Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Cr”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,405 records · Page 78

Enhanced flow boiling heat transfer on chromium coated zircaloy-4 using cold spray technique for accident tolerant fuel (ATF) materials

Flow boiling heat transfer tests were conducted to evaluate the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) and Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) of conventional and accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding materials, i.e., bare Zircaloy-4 (Zr4), and Zircaloy-4 coated with Chromium using physical vapor deposition (PVD) (Zr4-Cr-PVD) and cold spray process (Zr4-Cr-CS), respectively. The tests were performed on a single heater rod with a uniform heat flux profile, at the atmospheric pressure, inlet temperature (24 °C) and mass flow rate (750 kg/m 2 s). HTC’s were increased by 5.2% and 3.3% on Zr4-Cr-CS compared to bare Zr4 and Zr4-Cr-PVD. Improved HTCwas attributed to the increased void fraction and high roughness (Ra = 532 nm) of the Zr4-Cr-CS. In detail, the micro-cavities, which act as bubble seeds, were entirely distributed on the Zr4-Cr-CS, and these micro-cavities generated smaller and faster bubbles, thus the void fraction increased by 10.9% compared to bare Zr4. HTC is improved by these smaller and faster bubbles which can remove heat from the heater rod surface more efficiently. To identify the exact location of CHF, the surface temperature profile was measured using advanced fiber-optic sensors which have high temporal/spatial resolution (distance between point to point: ~2.5 mm, frequency ~100 Hz). CHF occurred at 80–95% along the heated length and showed an 11.6% reduction on Zr4-Cr-CS compared to bare Zr4. We hypothesize the CHF reduction was caused by the lower wettability of the Zr4-Cr-CS which reduces the liquid supply to the surface, and vigorous bubble accumulation owing to high void fraction near the outlet, which results in early formation of the vapor film. During the post-CHF quenching phase, the rougher Zr4-Cr-CS showed larger cooling rates compared to the bare Zr4 and Zr4-Cr-PVD, preventing of oxidation by chromium layer. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the high roughness on the Zr4-Cr-CS increased the number of micro-cavities on the surface, resulting in 5.2% increase in HTC and improvement in the quenching heat transfer performance whereas CHF was 11.6% reduced compared to bare Zr4. Overall statistically there is little effect in the coating with regards to CHF and slight improvement in HTC.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Chromium segregation-induced oxide evolution in Ni-10Cr alloys during high-temperature oxidation

The oxidation behavior of a Ni-10(wt%)Cr alloy under high-temperature O 2 conditions is investigated using transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations. Results reveal that chromium segregation plays a central role in driving the evolution of complex oxide phase structures during oxidation. At low Cr concentrations, Cr preferentially segregates to NiO grain boundaries or internal pores, substituting for Ni atoms and forming Ni(Cr)O solid solutions. As Cr content increases, enhanced diffusion promotes Cr penetration into the NiO lattice, leading to the formation of multiphase oxide structures. First-principles modeling corroborates these findings: at low Cr concentrations, Cr atoms favor surface and grain-boundary segregation, while higher concentrations lead to Cr aggregation within the NiO bulk. Furthermore, the integrated experimental-theoretical approach provides atomistic insights into Cr-mediated mass transport mechanisms during alloy oxidation and offers valuable guidance for controlling oxide growth kinetics and phase stability in Ni-Cr alloys, with implications for improving oxidation resistance in high-temperature structural applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

High temperature gamma radiation-induced chromium redox chemistry via in situ spectroscopic measurements

Chromium ions can make their way into the primary coolant of nuclear power reactors from the corrosion of stainless-steel reactor components, decreasing the material's corrosion resistance and resulting in increased transport of further corrosion products. Despite these potential effects, the radiation-induced redox speciation of chromium ions in aqueous solution is not well understood, especially at the elevated temperatures experienced by reactor coolants. Here, in the present work, we report new experimental results demonstrating that in aerated aqueous solution, the radiolytic oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) occurs at pH 4, while the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) occurs at pH 2. The oxidation of Cr(III) is primarily attributed to the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (˙OH) with the Cr(OH) 2+ species, while the reduction of Cr(VI) is attributed to reactions involving the hydrated electron (e aq - ) and hydrogen atom (H˙). Additionally, the steady-state equilibrium yield of Cr(VI) from the gamma irradiation of pH 4 Cr(III) solutions decreased with increasing temperature (over a range of 37–195 °C). This observation indicates that the activation energy of the Cr(VI) reduction reactions is higher than that for the Cr(III) oxidation reactions, such that it becomes relatively more favorable at higher temperatures. Overall, these data are important for the development of complementary multiscale models for the prediction of metal ion speciation in high temperature radiation environments.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Satellites, core hole excitations, and spin-resolved electronic structure in the spectroscopy of half-metallic CrO 2

