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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,369 records · Page 76

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NASA NTRS1992

Designers' unified cost model

The Structures Technology Program Office (STPO) at NASA LaRC has initiated development of a conceptual and preliminary designers' cost prediction model. The model will provide a technically sound method for evaluating the relative cost of different composite structural designs, fabrication processes, and assembly methods that can be compared to equivalent metallic parts or assemblies. The feasibility of developing cost prediction software in a modular form for interfacing with state-of-the-art preliminary design tools and computer aided design programs is being evaluated. The goal of this task is to establish theoretical cost functions that relate geometric design features to summed material cost and labor content in terms of process mechanics and physics. The output of the designers' present analytical tools will be input for the designers' cost prediction model to provide the designer with a database and deterministic cost methodology that allows one to trade and synthesize designs with both cost and weight as objective functions for optimization. This paper presents the team members, approach, goals, plans, and progress to date for development of COSTADE (Cost Optimization Software for Transport Aircraft Design Evaluation).

Freeman, W.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Iron charge states in the solar wind as measured by SMS on Wind

The Wind spacecraft was launched in November 1994. In the first half of 1995 it was in the interplanetary medium upstream of the Earth. The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Experiment (SMS) on Wind consists of three sensors, the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS), the Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS), and the high mass resolution spectrometer (MASS). All three instruments utilize electrostatic deflection combined with time-of-flight measurement. The data from these three sensors allows the determination of the ionic composition of the solar wind in a variety of solar wind conditions over a large energy/charge range (0.5 to 230 keV/e). We have examined the Wind database for time periods conducive to observing solar wind iron. With the high mass resolution of the MASS spectrometer (M/Delta-M greater than 100) iron is easily identified while the electrostatic deflection provides information concerning the mass/charge distribution. We present here the relative abundance of iron charge states in the solar wind near 1 AU.

Galvin, A. B.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Satellite and Surface Data Synergy for Developing a 3D Cloud Structure and Properties Characterization Over the ARM SGP. Stage 1: Cloud Amounts, Optical Depths, and Cloud Heights Reconciliation

One of the primary Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program objectives is to obtain measurements applicable to the development of models for better understanding of radiative processes in the atmosphere. We address this goal by building a three-dimensional (3D) characterization of the cloud structure and properties over the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP). We take the approach of juxtaposing the cloud properties as retrieved from independent satellite and ground-based retrievals, and looking at the statistics of the cloud field properties. Once these retrievals are well understood, they will be used to populate the 3D characterization database. As a first step we determine the relationship between surface fractional sky cover and satellite viewing angle dependent cloud fraction (CF). We elaborate on the agreement intercomparing optical depth (OD) datasets from satellite and ground using available retrieval algorithms with relation to the CF, cloud height, multi-layer cloud presence, and solar zenith angle (SZA). For the SGP Central Facility, where output from the active remote sensing cloud layer (ARSCL) valueadded product (VAP) is available, we study the uncertainty of satellite estimated cloud heights and evaluate the impact of this uncertainty for radiative studies.

Genkova, I.↗

NASA NTRS2002

The D3 Middleware Architecture

DARWIN is a NASA developed, Internet-based system for enabling aerospace researchers to securely and remotely access and collaborate on the analysis of aerospace vehicle design data, primarily the results of wind-tunnel testing and numeric (e.g., computational fluid-dynamics) model executions. DARWIN captures, stores and indexes data; manages derived knowledge (such as visualizations across multiple datasets); and provides an environment for designers to collaborate in the analysis of test results. DARWIN is an interesting application because it supports high-volumes of data. integrates multiple modalities of data display (e.g., images and data visualizations), and provides non-trivial access control mechanisms. DARWIN enables collaboration by allowing not only sharing visualizations of data, but also commentary about and views of data. Here we provide an overview of the architecture of D3, the third generation of DARWIN. Earlier versions of DARWIN were characterized by browser-based interfaces and a hodge-podge of server technologies: CGI scripts, applets, PERL, and so forth. But browsers proved difficult to control, and a proliferation of computational mechanisms proved inefficient and difficult to maintain. D3 substitutes a pure-Java approach for that medley: A Java client communicates (though RMI over HTTPS) with a Java-based application server. Code on the server accesses information from JDBC databases, distributed LDAP security services, and a collaborative information system. D3 is a three tier-architecture, but unlike 'E-commerce' applications, the data usage pattern suggests different strategies than traditional Enterprise Java Beans - we need to move volumes of related data together, considerable processing happens on the client, and the 'business logic' on the server-side is primarily data integration and collaboration. With D3, we are extending DARWIN to handle other data domains and to be a distributed system, where a single login allows a user transparent access to test results from multiple servers and authority domains.

