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At least 1,387 records · Page 77

Revisiting the reactivity between HCO and CH 3 on interstellar grain surfaces

The formation of interstellar complex organic molecules is currently thought to be dominated by the barrierless coupling between radicals on the interstellar icy grain surfaces. Previous standard density functional theory (DFT) results on the reactivity between CH 3 and HCO on amorphous water surfaces showed that the formation of CH 4 + CO by H transfer from HCO to CH 3 assisted by water molecules of the ice was the dominant channel. In contrast, the adopted description of the electronic structure of the biradical (i.e. CH 3 /HCO) system was inadequate [without the broken-symmetry (BS) approach]. In this work, we revisit the original results by means of BS-DFT both in gas phase and with one water molecule simulating the role of the ice. Results indicate that the adoption of BS-DFT is mandatory to describe properly biradical systems. In the presence of the single water molecule, the water-assisted H transfer exhibits a high energy barrier. In contrast, CH 3 CHO formation is found to be barrierless. Yet, direct H transfer from HCO to CH 3 to give CO and CH 4 presents a very low energy barrier, hence being a potential competitive channel to the radical coupling and indicating, moreover, that the physical insights of the original work remain valid.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Cold ion beam in a storage ring as a platform for large-scale quantum computers and simulators: Challenges and directions for research and development

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of constructing a large-scale storage-ring-type ion-trap system capable of storing, cooling, and controlling a large number of ions as a platform for scalable quantum computing (QC) and quantum simulations. In such a trap, the ions form a crystalline beam moving along a circular path with a constant velocity determined by the frequency and intensity of the cooling lasers. In this paper, we consider a large leap forward in terms of the number of ions that serve as qubits in QC, from fewer than 100 available in state of the art linear ion-trap devices today to an order of 10 5 crystallized ions in the storage-ring setup. This new trap design unifies two different concepts: the storage rings of charged particles and the linear ion traps used for QC and mass spectrometry. In this paper, we use the language of particle accelerators to discuss the ion state and dynamics. We outline the differences between the above concepts, analyze challenges of the large ring with a revolving chain of ions, and propose goals for the research and development required to enable future quantum computers with 1000 times more qubits than available today. The challenge of creating such a large-scale quantum system while maintaining the necessary coherence of the qubits and the high fidelity of quantum logic operations is significant. Performing analog quantum simulations may be an achievable initial goal for such a device. Quantum calculations and simulations of complex quantum systems will move forward both the fundamental science and the applied research. Nuclear and particle physics, many-body quantum systems, lattice gauge theories, and nuclear structure calculations are just a few examples in which a large-scale quantum simulation system will become a very powerful tool to move forward our understanding of nature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Magnetization Process of Atacamite: A Case of Weakly Coupled S = 1/2 Sawtooth Chains

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the mineral atacamite Cu 2 Cl(OH) 3 . Density-functional theory yields a Hamiltonian describing anisotropic sawtooth chains with weak 3D connections. Experimentally, we fully characterize the antiferromagnetically ordered state. Here, magnetic order shows a complex evolution with the magnetic field, while, starting at 31.5 T, we observe a plateaulike magnetization at about M sat /2. Based on complementary theoretical approaches, we show that the latter is unrelated to the known magnetization plateau of a sawtooth chain. Instead, we provide evidence that the magnetization process in atacamite is a field-driven canting of a 3D network of weakly coupled sawtooth chains that form giant moments.

1-dimensional spin chains↗

Advanced Electronic Structure Theories for Strongly Correlated Ground and Excited States

The aim of this project was to create widely applicable, numerically robust, and systematically improvable multireference theories based on the Driven Similarity Renormalization Group (DSRG). The DSRG is a many-body formalism recently developed in our lab that maps a complex problem involving strongly and weakly interacting electrons to a simpler one in which a few electrons interact strongly via "renormalized" interactions. During this project, we focused our efforts on developing a multireference version of the DSRG (MR-DSRG) applicable to a wide range of problems in theoretical chemistry, including the computation of global ground and excited potential energy surfaces, spin-splittings in transition metal complexes and predicting the interaction of near-degenerate electronically excited states.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Iron Carbonyl Complexes of [2.2.2]Hericene as a Rigid Tris(1,3-diene) Ligand