Photoelectron satellites—the structures appearing on the low kinetic or high binding-energy side of the “main” or “elastic” photopeak—betray the complex many-body interactions set in motion by the sudden creation of the core hole. In this work, we demonstrate, using the technologically important ferromagnetic half-metal CrO 2 , how such satellites can manifest themselves in other core-level spectroscopies of the material and how they can reveal important details pertinent to its electronic structure. Specifically, we identify a fluorescence satellite in the Cr 𝐿 3 resonant x-ray-emission spectra that radiates at a constant emission energy across the Cr 𝐿 3 x-ray edge with energy ≈1.3 eV above the ordinary valence fluorescence. Here, we provide evidence that this feature arises from the valence recombination of the Cr 2⁢𝑝 core hole “dressed” by the same shakeup charge-transfer process present in both the Cr x-ray photoelectron and the Cr x-ray absorption spectra with its energy uniquely measuring the exchange splitting of the Cr 3⁢𝑑 level. Further analysis of the x-ray emission data reveals three additional features that radiate at constant loss energy that are attributed to combinations of Cr 3⁢𝑑⁢(𝑡 2⁢𝑔 ) → Cr 3⁢𝑑⁢(𝑡 2⁢𝑔 ), charge-transfer O 2⁢𝑝→Cr 3⁢𝑑, and crystal-field Cr⁢ 3⁢𝑑⁡(𝑡 2⁢𝑔 )→Cr⁢ 3⁢𝑑⁡(𝑒 𝑔 ) excitations. These assignments and their energies are supported by density-functional theory calculations, the accuracy of which we demonstrate by hard x-ray valence-photoemission measurements. Atomic multiplet calculations, which include crystal-field effects, help interpret x-ray photoelectron and x-ray absorption spectra of the covalently mixed Cr ion. Resonant Cr K-𝐿 2,3 ⁢𝐿 2,3 Auger-electron emission spectra support a ligand-to-metal nature of the charge-transfer process while highlighting the charge sensitivity differences between photon-in/electron-out and photon-in/photon-out spectroscopies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Genetic Basis of Chromate Adaptation and the Role of the Pre-existing Genetic Divergence during an Experimental Evolution Study with Desulfovibrio vulgaris Populations

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common environmental pollutant. However, little is known about the genetic basis of microbial evolution under Cr(VI) stress and the influence of the prior evolution histories on the subsequent evolution under Cr(VI) stress. In this study, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH), a model sulfate-reducing bacterium, was experimentally evolved for 600 generations. By evolving the replicate populations of three genetically diverse DvH clones, including ancestor (AN, without prior experimental evolution history), non-stress-evolved EC3-10, and salt stress-evolved ES9-11, the contributions of adaptation, chance, and pre-existing genetic divergence to the evolution under Cr(VI) stress were able to be dissected. Significantly decreased lag phases under Cr(VI) stress were observed in most evolved populations, while increased Cr(VI) reduction rates were primarily observed in populations evolved from EC3-10 and ES9-11. The pre-existing genetic divergence in the starting clones showed strong influences on the changes in lag phases, growth rates, and Cr(VI) reduction rates. Additionally, the genomic mutation spectra in populations evolved from different starting clones were significantly different. A total of 14 newly mutated genes obtained mutations in at least two evolved populations, suggesting their importance in Cr(VI) adaptation. An in-frame deletion mutation of one of these genes, the chromate transporter gene DVU0426, demonstrated that it played an important role in Cr(VI) tolerance. Overall, our study identified potential key functional genes for Cr(VI) tolerance and demonstrated the important role of pre-existing genetic divergence in evolution under Cr(VI) stress conditions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Similarities and Differences in the Effects of Toxic Concentrations of Cadmium and Chromium on the Structure and Functions of Thylakoid Membranes in Chlorella variabilis

