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At least 1,405 records · Page 78
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Elastoplasty: First Experience in 12 Patients

Percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is used increasingly for pain relief in symptomatic neoplastic or osteoporotic compression fractures. However, restoration of the stiffness of the treated vertebrae might propagate secondary fracture of adjacent vertebrae. Elastoplasty might prevent these secondary fractures. We assessed retrospectively our experience with elastoplasty in 12 patients, focusing on silicone migration. During the period from July 2011 to January 2012, all patients with an indication for vertebroplasty were treated with elastoplasty. The exclusion criterion was the presence of posterior wall defects. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed to evaluate the presence of perivertebral leakage and pulmonary embolism. The prevalence of leakage was compared with the results obtained for vertebroplasty with PMMA reported in the literature. Other complications during the postprocedural period were recorded. Twenty-one vertebral bodies in 12 patients were treated with elastoplasty. Silicone pulmonary emboli were detected on the postprocedural chest CT in 60 % (6/10) of the patients. Leakage to the perivertebral venous plexus was seen in 67 % (14/21) of the treated vertebrae. One major complication occurred: severe, medication-resistant dyspnea developed in one patient with multiple peripheral silicone emboli. This preliminary evidence suggests that VK100 silicone cement should not be used in elastoplasty because of the increased risk of silicone pulmonary embolism, when compared with the use of PMMA, which occurs worldwide. The major technical disadvantage is that the time taken for the VK100 silicone material to achieve its final strength is too long for practical application.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Driven Around the Bend: Novel Use of a Curved Steerable Needle

This technical note describes the novel use of a curved, steerable needle to access symptomatic osseous lesions in the pelvis and sacrum for palliative percutaneous treatment that would otherwise be difficult to treat using conventional straight needles. Seven patients with lytic bone lesions were treated. One patient had multiple myeloma; the remaining had metastatic disease: breast carcinoma (n = 2), colorectal carcinoma (n = 1), renal cell carcinoma (n = 1), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1), and leiomyosarcoma (n = 1). Five of the seven patients had lesions in the posterior acetabulum, and the two other patients had lesions in the sacrum. Four of the seven patients received radiofrequency ablation followed by cementoplasty; three patients received cementation alone. We used a novel needle designed for vertebroplasty, which has an articulating tip allowing it to be guided into lytic bone lesions located in difficult-to-access regions of the pelvis and sacrum. All patients were successfully treated with cementoplasty either with or without thermal ablation. No serious adverse events were reported. The needle was difficult to withdraw in two patients. Steerable curved needles can be successfully used to treat lytic osseous metastases with cementoplasty when lesions are located in sites that may be difficult to reach using conventional straight needles.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Risk Prediction of New Adjacent Vertebral Fractures After PVP for Patients with Vertebral Compression Fractures: Development of a Prediction Model

PurposeWe aim to determine the predictors of new adjacent vertebral fractures (AVCFs) after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) and to construct a risk prediction score to estimate a 2-year new AVCF risk-by-risk factor condition.Materials and MethodsPatients with OVCFs who underwent their first PVP between December 2006 and December 2013 at Hospital A (training cohort) and Hospital B (validation cohort) were included in this study. In training cohort, we assessed the independent risk predictors and developed the probability of new adjacent OVCFs (PNAV) score system using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The accuracy of this system was then validated in both training and validation cohorts by concordance (c) statistic.Results421 patients (training cohort: n = 256; validation cohort: n = 165) were included in this study. In training cohort, new AVCFs after the first PVP treatment occurred in 33 (12.9%) patients. The independent risk factors were intradiscal cement leakage and preexisting old vertebral compression fracture(s). The estimated 2-year absolute risk of new AVCFs ranged from less than 4% in patients with neither independent risk factors to more than 45% in individuals with both factors.ConclusionsThe PNAV score is an objective and easy approach to predict the risk of new AVCFs.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Attenuation of Neutron and Gamma Radiation by a Composite Material Based on Modified Titanium Hydride with a Varied Boron Content