Hericene is an unusual hexaolefin consisting of three 1,3-diene units located on a rigid bicyclo [2.2.2]octane framework that restricts the geometrical relationships of metal atoms bonded to these olefinic units. In order to explore possible effects of this rigidity limiting metal–metal interaction in polynuclear derivatives possibly stabilizing coordinatively unsaturated species, the structures and energetics of the hericene iron carbonyl complexes (hericene)Fem(CO)n (m = 1, n = 3; m = 2, n = 6, 5; m = 3, n = 9, 8) have been investigated by density functional theory. The lowest-energy (hericene)Fem(CO)3m (m = 1, 2, 3) structures have the cavities of the hericene ligand filled with a single Fe(CO)3 moiety bonded to a 1,3-diolefin unit. Such species have been synthesized by the reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with hericene. For the (hericene)Fe2(CO)5 system, the lowest energy structures are singlet structures with an Fe(CO)3 unit bonded to a 1,3-diene unit in one hericene cavity and an Fe(CO)2 unit in another hericene cavity bonded to three C=C double bonds from two 1,3-diene units. Higher energy (hericene)Fe2(CO)5 structures include a structure in which a single hericene cavity contains a Fe2(CO)4(µ-CO) moiety with each iron atom bonded to a 1,3-diene unit. In addition, both singlet and triplet (hericene)Fe2(CO)5 structures are found in which an Fe(CO)3 moiety and an Fe(CO)2 moiety located in separate hericene cavities are each bonded to a 1,3-diene unit. The lowest-energy (hericene)Fe3(CO)8 structures have two hericene cavities containing Fe(CO)3 moieties fully bonded to 1,3-diene units and a third hericene cavity containing an Fe(CO)2 moiety fully bonded to a 1,3-diene unit.

Luo, Jinfeng↗

Ultraviolet complex refractive index of Martian dust Laboratory measurements of terrestrial analogs

The optical complex index of refraction of four candidate Martian surface materials has been determined between 0.185 and 0.4 microns using a modified Kubelka-Munk scattering theory. The cadidate materials were limonite, andesite, montmorillonite, and basalt. The effect of scattering has been removed from the results. Also presented are diffuse reflection and transmission data on these samples.

Egan, W. G.↗

Timing of solar cycles by rigid internal rotations

The so-called 11-year cycle of solar activity is really more complex and contains many periods of greatly different lengths. Periods as long as 178 years and as short as 3.1 years are predicted by a theory based on beats between rigidly rotating, inertially oscillating g-modes inside the sun. Most of the beat periods are then confirmed to about 1 percent accuracy in sunspot observations. Since the agreement is of high statistical significance, one can conclude that approximate alignment of major solar oscillation modes contributes to high solar activity. The theory receives further support when tested against an independent class of observations - the large-scale magnetic sector structure. Predicted rotation rates of at least four solar oscillation modes are detected in the sector data with discrepancies all less than 0.3 percent. As a by-product of these successful fits to observation, the mean rotation of the entire solar mass becomes known. Its rotation frequency is 4.49 by 10 to the -7th power Hz, which is a sidereal period of 25.8 days. Magnetic fields have played no role in calculating the length of any of these solar cycles.

Wolff, C. L.↗

Forwardscattering corrections for optical extinction measurements in aerosol media. I - Monodispersions

A parametric investigation of forwardscattering corrections applicable to experimentally determined optical extinction coefficients in homogeneous aerosol media is discussed for the case of monodispersion. Assuming forwardscattering to be a single-scattering phenomenon, corrections are made by two methods: one employing the exact Mie theory, the other employing the approximate Rayleigh diffraction formula. The corrections are evaluated as functions of particle size, the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index, and the half-angle of the detector view cone.

Deepak, A.↗

Re-examination of cumulative fatigue damage analysis: An engineering perspective

A method which has evolved in our laboratories for the past 20 yr is re-examined with the intent of improving its accuracy and simplicity of application to engineering problems. Several modifications are introduced both to the analytical formulation of the Damage Curve Approach, and to the procedure for modifying this approach to achieve a Double Linear Damage Rule formulation which immensely simplifies the calculation. Improvements are also introduced in the treatment of mean stress for determining fatigue life of the individual events that enter into a complex loading history. While the procedure is completely consistent with the results of numerous two level tests that have been conducted on many materials, it is still necessary to verify applicability to complex loading histories. Caution is expressed that certain phenomena can also influence the applicability - for example, unusual deformation and fracture modes inherent in complex loading - especially if stresses are multiaxial. Residual stresses at crack tips, and metallurgical factors are also important in creating departures from the cumulative damage theories; examples of departures are provided.

Manson, S. S.↗

Stress analysis of gas turbine engine structures using the boundary element method

The theory of the boundary element method is briefly reviewed with particular reference to the feasibility of elastic and inelastic three-dimensional stress analysis of complex structures characteristic of gas turbine engine components. Particular requirements of gas turbine analysis are defined, and examples of the use of a boundary element code designed for the three-dimensional stress analysis of turbine components are presented. It is shown that the general-purpose boundary element code can accurately and efficiently analyze many of the gas turbine engine structures.

