Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “corrected”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,369 records · Page 76
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Completion Report for Well ER-2-2 Corrective Action Unit 97: Yucca Flat/Climax Mine, Revision 1

Well ER-2-2 was drilled for the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada National Security Administration Nevada Field Office in support of the Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity. The well was drilled from January 17 to February 8, 2016, as part of the Corrective Action Investigation Plan (CAIP) for Corrective Action Unit 97: Yucca Flat/Climax Mine, Nevada Test Site, Nevada. The primary purpose of the well was to collect hydrogeologic data to evaluate uncertainty in the flow and transport conceptual model and its contamination boundary forecasts, and to detect radionuclides in groundwater from the CALABASH (U2av) underground test. Well ER-2-2 was not completed as planned due to borehole stability problems. As completed, the well includes a piezometer (p1) to 582 meters (m) (1,909 feet [ft]) below ground surface (bgs) installed in the Timber Mountain lower vitric-tuff aquifer (TMLVTA) and a 12.25-inch (in.) diameter open borehole to 836 m (2,743 ft) bgs in the Lower tuff confining unit (LTCU). A 13.375-in. diameter carbon-steel casing is installed from the surface to a depth of 607 m (1,990 ft) bgs. Data collected during borehole construction include composite drill cutting samples collected every 3.0 m (10 ft), geophysical logs to a depth of 672.4 m (2,206 ft) bgs, water-quality measurements (including tritium), water-level measurements, and slug test data. The well penetrated 384.05 m (1,260 ft) of Quaternary alluvium, 541.93 m (1,778 ft) of Tertiary Volcanics (Tv) rocks, and 127.71 m (419 ft) of Paleozoic carbonates. The stratigraphy and lithology were generally as expected. However, several of the stratigraphic units were significantly thicker then predicted—principally, the Tunnel formation (Tn), which had been predicted to be 30 m (100 ft) thick; the actual thickness of this unit was 268.22 m (880 ft). Fluid depths were measured in the borehole during drilling as follows: (1) in the piezometer (p1) at 552.15 m (1,811.53 ft) bgs and (2) in the main casing (m1) at 551.69 m (1,810.01 ft) bgs. As expected, field measurements for tritium were above the Safe Drinking Water Act limit (20,000 picocuries per liter) for a portion of the Tertiary volcanic section near the water table. Tritium concentrations were at or near the field detection limit in the Lower carbonate aquifer (LCA) while drilling. During drilling, a sample was collected while circulating in the LCA. The sample was submitted for off-site laboratory analysis. The sample results indicated low but measurable tritium concentrations. All Fluid Management Plan requirements were met during drilling activities.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Completion Report for Well ER-4-1 Corrective Action Unit 97: Yucca Flat/Climax Mine, Revision 0

Well ER-4-1 was drilled for the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada National Security Administration Nevada Field Office in support of the Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity. The well was drilled and completed from March 23 to April 13, 2016, as part of the Corrective Action Investigation Plan (CAIP) for Yucca Flat/Climax Mine Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 97. The primary purpose of the well was to collect hydrogeologic data to assist in validating concepts of the groundwater flow system within the Yucca Flat/Climax Mine CAU, and to test for potential radionuclides in groundwater from the STRAIT (U4a) underground test. The completed well includes one piezometer (p1), to a depth of 663.16 meters (m) (2,175.71 feet [ft]) below ground surface (bgs) and open from the Alluvial aquifer (AA3) to the Oak Spring Butte confining unit (OSBCU) hydrostratigraphic units; and a main completion (m1), which includes 6.625-inch (in.) casing with slotted interval (m1) installed to 906.80 m (2,975.05 ft) bgs in the Lower carbonate aquifer (LCA). A 13.375-in. diameter surface casing was installed from the surface to a depth of 809.00 m (2,654.21 ft) bgs. Well ER-4-1 experienced a number of technical issues during drilling, including borehole instability and sloughing conditions. An intermediate, 10.75-in./9.625-in. casing string was installed to 856.94 m (2,811.48 ft) bgs to control these issues. Borehole stability and erosion problems appear to be associated with the Tunnel Formation (Tn) and the Older tunnel beds (Ton). Overall efforts to stabilize the borehole were successful. Data collected during borehole construction include composite drill cutting samples collected every 3.0 m (10 ft), a partial suite of geophysical logs to a maximum depth of 766.57 m (2,515 ft) bgs, water-quality measurements (including tritium), water-level measurements, and two depth-discrete bailer samples collected at 538.89 m and 646.18 m (1,768 ft and 2,120 ft) bgs respectively. The well penetrated 187.45 m (615 ft) of Quaternary/Tertiary alluvium (QTa), 671.47 m (2,203 ft) of Tertiary Volcanic rocks (Tv), and 66.20 m (217.19 ft) of Paleozoic rocks (|). The stratigraphy and lithology were generally as expected with some exceptions. The top of Paleozoic rocks (|) was predicted to occur at 822.35 m (2,698 ft) bgs and was intercepted at 858.93 m (2,818 ft), a difference of 36.58 m (120 ft). As expected, the Paleozoic rocks (|) are the principal water producing formation in Well ER-4-1. Depth to water was measured after drilling as follows: In the piezometers: p1 at 320.39 m (1,051.16 ft) bgs, (measured January 4, 2017); and in the main production casing interval: m1 at 539.17 m (1,768.92 ft) bgs, (measured December 12, 2016) Geophysical logs and depth-discrete bailer sample analytical results suggest likely zones of prompt injection (underground-test-related) fission products from 472.44 to 481.48 m (1,550 to 1,580 ft) bgs and at approximately 539.50 m (1,770 ft) bgs. Subsequent work at Well ER-4-1 will be included in future reports. Field measurements for tritium were mostly below the Safe Drinking Water Act limit (20,000 picocuries per liter) with the exception of two zones showing elevated tritium concentrations. The first zone is located at approximately 365.76 to 390.14 m (1,200 to 1,280 ft) bgs and a second zone at approximately 542.54 to 566.93 m (1,780 to 1,860 ft) bgs. All Fluid Management Plan requirements were met.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Corrections to the General (2,4) and (4,4) FDTD Schemes

