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At least 1,369 records · Page 76

General consequences of the violated Feynman scaling

The problem of scaling of the hadronic production cross sections represents an outstanding question in high energy physics especially for interpretation of cosmic ray data. A comprehensive analysis of the accelerator data leads to the conclusion of the existence of breaked Feynman scaling. It was proposed that the Lorentz invariant inclusive cross sections for secondaries of a given type approaches constant in respect to a breaked scaling variable x sub s. Thus, the differential cross sections measured in accelerator energy can be extrapolated to higher cosmic ray energies. This assumption leads to some important consequences. The distribution of secondary multiplicity that follows from the violated Feynman scaling using a similar method of Koba et al is discussed.

Kamberov, G.↗

Lightning - Estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitrogen fixation

The nitrogen needed by plants can normally not be directly obtained from the nitrogen present in molecular form in the atmosphere. The reason for this situation is related to the great energy required to break the N-N bond. Only a few organisms, such as algae and certain bacteria, can 'fix' nitrogen. An abiological process for breaking the N-N bond is provided by lightning. The present investigation is concerned with this possibility. It is found that lightning produces approximately 2.6 x 10 to the 9th kg N per year. There are, however, uncertainties, which are mainly related to the energy of a lightning flash.

Borucki, W. J.↗

The Shane-Wirtanen counts

It is shown that the 2.5 degree-break in the galaxy correlation function derived from the Shane-Wirtanen star counts is indistinguishable from an artifact introduced by residual systematic variations in the effective magnitude limit from plate to plate. In order to avoid the introduction of a break, the maximum error from plate to plate must be no more than about 0.05 mag. Other large scale features in the data which are also affected by the systematic variations are discussed.

Geller, M. J.↗

A new method for determining temperature and emission measure during solar flares from light curves of soft X-ray line fluxes

A method for using the shapes of the light curves of soft X-ray line fluxes observed during the decay phase of solar flares to infer the temperature and emission measure with time is described. Light curves of the November 5, 1980 flare and several additional flares that exhibit breaks are presented, and possible causes for these breaks are discussed. Numerical models that incorporate the effects of temperature changes on the emissivity function are examined, and the model calculations are compared with the line fluxes observed during the November 5, 1980 flare. The model results are used to derive other properties of the flare.

Bornmann, P. L.↗

A ray tracing model of gravity wave propagation and breakdown in the middle atmosphere

Lindzen (1981, 1984) has considered the effects of monochromatic, steady gravity waves propagating into the upper atmosphere. These waves reach such large amplitudes in the mesosphere that they become convectively unstable. The wave is effectively dissipated by the convection, and the pseudomomentum carried by the wave is transferred to the basic flow. The net effect is to accelerate the background flow to the phase speed of the breaking gravity wave. Schoeberl et al. (1983) have discussed modifications to Lindzen's parameterization. The present paper has the objective to develop a type of parameterization scheme for wave breaking that, in principle, can handle lateral wave propagation. Ray tracing is used to follow the gravity wave packets through varying wind conditions. The theory considered uses both the propagation properties of the wave packet and the concept of the conservation of wave action density to determine the local amplitude and position of the wave packet.

Schoeberl, M. R.↗

Chemical Fracturing of Refractory-Metal Vessels

Localized reactions cause refractory-metal vessels to break up at predetermined temperatures. Device following concept designed to break up along predetermined lines into smaller pieces at temperature significantly below melting point of metal from which made. Possible applications include fire extinguishers that breakup to release extinguishing gas in enclosed areas, pressure vessels that could otherwise burst dangerously in fire, and self-destroying devices. Technique particularly suitable modification to already existing structures.

Campana, R. J.↗

A torque, tension and stress corrosion evaluation of high strength A286 bolts

The problems associated with overtorque applied to the Booster Separation Motor (BSM) Igniter Adapter high strength 200 KSI (1379 Mpa) A286 CRES bolts and the threaded holes of the 7075-T73 aluminum alloy BSM cases are addressed. The evaluation included torque, tensile, and stress corrosion tests incorporating the A286 CRES bolts and the 7075-T73 aluminum alloy BSM cases. The tensile test data includes ultimate tensile load (UTL), Johnson's 2/3 yield load (J2/3YL), proportional limit load (PLL), and total bolt stretch. Torque tension data includes torque, torque induced load, and positive and negative break-away torque. Stress corrosion test data reflect the overtorque and the resulting torque induced loads sustained by the A286 CRES bolts torqued into a 7075-T73 aluminum alloy forged dome with threaded holes. After 60 days of salt fog exposure, the positive and the negative break-away torques, the subsequent mechanical property tensile test results, and the BSM dome threaded hole axial tensile pullout loads are reported.