The investigations on estimating the attenuation of capture gamma radiation by a composite neutron-shielding material based on modified titanium hydride and Portland cement with a varied amount of boron carbide are performed. The results of calculations demonstrate that an introduction of boron into this material enables significantly decreasing the thermal neutron flux density and hence the levels of capture gamma radiation. In particular, after introducing 1- 5 wt.% boron carbide into the material, the thermal neutron flux density on a 10 cm-thick layer is reduced by 11 to 176 factors, and the capture gamma dose rate – from 4 to 9 times, respectively. The difference in the degree of reduction in these functionals is attributed to the presence of capture gamma radiation in the epithermal region of the neutron spectrum.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Properties of Steel Slag

This research explores the electromagnetic radiation protection function of steel slag for use as a building material. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to analyze the chemical composition and mineralogical phase of steel slag powder. Electromagnetic parameters of the samples were analyzed and discussed in detail for the frequency range of 1-18 GHz. We found that steel slag had the electromagnetic wave-absorbing property due to electric components (such as FeO and carbon powder) and magnetic components [such as magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) and hematite (α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3})]; electric loss was far greater than magnetic loss. With the increasing milling time, the electric and magnetic properties were increased. The calculated reflectivity curve of steel slag powder epoxide resin–matrix composite at a thickness of 10 mm had several interference peaks, and the absorbing properties increased gradually with increasing frequency. Moreover, the minimum reflectivity was − 21 dB (Decibel) at 13 GHz (Gigahertz). The steel slag powder cement-based composite showed electromagnetic wave-absorbing properties at 10-18 GHz, and the greatest absorption of the 25 mm sample reached 11.5 dB; therefore, the steel slag shows promise as a building material for electromagnetic protection.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Solubility of U(VI) in chloride solutions. II. The stable oxides/hydroxides in alkaline KCl solutions: Thermodynamic description and relevance in cementitious systems

In this study, the solubility of U(VI) is investigated from undersaturation conditions in 0.1, 0.51, 1.03, 3.31 and 4.58 m KCl–KOH solutions at pHm = 7.5–14.6 (with pH m = –log [H + ] in molal units). All experiments were performed under Ar atmosphere at T = (22 ± 2)°C. XRD, quantitative chemical analysis, SEM–EDS and TG–DTA confirm that K 2 U 2 O 7 ·1.5H 2 O(cr) is the solid phase controlling the solubility in all evaluated systems at pH m ≥ 9.5. Below this pH m and with decreasing KCl concentration, the formation of sub-stoichiometric phases with K:U < 1 is indicated by XRD and solubility data. The concentration of uranium in equilibrium with K 2 U 2 O 7 ·1.5H 2 O(cr) shows a pH-independent behaviour up to pH m ≈ 11 regardless of ionic strength, whereas an increase of the solubility with a well–defined slope of +1 (log [U] vs. pH m ) is observed at pH m ≥11. These results are consistent with the predominance of UO 2 (OH) 3 – and UO 2 (OH) 4 2- species as previously reported in the literature. The combination of solubility data obtained in the present study with K 2 U 2 O 7 ·1.5H 2 O(cr) and the U(VI) hydrolysis scheme reported in Altmaier et al. (2017) yields a solubility product of log *K° s ,0{0.5K 2 U 2 O 7 ·1.5H 2 O(cr)} = (12.0 ± 0.2). SIT ion interaction coefficients for UO 2 (OH) 3 – and UO 2 (OH) 4 2- with K + are derived based on the newly generated experimental data in dilute to concentrated KCl systems and analogy with NaCl systems. This work extends the thermodynamic database available for U(VI) and allows more accurate source term calculations in the context of nuclear waste disposal under boundary conditions where significant K concentrations may be present and redox conditions lie in the stability field of U(VI). Finally, the K 2 U 2 O 7 ·1.5H 2 O(cr) solid phase can be considered to control the solubility of U(VI) in the degradation phase I of cement and cementitious materials.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Material processing, microstructure, and composite properties of low carbon Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC)