The sampling weights associated with two general higher order FDTD schemes were derived by Smith, et al. and published in a IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation article in 2012. Inconsistencies between governing equations and their resulting solutions were discovered within the article. In an effort to track down the root cause of these inconsistencies, the full three-dimensional, higher order FDTD dispersion relation was re-derived using Mathematica TM . During this process, two errors were identi ed in the article. Both errors are highlighted in this document. The corrected sampling weights are also provided. Finally, the original stability limits provided for both schemes are corrected, and presented in a more precise form. It is recommended any future implementations of the two general higher order schemes provided in the Smith, et al. 2012 article should instead use the sampling weights and stability conditions listed in this document.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Revised Tijeras Arroyo Groundwater Current Conceptual Model and Corrective Measures Evaluation Report - February 2018.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the management and operating (M&O) contractor for Sandia National Laboratories beginning on May 1, 2017, National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC (NTESS), hereinafter collectively referred to as DOE/NTESS, prepared this Revised Tijeras Arroyo Groundwater Current Conceptual Model (CCM) and Corrective Measures Evaluation (CME) Report , referred to as the Revised CCM/CME Report, to meet requirements under the Sandia National Laboratories-New Mexico (SNL/NM) Compliance Order on Consent (Consent Order). The Consent Order became effective on April 29, 2004. The Consent Order identifies the Tijeras Arroyo Groundwater (TAG) Area of Concern (AOC) as an area of groundwater contamination requiring further characterization and corrective action. In November 2004, New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) approved the July 2004 CME Work Plan. In April 2005, DOE and the SNL M&O contractor at the time, Sandia Corporation (Sandia), hereinafter collectively referred to as DOE/Sandia, submitted a CME Report, but NMED did not finalize review of that document. In December 2016, DOE/Sandia submitted a combined and updated CCM/CME Report. NMED issued a disapproval letter in May 2017 that included comments on the December 2016 CCM/CME Report. In August 2017, NMED and DOE/NTESS staff held a meeting to discuss and clarify outstanding issues. This Revised CCM/CME Report addresses (1) the issues presented in the NMED May 2017 disapproval letter and (2) findings from the August 2017 meeting.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

AFCI Glovebox Radiological Release - Evaluation, Corrective Actions and Testing

Scope of Report Releases of airborne radioactivity occurred in the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) glovebox enclosure (room) located in the Fuel Manufacturing Facility (FMF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in late August and early September, 2014. The subsequent investigation activities identified two primary issues: 1) The AFCI glovebox confinement was compromised providing a pathway for airborne radiological contamination releases, particularly when arc melting activities with transuranics were performed. 2) The Continuous Air Monitors (CAMs) located in the AFCI enclosure did not correctly identify americium (Am)-241 (predominant isotope in release) and provided nonconservative responses. This report documents the results of the investigations into both issues and the corrective actions taken. Finally, lessons learned are provided.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Doppler Broadening Resonance Correction for Free-gas Scattering in MCNP6.2

The traditional treatment for epithermal neutron scattering in continuous-energy Monte Carlo codes is the free-gas scattering model with the scattering cross-section assumed constant in energy. Ouislomen and Sanchez demonstrated in 1991 that scattering resonances can cause significant departures from the free-gas model, and Becker proposed a correction to the Monte Carlo free-gas scattering model in 2009. Becker’s Doppler Broadening Resonance Correction was tested in mcnp5 in 2011 and recently implemented in mcnp6.2 .