Montano, J. W.↗

Simultaneous submillimeter and infrared observations of flat-spectrum radio sources

Observations are presented of 12 extragalactic nonthermal radio emission sources made at eight wavelengths between 1.25 and 1000 microns, including the important submillimeter wavelength of 350 microns. Nine of the objects were detected at 350 microns, roughly double the number of objects of this type that have previously been detected at this wavelength. The majority of the observations were made within a three-week time span. The results, combined with other studies, show that these objects generally have flat energy distributions at wavelengths longer than 1 mm that break in most cases between 350 microns and 1 mm. At wavelengths shorter than 1 mm, the energy distributions fall with a rough power-law behavior with a spectral index of about -1. For many of the objects, there is a definite break or curvature in the energy distributions at wavelengths near 2.2 microns, with the fluxes falling even more steeply into the near infrared. At the time of the observations, both OJ 287 and 3C 273 were undergoing flares. The results are generally consistent with the flares propagating out to longer wavelengths with time.

Roellig, T. L.↗

Damping and modulus measurements in B2 transition metal aluminides

The polycrystalline intermetallic alloys FeAl (50.9 to 58.2 percent Fe), NiAl (49.2 to 55.9 percent Ni) and CoAl (48.5 to 52.3 percent Co) have the B2 structure and are of interest for high temperature applications. The PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique) has been used to measure mechanical damping or internal friction and Young's modulus has been used as a function of temperature and composition for these materials. The modulus data for six CoAl alloys at temperatures up to 1300 K are presented. Examples are given of the strain amplitude dependence of internal friction for four CoAl alloys. The curves showed the break away phenomenon and are interpreted in terms of a theory dealing with the pinning of dislocation lines and their eventual break away at large strain amplitudes. The dislocation density was calculated to be about 10 to the 8th per sq m. For all the compositions (X1) of CoAl studied, a single equation could be fitted to the data.

Harmouche, M. R.↗

Enhanced viscous flow drag reduction using acoustic excitation

Proper acoustic excitation of a single large-eddy break-up device can increase the resulting drag reduction and, after approximately 40 to 50 delta downstream, provide net drag reduction. Precise optimization of the input time delay, amplitude and response threshold is difficult but possible to achieve. Drag reduction is improved with optimized conditions. The possibility of optimized processing strongly suggests a mechanism which involves interaction of the acoustic waves and large eddies at the trailing edge of the large eddy break-up device. Although the mechanism for spreading of this phenomenon is unknown, it is apparent that the drag reduction effect does tend to spread spanwise as the flow convects downstream. The phenomenon is not unique to a particular blade configuration or flow velocity, although all data have been obtained at relatively low Reynolds numbers. The general repeatibility of the results for small configuration changes serves as verification of the phenomenon.

Nagel, Robert T.↗

The Shane-Wirtanen counts - Observer and time-dependent effects

In a recent paper, de Lapparent, Kurtz, and Geller (1986) announce the discovery of possible observer and time-dependent effects in the counts of galaxies in the Lick catalog and suggest that these effects may have distorted the galaxy correlation function calculated by Groth and Peebles (1986) from the Lick counts. In particular, they suggest that these effects may have introduced a break where none exists or may have diluted a break stronger than that seen by Groth and Peebles. The Lick counts have been reexamined and it is found that the observer and time-dependent effects are marginal and that they can have had only a negligible effect on the estimates of the correlation functions. Correlation functions have been calculated for each observer and time period separately and it is found that they all depart from the small-angle power law at about the expected scale. Further, the average of these correlation functions agrees extremely well with the average correlation function published by Groth and Peebles.

Groth, Edward J.↗

High spectral resolution measurements of a solar flare hard X-ray burst

Observations are reported of an intense solar flare hard X-ray burst on June 27, 1980, made with a balloon-borne array of liquid nitrogen-cooled Ge detector which provided unprecedented spectral resolution (no more than 1 keV FWHM). The hard X-ray spectra throughout the impulsive phase burst fitted well to a double power-law form, and emission from an isothermal 0.1-1 billion K plasma can be specifically excluded. The temporal variations of the spectrum indicate that the hard X-ray burst is made up of two superposed components: individual spikes lasting about 3-15 sec, which have a hard spectrum and a break energy of 30-65 keV; and a slowly varying component characterized by a soft spectrum with a constant low-energy slope and a break energy which increases from 25 kev to at least 100 keV through the event. The double power-law shape indicates that DC electric field acceleration, similar to that occurring in the earth's auroral zone, may be the source of the energetic electrons which produce the hard X-ray emission.