Walton, Joan↗

DOE OSTI2026

Reservoir Sediment Management and Monitoring Database

Overview This dataset compiles dam sediment management and monitoring information from surveys, case studies, and journal articles. Additionally, features described by the National Inventory of Dams (i.e., presence of sluice gates) are included to indicate known infrastructure features that may address sediment releases. The location and description of records from downstream monitoring gages are catalogued in order to help with tracking conditions over time (e.g., before and after management actions, as operations change, etc.). The data help address national scale understanding of challenges and solutions related to the accumulation of sediment behind a dam as well as downstream passage. Sediment trapping causes problems as it reduces storage capacity, disrupts dam and reservoir function, impedes access for recreation, alters water quality/habitat conditions, and contributes to riverbank and coastal erosion within the reservoir. Data compilation from a variety of sources is a first step towards assessing system-wide efficacy of management solutions. This dataset was developed under the Water Power Technologies Office funded effort which began as a Seedling on Reservoir Sedimentation Data, and was supported by the Reservoir Sedimentation Modeling Framework and Data Analysis project. These projects have addressed challenges in describing sediment transport, trapping, and management at dams throughout the US. Methodology An outer join on dams/reservoirs with surveys and survey reports (documented in the RESSED database, USBR or USACE databases, project websites, etc.) with the National Inventory of Dams, based on the NIDID to determine dams with documented management and/or sluice gates. Additional dams with documented management activity were identified through review of technical articles from the past 25 years in Journal of Hydrology, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Geomorphology, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Water, Journal of Cleaner Production, International Journal of Sediment Research, Nature Scientific Reports, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, and Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Individual records were created for each survey or management activity documented. To evaluate downstream sediment monitoring records, the nhdPlusTools and dataRetrieval packages in R were used to find gages within 10km of each dam in the management database. Length of record and location of matched gages were retrieved for those parameters relevant to sediment concentration or total sediment discharge.

Hansen, Carly [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000193280838)↗

DOE OSTI2019

Robust observations of land-to-atmosphere feedbacks using the information flows of FLUXNET

Feedbacks between atmospheric processes like precipitation and land surface fluxes including evapotranspiration are difficult to observe, but critical for understanding the role of the land surface in the Earth System. To quantify global surface-atmosphere feedbacks we use results of a process network (PN) applied to 251 eddy covariance sites from the LaThuile database to train a neural network across the global terrestrial surface. There is a strong land–atmosphere coupling between latent (LE) and sensible heat flux (H) and precipitation (P) during summer months in temperate regions, and between H and P during winter, whereas tropical rainforests show little coupling seasonality. Savanna, shrubland, and other semi-arid ecosystems exhibit strong responses in their coupling behavior based on water availability. Feedback couplings from surface fluxes to P peaks at aridity (P/potential evapotranspiration ET p ) values near unity, whereas coupling with respect to clouds, inferred from reduced global radiation, increases as P/ET p approaches zero. Spatial patterns in feedback coupling strength are related to climatic zone and biome type. Information flow statistics highlight hotspots of (1) persistent land–atmosphere coupling in sub-Saharan Africa, (2) boreal summer coupling in the central and southwestern US, Brazil, and the Congo basin and (3) in the southern Andes, South Africa and Australia during austral summer. Our data-driven approach to quantifying land atmosphere coupling strength that leverages the global FLUXNET database and information flow statistics provides a basis for verification of feedback interactions in general circulation models and for predicting locations where land cover change will feedback to climate or weather.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2014

