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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Report on Design and Failure Limits of SiC/SiC and FeCrAl ATF Cladding Concepts under RIA

Pellet-cladding mechanical interaction (PCMI) is a possible failure scenario during a postulated reactivity-initiated accident (RIA). This report summarizes fiscal year 2018 research activities that were undertaken to evaluate the PCMI-like hoop strain–driven mechanical response of accident tolerant fuel cladding candidates of silicon carbide fiber/silicon carbide matrix composite (SiC/SiC) and iron–chromium–aluminum (FeCrAl) tube specimens. To achieve various RIA-like conditions, the modified-burst test device developed during fiscal years 2016 and 2017 was used. A heating capability was also added to the system for high-temperature testing of FeCrAl samples.The first section of this report assesses the accuracy of the two-dimensional digital image correlation calculated strain values for tube samples. The speckle patterns are computer generated in a two-dimensional plane, and the generated images were wrapped into a cylindrical surface for the validation using digital image correlation technique on curved geometries. Subsequent sections address the failure behavior of SiC/SiC composites and long-term heat treated and as-drawn FeCrAl alloy tubes at various strain rates relevant to the postulated RIA events. In the last part, the effect of possible design parameters of failure strain and the strain rate are discussed for SiC/SiC composites and FeCrAl alloys during the PCMI phase of RIA.Future work is planned to develop and design safety tests for accident tolerant fuel cladding candidates and the advanced fuel forms with respect to their transient responses. A broader perspective on the mechanical behavior of the unirradiated and irradiated accident tolerant fuel cladding candidates will be developed using the modified-burst test and other mechanical tests.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Analysis of the Aeroelastic Dynamics of Lightweight Flexible Variations of the SNL-NRT Turbine

Current trends show that wind turbines are growing in size to meet a rising demand for renewable energy generation, and their upscaled rotors have inherently become more flexible to maintain a proportionally lighter design. This is because larger rotors must be less massive relative to their diameter to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), which means that blades that are notably less stiff are produced as a result. These structural changes to blades are often reflected in their compromised aeroelastic stability and amplified deformation during operation, which has the potential to decrease the blade’s expected lifetime and the performance of the machine overall. Variations in blade flexibility are also known to influence vortex-wake structures downstream of the turbine, causing patterns of velocity deficit to evolve in ways that affect the performance of other turbines in the farm. This research explores how the increased flexibility of modern utility-scale wind turbine blades influences rotor aeroelastic behavior and interactions with farm flow. High-fidelity simulations of Sandia National Laboratories’ (SNL) National Rotor Testbed (NRT) wind turbine are presented. Flexible variations of the NRT baseline blade are simulated in a variety of realistic operational conditions typically expected at the SNL’s SWiFT facility in Lubbock, Texas. Solutions are then compared to investigate how specific changes to the structural properties of the NRT baseline blade’s design and construction can influence its aeroelastic response at the rotor and the evolution of the turbine’s wake.

Farrell, Alayna (ORCID:000000023555720X)↗
NASA NTRS1972

Two Phase Detonation Studies Conducted in 1971

The research covered by this third annual progress report represents a continuation of our efforts devoted to the study of detonation waves in liquid-gas systems. The motivation for the work is associated with liquid propellant rocket motor combustion instability although certainly the studies are also applicable to internal combustion engines, jet propulsion engines, safety aspects of spilled liquid fuel, coal mine explosions, and weaponry. The research has been divided into 5 phases, although all of them are intimately related. For the most part these phases are briefly summarized and the reader is referred to other publications for a more complete treatment. The exception to this is where the material herein represents the only printed information available on the particular facet of the problem. Phase A has been primarily concerned with the breakup and ignition of fuel drops by shock waves. The experimental portion of this study as well as a theoretical treatment of the ignition behavior was completed in the past year. The research is now concentrating on the passage of a shock wave over a burning drop. Phase B has been devoted to the assessment of the approximate energy release pattern in two phase detonations insofar as they affect the significant overpressures observed.

Nicholls, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Turbulent boundary layer on a full-coverage film-cooled surface: An experimental heat transfer study with normal injection

Heat transfer behavior was studied in a turbulent boundary layer with full-coverage film cooling through an array of discrete holes and with injection normal to the wall surface. Stanton numbers were measured for a staggered hole pattern with pitch-to-diameter ratios of 5 and 10, an injection mass flux ratio range of 0.1 to 1.0, and a range of Reynolds number 170 thousand to 5 million. Air was used as the working fluid with the mainstream velocity varied from .14 to 33.5 m/sec (30 to 110 ft/sec). The data were taken for secondary injection temperatures equal to the wall temperature and also equal to the mainstream temperature. By use of linear superposition theory, the data may be used to obtain Stanton number as a continuous function of the injectant temperature. The heat transfer coefficient is defined on the basis of a mainstream-to-wall temperature difference. This difinition permits direct comparison of performance between film cooling and transpiration cooling.