Lin, R. P.↗

Unusual electron distribution functions in the solar wind derived from the Helios plasma experiment - Double-strahl distributions and distributions with an extremely anisotropic core

Electron distribution functions with unusual features, which have been observed on rare occasions in the solar wind by the Helios probes, are presented. Two examples show a strong symmetric bidirectional anisotropy in the energy regime of the halo up to particle energies of 800 eV (double-strahl distributions). Another example shows an unusually strong bidirectional anisotropy in the energy regime of the core (below 150 eV). The infrequently observed double-strahl distributions provide evidence that magnetic field loops can exist in the solar wind where electrons are trapped. In addition, they provide evidence that in the case of electrons trapped in closed magnetic field structures the break in the energy spectrum separating the core from the halo is produced only by collisions. On the other hand, the class of distribution functions with strongly anisotropic cores indicates that in the case of 'open' magnetic field lines the break between core and halo is largely determined both by the interplanetary electrostatic potential and by collisions.

Pilipp, W. G.↗

Acceleration of low-energy magnetospheric plasma

Low-energy plasma originates in the ionosphere and is accelerated and transported to the plasma sheet and ultimately to the ring current. Using observations and basic MHD concepts, it is argued that the acceleration results basically from entrainment in flows that are rapid compared with initial ion thermal speeds. Spatial or temporal variations of such flows launch impulsive waves of the appropriate variety (acoustic, shear Alfven, or magnetosonic) to effect readjustment to the imposed boundary conditions. The most violent transient events are the earthward inductive surges of plasma in the inner plasma sheet, which launch magnetosonic waves. A number of observations strongly suggest that the induction surge waves break as they reach the inner plasma sheet or outer plasmasphere, forming transient shock waves and dissipating their energy in turbulent flows, plasma heating, and acceleration of energetic particles, forming the substorm injection boundary. Preliminary work indicates that the magnetosphere is typically configured so as to produce wave breaking near synchronous orbit, and has other interesting optical properties for MHD wave propagation as well. Exploration of magnetospheric plasma wave optics will require a better empirical knowledge of the plasma distribution.

Moore, T. E.↗

Influence of thread construction on strength of ceramic sewing threads

The effects of two thread construction variables, yarn twist and polymeric sizing, on break strength were obtained for a silica thread and two types of aluminoborosilicate (ABS) threads at temperatures ranging from 23 C to 1200 C. It was shown that increasing the degree of twist for the silica thread produced an optimum twist level until all the yarn finish was removed. The break strength of both ABS threads was inversely proportional to the degree of twist caused by increased filament breakage with increasing twist that was controlled by the gradual removal of the polymeric processing aids. At elevated temperatures, above 950 C, strength loss was observed for both ABS threads because of the presence of a glass phase that softens and causes fiber deformation. This was not observed for the silica thread at similar test temperatures because of the higher viscosity of the pure silica glass phase.

Sawko, Paul M.↗

Wilson-loop instantons

Wilson-loop symmetry breaking is considered on a space-time of the form M4 x K, where M4 is a four-dimensional space-time and K is an internal space with nontrivial and finite fundamental group. It is shown in a simple model that the different vacua obtained by breaking a non-Abelian gauge group by Wilson loops are separated in the space of gauge potentials by a finite energy barrier. An interpolating gauge configuration is then constructed between these vacua and shown to have minimum energy. Finally some implications of this construction are discussed.

Lee, Kimyeong↗

A model of stationary gravity wave breakdown with convective adjustment

A steady WKB model of gravity wave propagation including convective adjustment is used to investigate approximations used in various gravity-wave parameterization schemes. First, it is shown that estimates of the wave breaking height assuming a single horizontal wavenumber gravity wave can lead to errors if the topography is not sinusoidal. Second, the model results show that the assumption that wave growth ceases with the onset of convection or shear instability is an oversimplification. Since convection appears first over a very limited spatial region of the wave field, the wave is initially unaffected by turbulent mixing. However, when the convection zone spreads over a large portion of the wave field the amplitude is constrained. Estimates of the heat flux by breaking gravity waves are used to develop a simple parameterization of the vertical diffusion in terms of the Reynolds stress.

Schoeberl, Mark R.↗

Eulerian measurements of horizontal accelerations in shoaling gravity waves

Laboratory and field measurements of suspended sediment in the nearshore suggest that fluid accelerations are an important factor in sediment transport by oscillatory waves. Here, Eulerian accelerations of the cross-shore velocity are calculated from measurements of velocity obtained by an array of bottom-mounted electromagnetic flow meters spanning a natural surf zone. Large shoreward accelerations of brief duration are associated with the steep front faces of both near-breaking and breaking waves. Weaker offshore accelerations of longer duration occur during passage of the more gently sloped rear faces. The acceleration field is thus strongly skewed in the shoreward direction. Power spectra and bispectra indicate, as expected, that statistics of the acceleration field are significantly influenced by high-frequency motions but are rather insensitive to surf beat.

Elgar, Steve↗