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At least 1,387 records · Page 77

Techniques used in the F-14 variable-sweep transition flight experiment

This paper discusses and evaluates the test measurement techniques used to determine the laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition location in the F-14 variable-sweep transition flight experiment (VSTFE). The main objective of the VSTFE was to determine the effects of wing sweep on the laminar-to-turbulent transition location at conditions representative of transport aircraft. Four methods were used to determine the transition location: (1) a hot-film anemometer system; (2) two boundary-layer rakes; (3) surface pitot tubes; and (4) liquid crystals for flow visualization. Of the four methods, the hot-film anemometer system was the most reliable indicator of transition.

Anderson, Bianca Trujillo↗

Wall shear stress measurement in blade end-wall corner region

The magnitude and the direction of wall shear stress and surface pressure in the blade end-wall corner region were investigated. The measurements were obtained on a specially designed Preston tube, the tip of which could be concentrically rotated about its axis of rotation at the measurement location. The magnitude of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the corner was observed to increase significantly (170 percent) compared to its far-upstream value; the increase was consistently higher on the blade surface compared to the value on the plate surface of the blade end-wall corner. On both surfaces in the blade end-wall corner, the variation of the wall shear stress direction was found to be more predominant in the vicinity of the blade leading-edge location. The trend of the measured wall shear stress direction showed good agreement with the limiting streamline directions obtained from the flow visualization studies.

Bhargava, R.↗

Effect of acoustic excitation on the flow over a low-Re airfoil

Wind-tunnel measurements of lift, drag, and wake velocity spectra were carried out under (tonal) acoustic excitation for a smooth airfoil in the chord-Reynolds-number Re(c) range of 40,000-140,000. The data were supported by smoke-wire flow-visualization pictures. Small-amplitude excitation in a wide, low-frequency range is found to eliminate laminar separation that otherwise degrades the airfoil performance at low Re(c) near the design angle of attack. Excitation at high frequencies eliminates a prestall, periodic shedding of large-scale vortices. Significant improvement in lift is also achieved during poststall, but with large-amplitude excitation. Wind-tunnel resonances strongly influence the results, especially in cases requiring large amplitudes.

Zaman, K. B. M. Q.↗

Numerical simulations of an oblique detonation wave engine

An account is given of the numerical methods employed in a code for the simulation of supersonic combustion, which is then applied to the simulation of attached detonations and flames associated with the oblique-detonation wave supersonic combustor concept. The addition of heat by a detonation wave results in a shorter combustor than can be obtained in more conventional scramjet designs. Pure oblique detonations have been produced in a stoichiometric, uniformly mixed hydrogen/air stream; the wave rotates upstream with energy release, according to simple analytical arguments. Flow visualization maps for Mach number and temperature are presented.

Cambier, Jean-Luc↗

Effects of surface perturbations on the asymmetric vortex flow over a slender body

An experimental investigation of the effects of surface perturbations on the asymmetric flow past a slender body has been conducted for laminar flow conditions. Beads with diameters ranging from 3/32 to 12/32 in. were attached near the apex of a cone/cylinder model having a base diameter of 3.5 in. and a cone semiapex angle of 9 deg at an angle of attack of 40 deg in an attempt to alter the sense of the asymmetric vortex flow pattern. Circumferential position as well as longitudinal location were varied to determine the most effective bead position. Whether or not the beads were effective in controlling the magnitude and direction of the vortex asymmetries was determined by 3 circumferential rows of pressure taps and by a helium-bubble flow visualization technique. The most effective circumferential position was found to be approximately 140 deg from the windward ray. While holding this circumferential position constant, the effect of bead size at three stations further along the body was also investigated. It was found that the size of the bead necessary to reverse the asymmetry increased more rapidly than the growth in cylinder radius. In general, these results indicate that discrete geometric imperfections on a body's surface can force asymmetry in a given direction if they are sufficiently large relative to the local radius.

Moskovitz, Cary A.↗

Numerical simulation of a subsonic jet in a crossflow

The aerodynamic/propulsive interaction between a subsonic jet exhausting perpendicularly through a flat plate into a crossflow is investigated numerically using an approximately factored, partially flux-split, implicit solver for the three-dimensional, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. This algorithm is applied to flows with a range of jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios between 4 and 8. The computations model the jet trajectory, the contrarotating vortex pair and the wake region near the plate downstream of the jet orifice. Both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the existing experimental database are demonstrated. Flow visualization is instructive for understanding the physics of this flowfield.