Choe, H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The spectral evolution of low-frequency variable radio sources

The dynamic spectra of several low frequency extragalactic radio sources are presented. The observations were made at 318, 430, 606, 880, and 1400 MHz at several different radio observatories around the U.S. Two outbursts were observed in AO 0235 + 16 at 1.4 GHz, followed by a diminished variation at the lower frequencies. The dynamic frequencies of NRAO 140, PKS 1117 + 14, DA 406, CTA 102, and 3C 454.3 do not fit the same pattern. These radio sources displayed the following characteristics: (1) departure from straight or curved spectra at the frequencies of variation; (2) no obvious frequency drifting; and (3) negligible variation at 1.4 GHz. Possible explanations for this behavior are briefly discussed.

Dennison, B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Damage-Tolerant Composites Made By Stitching Carbon Fabrics

Work conducted at NASA Langley Research Center to investigate stitching combined with resin transfer molding to make composites more tolerant of damage and potentially cost competitive with metals. Composite materials tailored for damage tolerance by stitching layers of dry carbon fabric with closely spaced threads to provide reinforcement through thickness. Epoxy resin then infused into stitched preforms, and epoxy was cured. Various stitching patterns and thread materials evaluated by use of flat plate specimens. Also, blade-stiffened structural elements fabricated and tested. Stitched flat laminates showed outstanding damage tolerance, excellent compression strength in notched specimens, and acceptable fatigue behavior. Development of particular interest to aircraft and automotive industries.

Dow, Marvin B.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Characterizing the Phyllosilicates and Amorphous Phases Found by MSL Using Laboratory XRD and EGA Measurements of Natural and Synthetic Materials

The Curiosity Rover landed on the Peace Vallis alluvial fan in Gale crater on August 5, 2012. A primary mission science objective is to search for past habitable environments, and, in particular, to assess the role of past water. Identifying the minerals and mineraloids that result from aqueous alteration at Gale crater is essential for understanding past aqueous processes at the MSL landing site and hence for interpreting the site's potential habitability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data from the CheMin instrument and evolved gas analyses (EGA) from the SAM instrument have helped the MSL science team identify phases that resulted from aqueous processes: phyllosilicates and amorphous phases were measure in two drill samples (John Klein and Cumberland) obtained from the Sheepbed Member, Yellowknife Bay Fm., which is believed to represent a fluvial-lacustrine environment. A third set of analyses was obtained from scoop samples from the Rocknest sand shadow. Chemical data from the APXS instrument have helped constrain the chemical compositions of these secondary phases and suggest that the phyllosilicate component is Mg-enriched and the amorphous component is Fe-enriched, relatively Si-poor, and S- and H-bearing. To refine the phyllosilicate and amorphous components in the samples measured by MSL, we measured XRD and EGA data for a variety of relevant natural terrestrial phyllosilicates and synthetic mineraloids in laboratory testbeds of the CheMin and SAM instruments. Specifically, Mg-saturated smectites and vermiculites were measured with XRD at low relative humidity to understand the behavior of the 001 reflections under Mars-like conditions. Our laboratory XRD measurements suggest that interlayer cation composition affects the hydration state of swelling clays at low RH and, thus, the 001 peak positions. XRD patterns of synthetic amorphous materials, including allophane, ferrihydrite, and hisingerite were used in full-pattern fitting (FULLPAT) models to help determine the types and abundances of amorphous phases in the martian rocks and sand shadow. These models suggest that the rocks and sand shadow are composed of approx 30% amorphous phases. Sulfate-adsorbed allophane and ferrihydrite were measured by EGA to further understand the speciation of the sulfur present in the amorphous component. These data indicate that sulfate adsorbed onto the surfaces of amorphous phases could explain a portion of the SO2 evolution in the Rocknest SAM data. The additional constraints placed on the mineralogy and chemistry of the aqueous alteration phases through our laboratory measurements can help us better understand the nature of the fluids that affected the different samples and devise a history of aqueous alteration for the Sheepbed Member of the Yellowknife Bay Fm. at Gale crater.

Rampe, Elizabeth B.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mobility Data and Models Informing Smart Cities

This presentation explores the interactions of Emerging Technology, Changing Urban Environments, and Travel Behavior on Mobility and Energy Impacts. Key findings include: Identifying and quantifying impacts of emerging mobility behaviors associated with Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and other new mobility choices in urban areas; The results demonstrate new methods to acquire data on quickly evolving MaaS in order to monitor rapidly shifting urban mobility patterns; Under development is a first airport mode choice model for access/egress, curbs, and vehicles related to transportation network company (TNC) use versus traditional modes; Initial estimates on the potential of employer-provided mobility on energy impacts. Key findings: for mode replacement, this presentation offers first observability into the changes in number of transactions per mode, after ride-hailing/TNC/MaaS introduction at airports: Seattle (SEA-TAC) airport: for every 100 new TNC transactions for ground transportation, ~ 27% replaced transit, 35% replaced parking, 17% replaced car rentals, and 21% replaced taxis; Similarly, at Denver International (DEN), ride-hailing transactions replaced transit, parking, car rental and taxis at a rate of 34.7%, 39.0%, 16.6%, and 9.7%, respectively.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nucleation is more than critical: A case study of the electroweak phase transition in the NMSSM