Characterizing the structure of diffuse emission in Hi-GAL maps

We present a study of the structure of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) through the Δ-variance technique, related to the power spectrum and the fractal properties of infrared/submillimeter maps. Through this method, it is possible to provide quantitative parameters, which are useful for characterizing different morphological and physical conditions, and better constraining the theoretical models. In this respect, the Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey, carried out at five photometric bands from 70 to 500 μm, constitutes a unique database for applying statistical tools to a variety of regions across the Milky Way. In this paper, we derive a robust estimate of the power-law portion of the power spectrum of four contiguous 2° × 2° Hi-GAL tiles located in the third Galactic quadrant (217° ≲ ℓ ≲ 225°, –2° ≲ b ≲ 0°). The low level of confusion along the line of sight, testified by CO observations, makes this region an ideal case. We find very different values for the power spectrum slope from tile to tile but also from wavelength to wavelength (2 ≲ β ≲ 3), with similarities between fields attributable to components located at the same distance. Thanks to comparisons with models of turbulence, an explanation of the determined slopes in terms of the fractal geometry is also provided, and possible relations with the underlying physics are investigated. In particular, an anti-correlation between ISM fractal dimension and star formation efficiency is found for the two main distance components observed in these fields. A possible link between the fractal properties of the diffuse emission and the resulting clump mass function is discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1999

Predicting cancer rates in astronauts from animal carcinogenesis studies and cellular markers

The radiation space environment includes particles such as protons and multiple species of heavy ions, with much of the exposure to these radiations occurring at extremely low average dose-rates. Limitations in databases needed to predict cancer hazards in human beings from such radiations are significant and currently do not provide confidence that such predictions are acceptably precise or accurate. In this article, we outline the need for animal carcinogenesis data based on a more sophisticated understanding of the dose-response relationship for induction of cancer and correlative cellular endpoints by representative space radiations. We stress the need for a model that can interrelate human and animal carcinogenesis data with cellular mechanisms. Using a broad model for dose-response patterns which we term the "subalpha-alpha-omega (SAO) model", we explore examples in the literature for radiation-induced cancer and for radiation-induced cellular events to illustrate the need for data that define the dose-response patterns more precisely over specific dose ranges, with special attention to low dose, low dose-rate exposure. We present data for multiple endpoints in cells, which vary in their radiosensitivity, that also support the proposed model. We have measured induction of complex chromosome aberrations in multiple cell types by two space radiations, Fe-ions and protons, and compared these to photons delivered at high dose-rate or low dose-rate. Our data demonstrate that at least three factors modulate the relative efficacy of Fe-ions compared to photons: (i) intrinsic radiosensitivity of irradiated cells; (ii) dose-rate; and (iii) another unspecified effect perhaps related to reparability of DNA lesions. These factors can produce respectively up to at least 7-, 6- and 3-fold variability. These data demonstrate the need to understand better the role of intrinsic radiosensitivity and dose-rate effects in mammalian cell response to ionizing radiation. Such understanding is critical in extrapolating databases between cellular response, animal carcinogenesis and human carcinogenesis, and we suggest that the SAO model is a useful tool for such extrapolation.

Non-NASA Center↗

DOE OSTI2016

Modern Radiation Therapy and Cardiac Outcomes in Breast Cancer

Purpose: Adjuvant radiation therapy, which has proven benefit against breast cancer, has historically been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease. Modern techniques have reduced this risk, but a detailed evaluation has not recently been conducted. The present study evaluated the effect of current radiation practices on ischemia-related cardiac events and procedures in a population-based study of older women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Methods and Materials: A total of 29,102 patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2009 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database. Medicare claims were used to identify the radiation therapy and cardiac outcomes. Competing risk models were used to assess the effect of radiation on these outcomes. Results: Patients with left-sided breast cancer had a small increase in their risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after radiation therapy—the 10-year cumulative incidence for these patients was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%-6.2%) and 4.5% (95% CI 4.0%-5.0%) for right-sided patients. This risk was limited to women with previous cardiac disease. For patients who underwent PCI, those with left-sided breast cancer had a significantly increased risk of cardiac mortality with a subdistribution hazard ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.23-3.34). No other outcome, including cardiac mortality for the entire cohort, showed a significant relationship with tumor laterality. Conclusions: For women with a history of cardiac disease, those with left-sided breast cancer who underwent radiation therapy had increased rates of PCI and a survival decrement if treated with PCI. The results of the present study could help cardiologists and radiation oncologists better stratify patients who need more aggressive cardioprotective techniques.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2016