Traditional PVA fiber-reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) show high tensile ductility and superior durability with tight crack width, but the high cost and embodied carbon can hinder its wider application in infrastructures. The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of the fresh and hardened properties of an ECC that employs a lower embodied-carbon binder, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), and lower-cost PP fiber that is widely available. Specifically, the interrelations between material processing, microstructure, and composite properties were studied experimentally. The results showed that ECC with high tensile ductility up to 9% tensile strain and tight crack width with 50 μm at 2% tensile strain can be achieved. It was found that a matrix paste with higher viscosity generally enhanced fiber dispersion uniformity and robustness in tensile strain-hardening. The paste viscosity is increased when OPC is replaced by LC3 and can be tuned with superplasticizer content. Larger maximum flaw size leads to lower first crack strength, beneficial for microcrack initiation and multiple cracking. This study generates fundamental knowledge linking processing-microstructure-performance of PP-LC3-ECC. This class of low embodied carbon ECC with tight crack width is expected to contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of the built environment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

{sup 29}Si solid state NMR investigation of pozzolanic reaction occurring in lime-treated Ca-bentonite

Lime is widely used as additive to improve the mechanical properties of natural soil used in earthworks. However, the physico-chemical mechanisms involved are yet not well understood. In order to develop and optimize this treatment method, a better understanding of the interaction between lime and the minerals of the soils, in particular clay minerals, is required. In this study, Ca-bentonite was treated with 2, 5 and 10 wt.% of lime during 1 to 98 days. Modifications in the Si local environment were then monitored by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate the pozzolanic reaction. All the soil mineral phases contribute to the release of Si and to the pozzolanic reaction, with a rapid and total consumption of Si-polymorph and an exacerbated dissolution of montmorillonite. Mechanism of C-S-H formation, function of the Ca content in the system, was found to match the sorosilicate-tobermorite model described in cement systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Bayesian calibration of thermodynamic parameters for geochemical speciation modeling of cementitious materials

Chemical equilibrium modeling of cementitious materials requires aqueous-solid equilibrium constants of the controlling mineral phases (K{sub sp}) and the available concentrations of primary components. Inherent randomness of the input and model parameters, experimental measurement error, the assumptions and approximations required for numerical simulation, and inadequate knowledge of the chemical process contribute to uncertainty in model prediction. A numerical simulation framework is developed in this paper to assess uncertainty in K{sub sp} values used in geochemical speciation models. A Bayesian statistical method is used in combination with an efficient, adaptive Metropolis sampling technique to develop probability density functions for K{sub sp} values. One set of leaching experimental observations is used for calibration and another set is used for comparison to evaluate the applicability of the approach. The estimated probability distributions of K{sub sp} values can be used in Monte Carlo simulation to assess uncertainty in the behavior of aqueous-solid partitioning of constituents in cement-based materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Spatially resolved quantitative in-situ phase analysis of a self-leveling compound

The development of the crystalline microstructure of a hydrating self-leveling compound (SLC) was analyzed using a two-dimensional XRD (GADDS). The application of non-destructive micro-diffraction with the GADDS, combined with a custom-made sample holder, made it possible to carry out position-sensitive in-situ measurements of a Calcium-Aluminate-Cement-(CAC)-dominated SLC. Different substrates were used in the measurement procedures so as to acquire data regarding the influence of the properties of the ground surface on the process of hydration. The results show that the crystalline microstructure is strongly affected by the availability of free water. The strongly vertically-fluctuating water-content of the hydrating mortar, which is mainly influenced by outside conditions, has a very significant effect upon the resulting ettringite content. This fact is also reflected in the resulting microstructure of the cured SLC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Synthesis and nano-mechanical characterization of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) made with 1.5 CaO/SiO{sub 2} mixture