Wilson, R. B.↗

Re-examination of cumulative fatigue damage analysis - An engineering perspective

A method which has evolved in the laboratories for the past 20 yr is re-examined with the intent of improving its accuracy and simplicity of application to engineering problems. Several modifications are introduced both to the analytical formulation of the Damage Curve Approach, and to the procedure for modifying this approach to achieve a Double Linear Damage Rule formulation which immensely simplifies the calculation. Improvements are also introduced in the treatment of mean stress for determining fatigue life of the individual events that enter into a complex loading history. While the procedure is completely consistent with the results of numerous two level tests that have been conducted on many materials, it is still necessary to verify applicability to complex loading histories. Caution is expressed that certain phenomenon can also influence the applicability - for example, unusual deformation and fracture modes inherent in complex loading especially if stresses are multiaxial. Residual stresses at crack tips, and metallurgical factors are also important in creating departures from the cumulative damage theories; examples of departures are provided.

Manson, S. S.↗

Continuing the biological exploration of Mars

Mars has been an object of interest for the better part of this century. To a biologist, Mars assumes special importance because many aspects of the theory of chemical evolution for the origin of life can be tested there. The central idea of this theory is that life on a suitable planet arises through a process in which the so-called biogenic elements combine to form increasingly more complex molecules under the influence of naturally-occurring energy sources ultimately resulting in the formation of replicating organic molecules. The biogenic elements are present on Mars today. Furthermore, the available evidence also strongly suggests that Mars may have had an early history similar to that of the Earth, including a period in which large amounts of liquid water once flowed on its surface and a denser atmosphere and higher global temperatures prevailed. This is important since many lines of evidence indicate that living organisms were already present on the Earth within the first billion years after its formation at a time when the environment on Mars may have closely resembled that of Earth. Our current knowledge of the state of chemical evolution on Mars can best be described as paradoxical. Most of what we have learned has come from experiments performed on the Viking landers. The combination of planned investigations covered a broad range of techniques to detect signs of chemical evolution. The most surprising data from all of these was the absence of any detectable quantities of organic compounds at the two landing sites. On the other hand, the Viking experiments did indicate that the Martian surface samples contained unidentified strong oxidant(s) that could account for their absence.

Klein, Harold P.↗

Stability of generally stiffened anisotropic noncircular cylinders

Continuous filament grid-stiffened structure is a stiffening concept that combines structural efficiency and damage tolerance. However, finite element design of such structures against buckling is expensive due to the complexities of the structure. An analytical model of such a structure is developed using a penalty method (artificial springs) with a first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The buckling analysis under combined loadings is done using energy method with a penalty/Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The penalty/Rayleigh-Ritz approach is computationally less demanding when compared to the finite element solution and mesh generation. Apart from the published research works on buckling of stiffened plates and shells by finite element and finite strips, research works on buckling of stiffened plates and shells utilize three different approaches; smeared, column, and discrete approaches. The discrete approach considers the discrete effects of the stiffeners in the buckling behavior by modeling stiffeners as line of bending (EI) and torsion (GJ) stiffnesses on panel skin. Some local deformations are lost when stiffeners are modeled as (EI) and (GJ) stiffeners. This approach becomes difficult in the case of plate stiffened in more than two directions. Most of the work done using the discrete approach involved the Classical Plate Theory (CLPT) rather than the FSDT. We report on our formulation of a discrete approach coupled with a penalty formulation and FSDT.

Sobh, Nahil Atef↗

Flexible high speed CODEC

HARRIS, under contract with NASA Lewis, has developed a hard decision BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) triple error correcting block CODEC ASIC, that can be used in either a bursted or continuous mode. the ASIC contains both encoder and decoder functions, programmable lock thresholds, and PSK related functions. The CODEC provides up to 4 dB of coding gain for data rates up to 300 Mbps. The overhead is selectable from 7/8 to 15/16 resulting in minimal band spreading, for a given BER. Many of the internal calculations are brought out enabling the CODEC to be incorporated in more complex designs. The ASIC has been tested in BPSK, QPSK and 16-ary PSK link simulators and found to perform to within 0.1 dB of theory for BER's of 10(exp -2) to 10(exp -9). The ASIC itself, being a hard decision CODEC, is not limited to PSK modulation formats. Unlike most hard decision CODEC's, the HARRIS CODEC doesn't upgrade BER performance significantly at high BER's but rather becomes transparent.