Trace metal contaminations in natural waters, wetlands, and wastewaters pose serious threats to aquatic ecosystems—mainly via targeting microalgae. In this work, we investigated the effects of toxic amounts of chromium and cadmium ions on the structure and function of the photosynthetic machinery of Chlorella variabilis cells. To halt the propagation of cells, we used high concentrations of Cd and Cr, 50–50 mg L –1 , in the forms of CdCl 2 x 2.5 H 2 O and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , respectively. Both treatments led to similar, about 50% gradual diminishment of the chlorophyll contents of the cells in 48 h, which was, however, accompanied by a small (~10%) but statistically significant enrichment (Cd) and loss (Cr) of ß-carotene. Both Cd and Cr inhibited the activity of photosystem II (PSII)—but with more severe inhibitions with Cr. On the contrary, the PsbA (D1) protein of PSII and the PsbO protein of the oxygen-evolving complex were retained more in Cr-treated cells than in the presence of Cd. These data and the higher susceptibility of P700 redox transients in Cr-treated cells suggest that, unlike with Cd, PSII is not the main target in the photochemical apparatus. These differences at the level of photochemistry also brought about dissimilarities at higher levels of the structural complexity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measurements revealed moderate perturbations in the macro-organization of the protein complexes—with more pronounced decline in Cd-treated cells than in the cells with Cr. Also, as reflected by transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering, the thylakoid membranes suffered shrinking and were largely fragmented in Cd-treated cells, whereas no changes could be discerned with Cr. The preservation of integrity of membranes in Cr-treated cells was most probably aided by high proportion of the de-epoxidized xanthophylls, which were absent with Cd. It can thus be concluded that beside strong similarities of the toxic effects of Cr and Cd, the response of the photosynthetic machinery of C. variabilis to these two trace metal ions substantially differ from each other—strongly suggesting different inhibitory and protective mechanisms following the primary toxic events.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Materials Data on Cr2B3 by Materials Project

Cr2B3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cr+4.50+ sites. In the first Cr+4.50+ site, Cr+4.50+ is bonded to twelve B3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and face-sharing CrB12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Cr–B bond distances ranging from 2.25–2.34 Å. In the second Cr+4.50+ site, Cr+4.50+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven B3- atoms. There are a spread of Cr–B bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.26 Å. There are three inequivalent B3- sites. In the first B3- site, B3- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Cr+4.50+ and three B3- atoms. There is two shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (1.73 Å) B–B bond length. In the second B3- site, B3- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six Cr+4.50+ and three B3- atoms. Both B–B bond lengths are 1.77 Å. In the third B3- site, B3- is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven Cr+4.50+ and two equivalent B3- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Sm2Cr2Fe15 by Materials Project

Sm2Cr2Fe15 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sm is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one Cr and eighteen Fe atoms. The Sm–Cr bond length is 3.20 Å. There are a spread of Sm–Fe bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.28 Å. Cr is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Sm, one Cr, and twelve Fe atoms. The Cr–Cr bond length is 2.15 Å. There are a spread of Cr–Fe bond distances ranging from 2.63–2.73 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to three equivalent Sm, one Cr, and eight Fe atoms to form FeSm3CrFe8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-three FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, edges with ten FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, and faces with twenty FeSm3CrFe8 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Fe–Fe bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.62 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Sm, two equivalent Cr, and eight Fe atoms to form distorted FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-two FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, edges with ten FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen FeSm3CrFe8 cuboctahedra. All Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.44 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Sm, two equivalent Cr, and eight Fe atoms to form distorted FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-four FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, edges with five FeSm2Cr2Fe8 cuboctahedra, and faces with twenty-one FeSm3CrFe8 cuboctahedra. Both Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.51 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cr2F5 by Materials Project

Cr2F5 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cr+2.50+ sites. In the first Cr+2.50+ site, Cr+2.50+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of Cr–F bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.67 Å. In the second Cr+2.50+ site, Cr+2.50+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form corner-sharing CrF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 30°. There is two shorter (1.93 Å) and four longer (1.96 Å) Cr–F bond length. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr+2.50+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cr+2.50+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cr+2.50+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cr3AuO8 by Materials Project

Cr3AuO8 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cr+3.67+ sites. In the first Cr+3.67+ site, Cr+3.67+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 30–43°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–1.68 Å. In the second Cr+3.67+ site, Cr+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.99 Å) and four longer (2.00 Å) Cr–O bond length. Au5+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Au–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr+3.67+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr+3.67+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cr+3.67+ and one Au5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on BaLa5TiCr5O18 by Materials Project

