc stars exhibit a clear bimodal distribution in the [Mg/Fe]–[Fe/H] plane. While a number of scenarios have been proposed in the literature, it remains challenging to recover this bimodal distribution with theoretical models. To this end, we present a chemical evolution model embedding a complex multiphase inner disc formation scenario that matches the observed bimodal [Mg/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution. In this scenario, the formation of the inner disc is dominated by two main starburst episodes $6\,$Gyr apart with secular, low-level star formation activity in between. In our model, the first starburst occurs at early cosmic times ($t\sim 1\,$ Gyr) and the second one $6\,$ Gyr later at a cosmic time of $t\sim 7\,$ Gyr. Both these starburst episodes are associated with gas accretion events in our model, and are quenched rapidly. The first starburst leads to the formation of the high-α sequence, and the second starburst leads to the formation of the metal-poor low-α sequence. The metal-rich low-α stars, instead, form during the secular evolution phase between the two bursts. Our model shows that the α-dichotomy originates from the rapid suppression of star formation after the first starburst. The two starburst episodes are likely to be responsible for the formation of the geometric thick disc (z >1 kpc), with the old inner thick disc and the young outer thick disc forming during the first and the second starbursts, respectively.

Lian, Jianhui↗