Wernlund, James V.↗

Fuzzy logic based robotic controller

Existing Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) robotic controllers rely on an inverse kinematic model to convert user-specified cartesian trajectory coordinates to joint variables. These joints experience friction, stiction, and gear backlash effects. Due to lack of proper linearization of these effects, modern control theory based on state space methods cannot provide adequate control for robotic systems. In the presence of loads, the dynamic behavior of robotic systems is complex and nonlinear, especially where mathematical modeling is evaluated for real-time operators. Fuzzy Logic Control is a fast emerging alternative to conventional control systems in situations where it may not be feasible to formulate an analytical model of the complex system. Fuzzy logic techniques track a user-defined trajectory without having the host computer to explicitly solve the nonlinear inverse kinematic equations. The goal is to provide a rule-based approach, which is closer to human reasoning. The approach used expresses end-point error, location of manipulator joints, and proximity to obstacles as fuzzy variables. The resulting decisions are based upon linguistic and non-numerical information. This paper presents a solution to the conventional robot controller which is independent of computationally intensive kinematic equations. Computer simulation results of this approach as obtained from software implementation are also discussed.

Attia, F.↗

Studies on Stress-Strain Relationships of Polymeric Materials Used in Space Applications

A two-year research plan was undertaken in association with Polymers Branch, NASA Glenn Research Center, to carry out experimental and modeling work relating stress and strain behavior of polymeric materials, especially elastomers and vulcanized rubber. An experimental system based on MTS (Mechanical Testing and Simulation) A/T-4 test facility environment has been developed for a broader range of polymeric materials in addition to a design of laser compatible temperature control chamber for online measurements of various strains. Necessary material processing has been accomplished including rubber compounding and thermoplastic elastomer processing via injection molding. A broad suite of testing methodologies has been identified to reveal the complex non-linear mechanical behaviors of rubbery materials when subjected to complex modes of deformation. This suite of tests required the conceptualization, design and development of new specimen geometries, test fixtures, and test systems including development of a new laser based technique to measure large multi-axial deformations. Test data has been generated for some of these new fixtures and has revealed some complex coupling effects generated during multi-axial deformations. In addition, fundamental research has been conducted concerning the foundation principles of rubber thermodynamics and resulting theories of rubber elasticity. Studies have been completed on morphological properties of several thermoplastic elastomers. Finally, a series of steps have been identified to further advance the goals of NASA's ongoing effort.

Jana, Sadhan C.↗

Distributed Computing Architecture for Image-Based Wavefront Sensing and 2 D FFTs

Image-based wavefront sensing (WFS) provides significant advantages over interferometric-based wavefi-ont sensors such as optical design simplicity and stability. However, the image-based approach is computational intensive, and therefore, specialized high-performance computing architectures are required in applications utilizing the image-based approach. The development and testing of these high-performance computing architectures are essential to such missions as James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Terrestial Planet Finder-Coronagraph (TPF-C and CorSpec), and Spherical Primary Optical Telescope (SPOT). The development of these specialized computing architectures require numerous two-dimensional Fourier Transforms, which necessitate an all-to-all communication when applied on a distributed computational architecture. Several solutions for distributed computing are presented with an emphasis on a 64 Node cluster of DSPs, multiple DSP FPGAs, and an application of low-diameter graph theory. Timing results and performance analysis will be presented. The solutions offered could be applied to other all-to-all communication and scientifically computationally complex problems.

Smith, Jeffrey S.↗

AL4GAP: Active learning workflow for generating DFT-SCAN accurate machine-learning potentials for combinatorial molten salt mixtures

Machine learning interatomic potentials have emerged as a powerful tool for bypassing the spatiotemporal limitations of ab initio simulations, but major challenges remain in their efficient parameterization. We present AL4GAP, an ensemble active learning software workflow for generating multicomposition Gaussian approximation potentials (GAP) for arbitrary molten salt mixtures. The workflow capabilities include: (1) setting up user-defined combinatorial chemical spaces of charge neutral mixtures of arbitrary molten mixtures spanning 11 cations (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and two heavy species, Nd, and Th) and 4 anions (F, Cl, Br, and I), (2) configurational sampling using low-cost empirical parameterizations, (3) active learning for down-selecting configurational samples for single point density functional theory calculations at the level of Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) exchange-correlation functional, and (4) Bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning of two-body and many-body GAP models. Here, we apply the AL4GAP workflow to showcase high throughput generation of five independent GAP models for multicomposition binary-mixture melts, each of increasing complexity with respect to charge valency and electronic structure, namely: LiCl–KCl, NaCl–CaCl 2 , KCl–NdCl 3 , CaCl 2 –NdCl 3 , and KCl–ThCl 4 . Our results indicate that GAP models can accurately predict structure for diverse molten salt mixture with density functional theory (DFT)-SCAN accuracy, capturing the intermediate range ordering characteristic of the multivalent cationic melts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