BaLa5TiCr5O18 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted BaO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine BaO12 cuboctahedra, faces with four TiO6 octahedra, and faces with four CrO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.68–3.12 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form distorted BaO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine BaO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and faces with five CrO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.66–3.09 Å. There are ten inequivalent La3+ sites. In the first La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.90 Å. In the second La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.85 Å. In the third La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.83 Å. In the fourth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.84 Å. In the fifth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.90 Å. In the sixth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.84 Å. In the seventh La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.84 Å. In the eighth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.91 Å. In the ninth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.84 Å. In the tenth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.86 Å. There are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TiO6 octahedra that share corners with six CrO6 octahedra and faces with four BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–17°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.00 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TiO6 octahedra that share corners with six CrO6 octahedra and faces with three equivalent BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–18°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.03 Å. There are ten inequivalent Cr3+ sites. In the first Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–24°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.02 Å. In the second Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with six TiO6 octahedra and faces with four BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–18°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.05 Å. In the third Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent CrO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–24°. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and four longer (2.01 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. In the fourth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–24°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.02 Å. In the fifth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–24°. There are three shorter (2.01 Å) and three longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. In the sixth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–24°. There are three shorter (2.01 Å) and three longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. In the seventh Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–24°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and four longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. In the eighth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–24°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.02 Å. In the ninth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent CrO6 octahedra, and faces with three equivalent BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 8–22°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.03 Å. In the tenth Cr3+ site, Cr3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with six CrO6 octahedra and a faceface with one BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 8–23°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.02 Å. There are thirty-six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, two La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two Ba2+, two equivalent La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, one La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ba2+, two equivalent La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, one La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, three La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Ba2+, one La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, three La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, two La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, two La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, three La3+, and two Cr3+ atoms. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two Cr3+ atoms. In the thirty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, one La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the thirty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, three La3+, and two Cr3+ atoms. In the thirty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ba2+, one La3+, one Ti4+, and one Cr3+ atom. In the thirty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+, two La3+, and two Cr3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Li3Cr2(CoO4)2 by Materials Project

Li3Cr2(CoO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–8°. There are four shorter (2.14 Å) and two longer (2.15 Å) Li–O bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent CrO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–9°. There are four shorter (2.08 Å) and two longer (2.10 Å) Li–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cr+4.50+ sites. In the first Cr+4.50+ site, Cr+4.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share edges with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with six LiO6 octahedra. There is four shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (1.96 Å) Cr–O bond length. In the second Cr+4.50+ site, Cr+4.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–9°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and four longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 6–8°. There is four shorter (1.95 Å) and two longer (1.96 Å) Co–O bond length. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Li1+, two Cr+4.50+, and one Co2+ atom to form OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids that share corners with nine OLi2CrCo2 square pyramids, edges with four equivalent OLi3CrCo2 octahedra, and edges with four OLi2CrCo2 square pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+, one Cr+4.50+, and two equivalent Co2+ atoms to form OLi3CrCo2 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent OLi3CrCo2 octahedra and edges with twelve OLi2CrCo2 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Li1+, one Cr+4.50+, and two equivalent Co2+ atoms to form OLi2CrCo2 square pyramids that share corners with nine OLi2CrCo2 square pyramids, edges with four equivalent OLi3CrCo2 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Li3Cr3CoO8 by Materials Project

Li3Cr3CoO8 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–8°. There are two shorter (2.17 Å) and four longer (2.20 Å) Li–O bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent CrO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–10°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.16 Å. There are two inequivalent Cr+3.67+ sites. In the first Cr+3.67+ site, Cr+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–10°. There are two shorter (2.01 Å) and four longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. In the second Cr+3.67+ site, Cr+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent CrO6 octahedra, and edges with six LiO6 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.92 Å) and four longer (1.94 Å) Cr–O bond length. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent LiO6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–8°. All Co–O bond lengths are 1.97 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Li1+ and three Cr+3.67+ atoms to form OLi2Cr3 square pyramids that share corners with nine OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids, edges with four equivalent OLi3Cr2Co octahedra, and edges with four equivalent OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Li1+, two equivalent Cr+3.67+, and one Co2+ atom to form OLi3Cr2Co octahedra that share corners with six equivalent OLi3Cr2Co octahedra and edges with twelve OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Li1+, two Cr+3.67+, and one Co2+ atom to form OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids that share corners with nine OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids, edges with four equivalent OLi3Cr2Co octahedra, and edges with four OLi2Cr2Co square pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on VCr2O6 by Materials Project