In this study, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is synthesized and characterized. C-S-H slurry was made with calcium oxide (CaO) to micro-silica (SiO{sub 2}) mixture ratio of 1.5 and enough deionized water. The slurry was continuously mixed for 7 days, then the excess water was removed. Two methods of drying were implemented: one method used the standard d-dry technique and the other was equilibrated to 11% relative humidity (RH). The dried powders were characterized using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRDA), and {sup 29}Si magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The stoichiometric formulas of synthetic C-S-H powders dried to d-dry and 11% RH in this study were approximated as C{sub 1.2}SH{sub 0.7} and C{sub 1.2}SH{sub 2.4} respectively. The powders were then compacted to create specimens with porosities similar to C-S-H in hydrated cement. The specimens underwent nanoindentation to mechanically characterize C-S-H. The experiments provide insight on the nanoscale mechanical characteristics of C-S-H.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Full quantitative phase analysis of hydrated lime using the Rietveld method

Full quantitative phase analysis (FQPA) using X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinements is a well-established method for the characterization of various hydraulic binders such as Portland cement and hydraulic limes. In this paper, the Rietveld method is applied to hydrated lime, a non-hydraulic traditional binder. The potential presence of an amorphous phase in this material is generally ignored. Both synchrotron radiation and a conventional X-ray source were used for data collection. The applicability of the developed control file for the Rietveld refinements was investigated using samples spiked with glass. The results were cross-checked by other independent methods such as thermal and chemical analyses. The sample microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the consistency between the different methods was satisfactory, supporting the validity of FQPA for this material. For the samples studied in this work, the amount of amorphous material was in the range 2-15 wt.%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Mineralogical and chemical assessment of concrete damaged by the oxidation of sulfide-bearing aggregates: Importance of thaumasite formation on reaction mechanisms

Damages in concrete containing sulfide-bearing aggregates were recently observed in the Trois-Rivieres area (Quebec, Canada), characterized by rapid deterioration within 3 to 5 years after construction. A petrographic examination of concrete core samples was carried out using a combination of tools including: stereomicroscopic evaluation, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. The aggregate used to produce concrete was an intrusive igneous rock with different metamorphism degrees and various proportions of sulfide minerals. In the rock, sulfide minerals were often surrounded by a thin layer of carbonate minerals (siderite). Secondary reaction products observed in the damaged concrete include 'rust' mineral forms (e.g. ferric oxyhydroxides such as goethite, limonite (FeO (OH) nH{sub 2}O) and ferrihydrite), gypsum, ettringite and thaumasite. In the presence of water and oxygen, pyrrhotite oxidizes to form iron oxyhydroxides and sulphuric acid. The acid then reacts with the phases of the cement paste/aggregate and provokes the formation of sulfate minerals. Understanding both mechanisms, oxidation and internal sulfate attack, is important to be able to duplicate the damaging reaction in laboratory conditions, thus allowing the development of a performance test for evaluating the potential for deleterious expansion in concrete associated with sulfide-bearing aggregates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of mortar bars in sulfate solutions

This work investigates the influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of cementitious material exposed to sulfate ions. Mortars based on a CEM I and on a CEM III/B cement were investigated. Experimental investigations were compared to thermodynamic modeling and phase characterization to understand the differences in deterioration. The presence of bicarbonate ions significantly reduced the expansion of the CEM I mortars. Thermodynamic modeling showed that at high concentrations of bicarbonate ettringite and gypsum become unstable. Microstructural characterization combined with information from thermodynamic modeling suggests that conditions of high supersaturation with respect to ettringite are unlikely in the samples exposed in solutions containing bicarbonate. Consequently, expansive forces are not generated by the crystallization pressure of ettringite. There was little expansion of the CEM III/B sample even in the sodium sulfate solution. In the bicarbonate solution this mortar showed a highly leached zone at the surface in which calcite was observed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