An evaluation of complementary approaches to elucidate fundamental interfacial phenomena driving adhesion of energetic materials

In this study, cohesive Hamaker constants of solid materials are measured via optical and dielectric properties (i.e., Lifshitz theory), inverse gas chromatography (IGC), and contact angle measurements. To date, however, a comparison across these measurement techniques for common energetic materials has not been reported. This has been due to the inability of the community to produce samples of energetic materials that are readily compatible with contact angle measurements. Here we overcome this limitation by using physical vapor deposition to produce thin films of five common energetic materials, and the contact angle measurement approach is applied to estimate the cohesive Hamaker constants and surface energy components of the materials. The cohesive Hamaker constants range from 85 zJ to 135 zJ across the different films. When these Hamaker constants are compared to prior work using Lifshitz theory and nonpolar probe IGC, the relative magnitudes can be ordered as follows: contact angle > Lifshitz > IGC. Furthermore, the dispersive surface energy components estimated here are in good agreement with those estimated by IGC. Due to these results, researchers and technologists will now have access to a comprehensive database of adhesion constants which describe the behavior of these energetic materials over a range of settings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Optical emissivity dataset of multi-material heterogeneous designs generated with automated figure extraction

Optical device design is typically an iterative optimization process based on a good initial guess from prior reports. Optical properties databases are useful in this process but difficult to compile because their parsing requires finding relevant papers and manually converting graphical emissivity curves to data tables. Here, we present two contributions: one is a dataset of thermal emissivity records with design-related parameters, and the other is a software tool for automated colored curve data extraction from scientific plots. We manually collected 64 papers with 176 figures reporting thermal emissivity and automatically retrieved 153 colored curve data records. The automated figure analysis software pipeline uses Faster R-CNN for axes and legend object detection, EasyOCR for axes numbering recognition, and k-means clustering for colored curve retrieval. Additionally, we manually extracted geometry, materials, and method information from the text to add necessary metadata to each emissivity curve. Finally, we analyzed the dataset to determine the dominant classes of emissivity curves and determine the underlying design parameters leading to a type of emissivity profile.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2019

Radiation characterization of COTS components for a signal packet router in the upgrade of the ATLAS muon spectrometer

Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) devices have been used in a variety of detector electronics for the ATLAS experiment, including the regions with a significant amount of radiation from the beam collision. Thorough radiation characterization must be performed for COTS in these applications to validate their function and performance in a harsh radiation environment. We present an evaluation of the radiation tolerance for COTS components used in a signal packet router for an upgrade of the ATLAS muon spectrometer. Lastly, the evaluation is a reference for similar applications.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2012

Data acquisition and analysis of the UNCOSS underwater explosive neutron sensor

The purpose of the FP7 UNCOSS project (Underwater Coastal Sea Surveyor, http://www.uncoss-project.org) is to develop a neutron-based underwater explosive sensor to detect unexploded ordnance lying on the sea bottom. The Associated Particle Technique is used to focus the inspection on a suspicious object located by optical and electromagnetic sensors and to determine if there is an explosive charge inside. This paper presents the data acquisition electronics and data analysis software which have been developed for this project. A field programmable gate array that digitizes and processes the signal allows to perform precise time-of-flight and gamma-ray energy measurements. The gamma-ray spectra are unfolded into pure elemental count proportions, mainly C, N, O, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca. The C, N, and O count fractions are converted into chemical proportions, taking into account the gamma-ray production cross sections, as well as neutron and photon attenuation in the different shields between the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and the explosive, such as the explosive iron shell, seawater, and ROV envelop. A two-dimensional (2D) barycentric representation of the C, N, and O proportions is built from their chemical ratios, and a 2D likelihood map is built from the associated statistical and systematic uncertainties. The threat level is evaluated from the best matching materials of a database including explosives. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Scalable and Energy-Efficient Methods for Interactive Exploration of Scientific Data