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigation of Computational Corrections to X-Ray Computed Tomography for Dimensional Metrology of Complex Additively Manufactured Parts

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a nondestructive evaluation technique that may be used to image complex internal features without the line-of-sight restrictions inherent in conventional optical and contact (stylus) metrology instrumentation. Applications of CT metrology include material defects (porosity), dimensions and surface texture. However, scan artifacts, such as streaking, caused primarily by beam hardening and scatter, limit the accuracy of CTbased metrology. Reduction of these artifacts would improve the accuracy material properties and dimensional metrology information. This paper reports on the development of additively manufactured (AM) Ti5553 and 316L measurement phantoms with integral lattice (lattice) structures specifically designed to exhibit these artifacts. The phantoms were scanned in three CT systems and a scanning-probe CMM measurement. Surfaces generated from uncorrected CT data exhibited “dimple” defects that are not present in the CMM measurement. Correction methods were developed in Livermore Tomography Tools (LTT) software and this paper reports on the successful correction of these artifacts. This work is expected to have application in areas where characterization of defects, dimensions and surface texture using CT are critical.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigation of Automated Corrective Actions for Special Protection Schemes

The constantly evolving nature of the grid is compelling the design process of Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) to keep up with the changes. This document proposes a flexible and computationally efficient approach to automatically determine RAS corrective actions that alleviate line overloading violations. Statistical and functional characteristics summarized from RAS implemented in real power systems are used to guide the design parameters. This report also leverages sensitivity-based techniques to determine corrective actions for specific contingencies quickly without repeated numerical simulations. Finally, future directions for implementing this approach for a fully automated, online RAS are discussed.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pahute Mesa-Oasis Valley Hydrostratigraphic Framework Model for Corrective Action Units 101 and 102: Central and Western Pahute Mesa, Nye County, Nevada (Rev. 0)

A new, revised three-dimensional (3-D) hydrostratigraphic framework model (HFM) for the Central and Western Pahute Mesa Corrective Action Units 101 and 102 was completed in 2019. The initial (Phase I) model was completed in 2002 and was documented in A Hydrostratigraphic Model and Alternatives for the Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport Model of Corrective Action Units 101 and 102: Central and Western Pahute Mesa, Nye County, Nevada (BN, 2002). Subsequent flow and transport modeling revealed the need to collect additional data to reduce uncertainties. The Phase II data collection and characterization effort included extensive well drilling and testing activities, and rebuilding of the Phase I 3-D HFM, resulting in the Phase II HFM (NSTec, 2014). Further drilling (Well ER-20-12), data collection, and interpretive work (e.g., Thirsty Canyon Lineament [Wurtz and Day, 2018]) were incorporated into the Pahute Mesa-Oasis Valley (PM-OV) HFM. The PM-OV HFM incorporates the area of interest from the Phase II HFM and adds additional areas, primarily to the north and west with minor additions to the south and east. The new, expanded area matches the PM-OV groundwater basin as defined in Fenelon et al. (2016) and includes Pahute Mesa, a former nuclear testing area at the Nevada National Security Site; and Oasis Valley, a groundwater discharge area downgradient from contaminant source areas on Pahute Mesa. The data and information necessary to build the PM-OV HFM are provided in Navarro (2019). The PM-OV HFM will be used by hydrologic modelers who are tasked with developing a model to determine how contaminants are transported by groundwater flow in an area of complex geology. The model area is large (more than 6,250 square kilometers) and geologically complex, including Paleozoic- to Mesozoic-age structures (e.g., thrust faults, Thirsty Canyon Lineament), at least seven Tertiary-age calderas, several intrusive bodies, and many relatively recent basin-and-range normal faults. Investigators from the U.S. Geological Survey; National Security Technologies, LLC; National Laboratories; and U.S. Department of Energy contractors have organized the more than 300 volcanic units and other rocks in the model area into 77 hydrostratigraphic units (HSUs). The volcanic rocks are subdivided into 42 aquifers, 11 confining units, and 9 composite units (containing both aquifer and confining unit rocks). The underlying pre-Tertiary rocks were divided into 5 HSUs, comprising 2 aquifers and 3 confining units. The model also includes 1 alluvial aquifer unit, 8 intrusive confining units, and 1 granite confining unit. The model depicts the thickness, extent, and geometric relationships of these HSUs (“layers” in the model) along with all the major structural features that control them, including calderas and faults. The most substantive differences between the Phase II HFM and the PM-OVHFM include (1) addition of the new data and resulting revised interpretations from the additional area encompassed by the PM-OV groundwater basin; (2) incorporation of 16 new faults; (3) 12 boreholes from the northern extension; (4) 2 additional caldera-collapse collars; and (5) correlation of the simulated faulting and hydrostratigraphy in the eastern part of the model domain with the delineations represented in the neighboring Rainier Mesa-Shoshone Mountain HFM-Prime and Yucca Flat-Climax Mine HFM. All PM-OV HFM delineations were based on published and unpublished data from geophysical investigations, surface geologic maps, and drill-hole records. Phase II approached model uncertainty using the model-building software to test model configurations and hydrologic consequences using a range of values for parameters such as fault offset amounts and HSU elevations. The PM-OV HFM expands on this approach to encompass the entire PM-OV groundwater basin.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Underground Test Area (UGTA) Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 99: Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada

This closure report (CR) has been prepared for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 99, Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain (RM/SM), Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), Nevada. Rainier Mesa (RM) was the site of 61 underground nuclear tests, and Shoshone Mountain (SM) was the site of 6 underground nuclear tests. The corrective action for the RM/SM CAU is closure in place with long-term monitoring and institutional controls; and involves a balance of modeling, monitoring, and institutional controls.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Underground Test Area (UGTA) Corrective Action Unit 97: Yucca Flat/Climax Mine, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada (Closure Report)

This CR describes the selected corrective action to be implemented during closure to protect human health and the environment from groundwater impacted by the underground nuclear testing within the YF/CM CAU. The purpose of the CR is to describe the selected corrective action. Summarize previous activities and conclusions that support CAU closure. Present final contaminant boundaries, use restriction (UR) boundaries, and regulatory boundaries. Provide an implementation plan for long-term monitoring and well network maintenance and identify the approaches and policies for institutional controls.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Underground Test Area (UGTA) Sampling Plan for Corrective Action Units 101 and 102: Central and Western Pahute Mesa, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada

The purpose of this groundwater sampling plan (referred to herein as “the Plan”) is to describe the approach for collecting and analyzing groundwater samples to meet the objectives of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Management (EM) Nevada Program’s Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity. The Plan is focused on the Central and Western Pahute Mesa corrective action units (CAUs 101 and 102). The remaining UGTA CAUs are in the final stage of the UGTA strategy (Closure Report [CR] stage), and monitoring requirements for these CAUs are described in their respective CRs. The Plan supersedes the Nevada National Security Site Integrated Groundwater Sampling Plan and its ensuing Record of Technical Change (ROTC) (DOE/EMNV, 2019b). The Plan is designed to ensure compliance with the UGTA Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) and its ensuing ROTC (DOE/EMNV, 2018), and the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO) (1996, as amended). The Plan is implemented by the Environmental Program Services (EPS) contractor. Implementation of the Plan provides data to complete corrective actions prescribed by the FFACO to protect the public from groundwater contaminated by historical underground nuclear testing. The Plan’s scope comprises sample collection and analysis requirements for assessing the extent of groundwater contamination from underground nuclear testing. Sampling wells located in the communities surrounding the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) is performed by other organizations (e.g., management and operating [M&O] contractor) and is therefore not included within the Plan. The results of the community sampling are presented in the annual NNSS environmental reports.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

CY2020 Annual Closure Monitoring Report for Corrective Action Unit 98: Frenchman Flat, Underground Test Area, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada (January 2020–December 2020, Revision 1)

This report presents the results of monitoring conducted for water quality, water levels, and institutional controls in calendar year (CY) 2020 by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Management (EM) Nevada Program’s Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity at Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 98, Frenchman Flat (FF), at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), Nevada (Figure 1-1). This report also presents analytical laboratory results (including results of quality assurance/quality control samples, such as field duplicates [FDs]); and verification of use restrictions (URs), institutional controls, and water use. Groundwater samples were collected; water levels were measured; and well site surveillance was conducted in support of the Underground Test Area (UGTA) Closure Report for Corrective Action Unit 98: Frenchman Flat, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada (NNSA/NFO, 2016) and its ensuing Records of Technical Change (ROTCs).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Coulomb phase corrections to the transverse analyzing power AN(t) in high energy forward proton-proton scattering