Roth, Karlin R.↗

Techniques used in the F-14 variable-sweep transition flight experiment

This paper discusses and evaluates the test measurement techniques used to determine the laminar-to-turbulent boundary-layer transition location in the F-14 variable-sweep transition flight experiment (VSTFE). The main objective of the VSTFE was to determine the effects of wing sweep on the laminar-to-turbulent transition location at conditions representative of transport aircraft. Four methods were used to determine the transition location: (1) a hot-film anemometer system, (2) two boundary-layer rakes, (3) surface pitot tubes, and (4) liquid crystals for flow visualization. Of the four methods, the hot-film anemometer system was the most reliable indicator of transition.

Trujillo Anderson, Bianca↗

Lateral jet injection into swirling combustor flowfields

An experimental program has been conducted to ascertain the effects of the number of lateral jets, the jet velocity ratio, and the crossflow swirl strength, on the isothermal flowfield patterns in jets injected normally to a round-section crossflow. Attention has been given to the trajectory, penetration, and mixing efficiency of the lateral injection, using flow visualization, pitot-probe and hot-wire methods. In addition, such predictive techniques as a simple, explicit, fully three-dimensional turbulent computer code have been employed.

Lilley, David G.↗

Experimental studies in vortex pair motion coincident with a liquid reaction

An experimental examination of the coincidence of a liquid reaction (acid/base) with the formation of a vortex pair structure is described in which emphasis is placed on the evolution of the strained diffusion layer and reacted core structures. Flow visualization of the reaction process is achieved via the technique of chemically sensitive LIF. The observed growth of reacted core structures associated with each vortex is compared with theoretically predicted behavior (Marble, 1983; Karagozian and Marble, 1986). Vortex pair separation is also compared with theoretical correlations, and the relevance of the analogy between a fast liquid reaction and a gaseous reaction is discussed.

Karagozian, A. R.↗

Numerical analysis of three-dimensional viscous internal flows

A 3-D Navier-Stokes code has been developed for analysis of turbomachinery blade rows and other internal flows. The Navier-Stokes equations are written in a Cartesian coordinate system rotating about the x-axis, and then mapped to a general body-fitted coordinate system. Streamwise viscous terms are neglected using the thin-layer assumption, and turbulence effects are modeled using the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The equations are discretized using finite differences on stacked C-type grids and are solved using a multistage Runge-Kutta algorithm with a spatially-varying time step and implicit residual smoothing. Calculations have been made of a horseshoe vortex formed in front of a flat plate with a round leading edge standing in a turbulent endwall boundary layer. Comparisons are made with experimental data taken by Eckerle and Langston for a circular cylinder under similar conditions. Computer and measured results are compared in terms of endwall flow visualization pictures and total pressure loss contours and vector plots on the symmetry plane. Calculated details of the primary vortex show excellent agreement with the experimental data. The calculations also show a small secondary vortex not seen experimentally.

Chima, Rodrick V.↗

Experimental study of unsteadiness of the flow around an ogive-cylinder at incidence

Flow visualization, surface mounted pressure transducers and hot-wires anemometers have been used to measure the leeside vortex flowfield on an ogive-cylinder at high angles of attack. The results show that there is a high degree of flowfield unsteadiness which arises due to several phenomena. The phenomena include large scale von Karman-type shedding, high frequency pressure and velocity fluctuations indicative of the presence of free shear-layer vortices, and a vortex interaction. The effects of position along the body, angle of attack and wind tunnel speed on the surface pressure and velocity in the wake have been investigated.

Degani, D.↗

Two-mirrored galvanometer laser light sheet generator

Light sheets generated with either laser or noncoherent sources have found widespread application to flow visualization. Previous light sheet generating systems were usually dedicated to a specific viewing geometry. The technique with the most flexibility is the galvanometer mirror based laser light sheet system. A two-mirrored system was designed and developed to provide flexibility and adaptability to a wide range of applications. The design includes the capability to control the size and location of the laser light sheet in real time, to generate horizontal or vertical sheets, to sweep the sheet repeatedly through a volume, to generate multiple sheets with controllable separation and to rotate single or multiple laser light sheets. The system is capable of producing up to 12 sheets of laser light at an angular divergence of + or - 20 degrees. Maximum scan rate of any one line is 500 Hertz. This system has proven to be uniquely versatile and a patent has been applied for.

Leighty, B. D.↗

Electronic Rotator For Sheet Of Laser Light

Primary flow-visualization system in Basic Aerodynamic Research Tunnel (BART) at NASA Langley Research Center is sheet of laser light generated by 5-W argon-ion laser and two-axis mirror galvanometer scanner. Generates single and multiple sheets of light, which remain stationary or driven to sweep out volume. Sine/cosine potentiometer used to orient two galvanometer/mirror devices simultaneously and yields desired result at reasonable cost and incorporated into prototype in 1 day.