The main scientific contributions of this project are the following novel concepts for multidimensional arrays: shape-based similarity join (SIGMOD 2016), incremental view maintenance (SIGMOD 2017), user-defined stencil functions (HPDC 2017), and distributed caching for in-situ processing (SSDBM 2018). Building on our collaboration with the astrophysics group at LBNL, we applied these techniques to the data generated in the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) astronomical survey. They played a pivotal role in the first-ever observation of a neutron star merger, which produces gravitational waves and turns out to be the origin of heavy elements, including gold. This has lead to a Science magazine article that has received extensive media coverage on ACM TechNews, Slashdot, FiveThirtyEight, and Quanta Magazine, among others. Additionally, two other articles detailing related aspects of the same discovery have been published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters journal. These publications have more than 3,000 citations according to Google Scholar (as of February 2022). This cross-disciplinary collaboration provided very good opportunities to apply database techniques to real-life scientific problems. The fact that they facilitated major discoveries in astrophysics proves the importance of our research. In addition to the work on multidimensional array databases, this project has also developed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization algorithms for training large scale machine learning models, methods for querying in-situ data, and a database query optimizer based on sketch synopses.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Identifying Performance Advantaged Biobased Chemicals Utilizing Bioprivileged Molecules (Final Report)

Two technology areas were advanced; a) novel molecules with improved performance in the end use application of organic corrosion inhibitors and flame retardant nylon polymers and b) development of a systematic process for identifying biomass-derived molecules with improved performance in end use applications. In total 17 novel organic corrosion inhibitors were identified that had significantly better performance than the commercial reference organic corrosion inhibitor and 7 novel nylons were synthesized with improved flame retardant properties relative to standard nylon-6,6. While an end-to-end systematic process for identifying biomass-derived molecules with improved end use performance was not completed, important progress was made computational tools for mining chemical structures from the literature and databases as well as establishing reaction network generation algorithms to aid in the discovery of novel molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Identifying Performance Advantaged Biobased Chemicals Utilizing Bioprivileged Molecules

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Modernizing GlideinWMS Factory Monitoring with Prometheus & Grafana

Large-scale scientific experiments like CMS and DUNE rely on the distributed workload management system GlideinWMS to efficiently utilize computing resources across heterogeneous computing environments. GlideinWMS currently records Factory statistics using Round Robin Databases (RRDBs), XML, and JSON files, and these statistics are displayed via custom monitoring Web pages, thereby limiting integration with modern observability platforms. This project investigates the use of Prometheus-based instrumentation to expose Factory metrics using OpenTelemetry principles. Factory statistics related to Glidein submission and job execution are exported as Prometheus metrics through the Prometheus Python Client Library and are served via an HTTP metrics endpoint. The collected metrics are inspected using the Prometheus web-based interface and are visualized through Grafana dashboards within the Landscape monitoring infrastructure at Fermilab. This project significantly streamlines the integration of modern monitoring technologies into GlideinWMS and establishes a framework for extending observability across additional system components.

Appiah, Gideon [Grambling State U.]↗

DOE OSTI2016

IMAGING PROMINENCE ERUPTIONS OUT TO 1 AU

Views of two bright prominence eruptions trackable all the way to 1 AU are here presented, using the heliospheric imagers on the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft. The two events first erupted from the Sun on 2011 June 7 and 2012 August 31, respectively. Only these two examples of clear prominence eruptions observable this far from the Sun could be found in the STEREO image database, emphasizing the rarity of prominence eruptions this persistently bright. For the 2011 June event, a time-dependent 3D reconstruction of the prominence structure is made using point-by-point triangulation. This is not possible for the August event due to a poor viewing geometry. Unlike the coronal mass ejection (CME) that accompanies it, the 2011 June prominence exhibits little deceleration from the Sun to 1 AU, as a consequence moving upwards within the CME. This demonstrates that prominences are not necessarily tied to the CME's magnetic structure far from the Sun. A mathematical framework is developed for describing the degree of self-similarity for the prominence's expansion away from the Sun. This analysis suggests only modest deviations from self-similar expansion, but close to the Sun the prominence expands radially somewhat more rapidly than self-similarity would predict.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