Study of the polarized proton-proton elastic scattering in the Coulomb Nuclear interference region allows one to measure forward hadronic spin-flip amplitude including the phase. However, in a precision experimental data analysis, a phase shift correction δC due to the long distance Coulomb interaction should be taken into account. For the unpolarized scattering, δC is commonly considered as well established. Here, we evaluate the Coulomb phase shifts for the spin-flip electromagnetic and hadronic amplitudes. The difference between spin-flip and non-flip Coulomb phase shifts was found to be negligible for current experimental accuracy in the high energy transverse spin elastic pp measurements. However, effective alteration of the hadronic spin-flip amplitude by the long distance electromagnetic corrections can be noticeable.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Procedure to Correct the Historical Atmospheric Longwave Irradiance Data When the World Reference Is Established with Respect to the International System of Units

Historical and traceable atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets with traceability to the International System of units (SI) are essential for renewable energy and atmospheric science research and applications. To date, all pyrgeometers used to measure the irradiance are traceable to the interim World InfraRed Standard Group (WISG) not to SI units. In 2013 the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP), [Reda et al., 2012] was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to measure the atmospheric longwave irradiance. The ACP has been compared against the InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS) developed by the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) [J. Grobner, 2012]. ACP and IRIS are absolute instruments traceable to SI units through the International Temperature Scale ITS-90. Results of six comparisons between ACP and IRIS at different location have shown that the irradiance measured by WISG pyrgeometers is underestimating clear-sky atmospheric longwave irradiance by 2 to 6 W/m 2 [Grobner et al., 2014]. Therefore, once the world reference is established with traceability to SI units the WISG would be corrected then used to calibrate field pyrgeometers with traceability to SI units. The described method below is used to correct the historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets in anticipation of the WISG scale change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Non-Empirical and Self-Interaction Corrections for DFTB: Towards Accurate Quantum Simulations for Large Mesoscale Systems (Final Report)

This project was comprised of two complementary (but parallel) thrusts: (1) implementing massively-parallelized computing hardware (with new computational hardware that may replace GPUs) in the density functional tight binding (DFTB) approach and (2) developing new capabilities in DFTB to calculate the electronic structure and dynamics of large chemical systems. While classical molecular dynamics can handle hundreds of thousands of atoms, it cannot provide a first-principles based description of chemical systems at the quantum level. At the other extreme, conventional Kohn-Sham DFT methods can probe the true quantum mechanical nature of chemical systems; however, these methods cannot tackle the large sizes and length scales relevant to dynamics simulations of realistic systems. The DFTB formalism utilized in this project provides a viable approach for probing these large systems at a quantum mechanical level of detail. However, to utilize the DFTB approach for accurate calculations of electronic properties, it is crucial to incorporate quantum-based corrections in DFTB since exchange-correlation effects can still remain very strong in these large systems. At the same time, enhancing the computational efficiency of DFTB is also essential since optimal computational performance is required for addressing the large size scales associated with realistic chemical systems. As such, the new non-empirical corrections and computing hardware enhancements implemented in this project will enable accurate and computationally efficient approaches to directly probe electronic properties in these large, complex systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Procedure to Correct the Historical Atmospheric Longwave Irradiance Data When the World Reference Is Established with Respect to the International System of Units

Historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets with traceability to the International System of Units (SI) are essential for renewable energy and atmospheric science research and applications. To date, all pyrgeometers used to measure the irradiance are traceable to the interim World Infrared Standard Group (WISG), not to SI units. In 2013, the Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometer (ACP) (Reda et al. 2012) was developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to measure the atmospheric longwave irradiance. The ACP has been compared against the InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS), developed by the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) (Gröbner 2012). The ACP and the IRIS are absolute instruments traceable to SI units through the International Temperature Scale of 1990. Results of six comparisons between the ACP and the IRIS at different locations have shown that the irradiance measured by WISG pyrgeometers underestimates clear-sky atmospheric longwave irradiance by 2 W/m 2 to 6 W/m 2 (Gröbner et al. 2014); therefore, once the world reference is established with traceability to SI units, the WISG would be corrected, then used to calibrate field pyrgeometers with traceability to SI units. The following described method is used to correct the historical atmospheric longwave irradiance data sets in anticipation of the WISG scale change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