VCr2O6 is Hydrophilite-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. V5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form VO6 octahedra that share corners with eight CrO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–53°. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.02 Å. There are two inequivalent Cr+3.50+ sites. In the first Cr+3.50+ site, Cr+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra, corners with six equivalent VO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent CrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–54°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.02 Å. In the second Cr+3.50+ site, Cr+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CrO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VO6 octahedra, corners with six CrO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent VO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–54°. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.00 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one V5+ and two equivalent Cr+3.50+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one V5+ and two equivalent Cr+3.50+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one V5+ and two Cr+3.50+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cr3O8 by Materials Project

Cr3O8 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Cr3O8 sheets oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Cr+5.33+ sites. In the first Cr+5.33+ site, Cr+5.33+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing CrO6 octahedra. There is four shorter (1.88 Å) and two longer (1.89 Å) Cr–O bond length. In the second Cr+5.33+ site, Cr+5.33+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing CrO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.08 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Cr+5.33+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cr+5.33+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Cr+5.33+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on CrNi3 by Materials Project

Ni3Cr crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cr is bonded to six equivalent Cr and six equivalent Ni atoms to form CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent NiNi12 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra. All Cr–Cr bond lengths are 2.50 Å. All Cr–Ni bond lengths are 2.49 Å. There are five inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded to three equivalent Cr and nine Ni atoms to form NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra. There are six shorter (2.50 Å) and three longer (2.52 Å) Ni–Ni bond lengths. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded to twelve Ni atoms to form NiNi12 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent NiNi12 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra. All Ni–Ni bond lengths are 2.50 Å. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded to three equivalent Cr and nine Ni atoms to form NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra that share corners with seventeen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, and faces with fifteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra. All Ni–Cr bond lengths are 2.49 Å. There are six shorter (2.50 Å) and three longer (2.52 Å) Ni–Ni bond lengths. In the fourth Ni site, Ni is bonded to sixteen Ni atoms to form NiNi16 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, corners with sixteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, and faces with thirty-four NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ni–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.50–5.00 Å. In the fifth Ni site, Ni is bonded to three equivalent Cr and nine Ni atoms to form NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra that share corners with seventeen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen NiCr3Ni9 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CrCr6Ni6 cuboctahedra, and faces with fifteen NiNi16 cuboctahedra. All Ni–Cr bond lengths are 2.49 Å. All Ni–Ni bond lengths are 2.50 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Cr3Ru3C2 by Materials Project

Cr3Ru3C2 is H-Phase-like structured and crystallizes in the trigonal P-3m1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cr sites. In the first Cr site, Cr is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ru and three equivalent C atoms. All Cr–Ru bond lengths are 2.66 Å. All Cr–C bond lengths are 1.92 Å. In the second Cr site, Cr is bonded to six equivalent C atoms to form edge-sharing CrC6 octahedra. All Cr–C bond lengths are 2.03 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded to three equivalent Cr and three equivalent Ru atoms to form distorted RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra, corners with six equivalent CCr6 octahedra, edges with fifteen RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra, and a faceface with one CCr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 46°. All Ru–Ru bond lengths are 2.72 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded to twelve Ru atoms to form RuRu12 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent RuRu12 cuboctahedra. All Ru–Ru bond lengths are 2.78 Å. C is bonded to six Cr atoms to form CCr6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra, corners with three equivalent CCr6 octahedra, edges with nine equivalent CCr6 octahedra, and a faceface with one RuCr3Ru3 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on NaCr2O4 by Materials Project

NaCr2O4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.39 Å) and four longer (2.52 Å) Na–O bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.44 Å) and four longer (2.55 Å) Na–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cr+3.50+ sites. In the first Cr+3.50+ site, Cr+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing CrO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cr–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.01 Å. In the second Cr+3.50+ site, Cr+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing CrO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.00 Å) and two longer (2.02 Å) Cr–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Na1+ and three Cr+3.50+ atoms to form distorted ONa2Cr3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five equivalent ONa2Cr3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with two equivalent ONaCr3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four equivalent ONa2Cr3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent ONaCr3 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Na1+ and three Cr+3.50+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Na1+ and three Cr+3.50+ atoms to form distorted ONaCr3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four equivalent ONa2Cr3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three equivalent ONaCr3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with four equivalent ONa2Cr3 trigonal bipyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