Franke, John M.↗

Experimental results for the Eppler 387 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel

Experimental results were obtained for an Eppler 387 airfoil in the Langley Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. The tests were conducted over a Mach number range from 0.03 to 0.13 and a chord Reynolds number range for 60,000 to 460,000. Lift and pitching moment data were obtained from airfoil surface pressure measurements and drag data for wake surveys. Oil flow visualization was used to determine laminar separation and turbulent reattachment locations. Comparisons of these results with data on the Eppler 387 airfoil from two other facilities as well as the Eppler airfoil code are included.

Mcghee, Robert J.↗

Summary of an experimental investigation on the ground vortex

The results of an experimental investigation into the position and characteristics of the ground vortex are summarized. A 48-inch wind tunnel was modified to create a testing environment suitable for the ground vortex study. Flow visualization was used to document the jet-crossflow interaction and a two-component Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) was used to survey the flowfield in detail. Measurements of the ground vortex characteristics and location as a function of freestream-to-jet velocity ratio, jet height, pressure gradient and upstream boundary layer thickness were obtained.

Billet, Michael L.↗

Hardware development for the surface tension driven convection experiment aboard the USML-1 spacelab mission

The Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment is a Space Transportation System flight experiment to study both transient and steady thermocapillary fluid flows aboard the USML-1 Spacelab mission planned for March 1992. Hardware is under development to establish the experimental conditions and perform the specified measurements, for both ground based research and the flight experiment in a Spacelab single rack. Major development areas include an infrared thermal imaging system for surface temperature measurement, a CO2 laser and control system for surface heating, and for flow visualization, a He-Ne laser and optical system in conjunction with an intensified video camera. For ground based work the components of each system were purchased or designed, and tested individually. The three systems will be interfaced with the balance of the experimental hardware and will constitute a working engineering model. A description of the three systems and examples of the component performance is given along with the plans for the development of flight hardware.

Pline, A. D.↗

An experimental study of near wall flow parameters in the blade end-wall corner region

The near wall flow parameters in the blade end-wall corner region is investigated. The blade end-wall corner region was simulated by mounting an airfoil section (NACA 65-015 base profile) symmetric blades on both sides of the flat plate with semi-circular leading edge. The initial 7 cm from the leading edge of the flat plate was roughened by gluing No. 4 floor sanding paper to artificially increase the boundary layer thickness on the flat plate. The initial flow conditions of the boundary layer upstream of the corner region are expected to dictate the behavior of flow inside the corner region. Therefore, an experimental investigation was extended to study the combined effect of initial roughness and increased level of free stream turbulence on the development of a 2-D turbulent boundary layer in the absence of the blade. The measurement techniques employed in the present investigation included, the conventional pitot and pitot-static probes, wall taps, the Preston tube, piezoresistive transducer and the normal sensor hot-wire probe. The pitot and pitot-static probes were used to obtain mean velocity profile measurements within the boundary layer. The measurements of mean surface static pressure were obtained with the surface static tube and the conventional wall tap method. The wall shear vector measurements were made with a specially constructed Preston tube. The flush mounted piezoresistive type pressure transducer were employed to measure the wall pressure fluctuation field. The velocity fluctuation measurements, used in obtaining the wall pressure-velocity correlation data, were made with normal single sensor hot-wire probe. At different streamwise stations, in the blade end-wall corner region, the mean values of surface static pressure varied more on the end-wall surface in the corner region were mainly caused by the changes in the curvature of the streamlines. The magnitude of the wall shear stress in the blade end-wall corner region increased significantly in the close vicinity of the corner line. The maximum value of the wall shear stress and its location from the corner line, on both the surfaces forming the corner region, were observed to change along the corner. These observed changes in the maximum values of the wall shear stress and its location from the corner line could be associated with the stretching and attenuation of the horseshoe vortex. The wall shear stress vectors in the blade end-wall corner region were observed to be more skewed on the end-wall surface as compared to that on the blade surface. The differences in the wall shear stress directions obtained with the Preston tube and flow visualization method were within the range in which the Preston tube was found to be insensitive to the yaw angle.

Bhargava, Rakesh K.↗

Behavior in normal and reduced gravity of an enclosed liquid/gas system with nonuniform heating from above

The temperature and velocity fields have been investigated for a single-phase gas system and a two-layer gas-and-liquid system enclosed in a circular cylinder being heated suddenly and nonuniformly from above. The transient response of the gas, liquid, and container walls was modelled numerically in normal and reduced gravity (10 to the -5 g). Verification of the model was accomplished via flow visualization experiments in 10 cm high by 10 cm diameter plexiglass cylinders.

Ross, H. D.↗