On the relevance of volume increase for the length changes of mortar bars in sulfate solutions

The ingress of sulfate ions into cementitious materials leads to the formation of ettringite, gypsum and other phases. The increase in solid volume through the formation of these phases is often assumed to be the only reason for expansion. In this paper we systematically compare the volume increase predicted by thermodynamic modeling to macroscopic expansion for mortars made with CEM I in different sulfate solutions and for mortars made with a range of blended cements in sodium sulfate solution. It is shown that the length changes cannot be explained by simple volume increase alone. A more plausible explanation of expansion lies in the theory of crystallization pressure, in which crystals forming from a supersaturated solution may exert pressure on their surroundings. It is observed that expansion occurs in systems where thermodynamic modeling predicts the co-existence of ettringite with gypsum. In such a case, if monosulfate and gypsum are both present locally, the solution can be highly supersaturated with respect to ettringite, whose formation in confined conditions (such as within C–S–H) can then exert expansive forces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The di- and tricalcium silicate dissolutions

In this study, a specially designed reactor connected to an ICP spectrometer enabled the careful determination of the dissolution rates of C{sub 3}S, C{sub 2}S and CaO, respectively, over a broad range of concentration of calcium and silicates under conditions devoid of C–S–H. The kinetic laws, bridging the dissolution rates and the undersaturations, were obtained after extrapolation of rate zero allowing the estimation of the true experimental solubility products of C{sub 3}S (K{sub sp} = 9.6 · 10{sup −23}), C{sub 2}S (K{sub sp} = 4.3 · 10{sup −18}) and CaO (K{sub sp} = 9.17 · 10{sup −6}). The latter are then compared to the solubilities calculated from the enthalpies of formation. We propose that the observed deviations result from the protonation of the unsaturated oxygen atoms present at the surface of these minerals. Hydration rates measured in cement pastes or in C{sub 3}S pastes are in excellent agreement with the kinetic law found in this study for C{sub 3}S under conditions undersaturated with respect to C–S–H.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Compressive strength and hydration processes of concrete with recycled aggregates

This paper deals with the correlation between the time evolution of the degree of hydration and the compressive strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) for different water to cement ratios and initial moisture conditions of the Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs). Particularly, the influence of such moisture conditions is investigated by monitoring the hydration process and determining the compressive strength development of fully dry or fully saturated recycled aggregates in four RAC mixtures. Hydration processes are monitored via temperature measurements in hardening concrete samples and the time evolution of the degree of hydration is determined through a 1D hydration and heat flow model. The effect of the initial moisture condition of RCAs employed in the considered concrete mixtures clearly emerges from this study. In fact, a novel conceptual method is proposed to predict the compressive strength of RAC-systems, from the initial mixture parameters and the hardening conditions. -- Highlights: •The concrete industry is more and more concerned with sustainability issues. •The use of recycled aggregates is a promising solution to enhance sustainability. •Recycled aggregates affect both hydration processes and compressive strength. •A fundamental approach is proposed to unveil the influence of recycled aggregates. •Some experimental comparisons are presented to validate the proposed approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Influence of amorphous silica on the hydration in ultra-high performance concrete

Amorphous silica particles (silica) are used in ultra-high performance concretes to densify the microstructure and accelerate the clinker hydration. It is still unclear whether silica predominantly increases the surface for the nucleation of C–S–H phases or dissolves and reacts pozzolanically. Furthermore, varying types of silica may have different and time dependent effects on the clinker hydration. The effects of different silica types were compared in this study by calorimetric analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in situ X-ray diffraction and compressive strength measurements. The silica component was silica fume, pyrogenic silica or silica synthesized by a wet-chemical route (Stoeber particles). Water-to-cement ratios were 0.23. Differences are observed between the silica for short reaction times (up to 3 days). Results indicate that silica fume and pyrogenic silica accelerate alite hydration by increasing the surface for nucleation of C–S–H phases whereas Stoeber particles show no accelerating effect.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