Electroweak baryogenesis is an attractive mechanism to generate the baryon asymmetry of the Universe via a strong first order electroweak phase transition. We compare the phase transition patterns suggested by the vacuum structure at the critical temperatures, at which local minima are degenerate, with those obtained from computing the probability for nucleation via tunneling through the barrier separating local minima. Heuristically, nucleation becomes difficult if the barrier between the local minima is too high, or if the distance (in field space) between the minima is too large. As an example of a model exhibiting such behavior, we study the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, whose scalar sector contains two SU(2) doublets and one gauge singlet. We find that the calculation of the nucleation probabilities prefers different regions of parameter space for a strong first order electroweak phase transition than the calculation based solely on the critical temperatures. Our results demonstrate that analyzing only the vacuum structure via the critical temperatures can provide a misleading picture of the phase transition patterns, and, in turn, of the parameter space suitable for electroweak baryogenesis.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Studies of the jet in BL lacertae. II. Superluminal Alfvén waves

We study the kinematics of ridge lines on the parsec-scale jet of the active galactic nucleus BL Lacertae. We show that the ridge lines display transverse patterns that move superluminally downstream, and that the moving patterns are analogous to waves on a whip. Their apparent speeds β {sub app} (units of c) range from 3.9 to 13.5, corresponding to β{sub wave}{sup gal}=0.981−0.998 in the galaxy frame. We show that the magnetic field in the jet is well ordered with a strong transverse component, and assume that it is helical and that the transverse patterns are Alfvén waves propagating downstream on the longitudinal component of the magnetic field. The wave-induced transverse speed of the jet is non-relativistic (β{sub tr}{sup gal}≲0.09). In 2010 the wave activity subsided and the jet then displayed a mild wiggle that had a complex oscillatory behavior. The Alfvén waves appear to be excited by changes in the position angle of the recollimation shock, in analogy to exciting a wave on a whip by shaking the handle. A simple model of the system with plasma sound speed β {sub s} = 0.3 and apparent speed of a slow MHD wave β {sub app, S} = 4 yields Lorentz factor of the beam Γ{sub beam} ∼ 4.5, pitch angle of the helix (in the beam frame) α ∼ 67°, Alfvén speed β {sub A} ∼ 0.64, and magnetosonic Mach number M {sub ms} ∼ 4.7. This describes a plasma in which the magnetic field is dominant and in a rather tight helix, and Alfvén waves are responsible for the moving transverse patterns.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tail Dependence as a Measure of Teleconnected Warm and Cold Extremes of North American Wintertime Temperatures

Current models for spatial extremes are concerned with the joint upper (or lower) tail of the distribution at two or more locations. Such models cannot account for teleconnection patterns of 2-m surface air temperature ( T 2m ) in North America, where very low temperatures in the contiguous United States may coincide with very high temperatures in Alaska in the wintertime. This dependence between warm and cold extremes motivates the need for a model with opposite-tail dependence in spatial extremes. This work develops a statistical modeling framework that has flexible behavior in all four pairings of high and low extremes at pairs of locations. In particular, we use a mixture of rotations of common Archimedean copulas to capture various combinations of four-corner tail dependence. We study teleconnected T 2m extremes using ERA5 of daily average 2-m temperature during the boreal winter. Further, the estimated mixture model quantifies the strength of opposite-tail dependence between warm temperatures in Alaska and cold temperatures in the midlatitudes of North America, as well as the reverse pattern. These dependence patterns are shown to correspond to blocked and zonal patterns of midtropospheric flow. This analysis extends the classical notion of correlation-based teleconnections to considering dependence in higher quantiles.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

One-step hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of orthorhombic PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles

Highlights: • Orthorhombic PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles were prepared by a simple and facile one-step hydrothermal method. • The possible formation mechanism of PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles was proposed. • The as-synthesized PrCrO{sub 3} exhibited behaviors of magnetic transition and negative magnetization. - Abstract: Orthorhombic PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles were synthesized by a simple and facile one-step hydrothermal method of processing temperature 280 °C for 7 days. The products prepared in this paper have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The magnetic properties of the final sample are also studied. The XRD pattern shows the pure orthorhombic phase for PrCrO{sub 3} particles, the XPS and FTIR results further demonstrate the purity and composition of the product. FESEM images show cubic morphology for the PrCrO{sub 3} particles. The possible growth mechanism for PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles is proposed. Through the investigation of magnetic properties, it can be seen that the orthorhombic PrCrO{sub 3} cubic particles exhibit behaviors of magnetic transition and negative magnetization. The Néel temperature is about 232 K and the magnetic hysteresis loop under 4 K shows that the coercivity (H{sub C}) and remanence (M{sub r}) is about 1728 Oe and 4.88 emu/g, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Simulation of Heterogeneous Atom Probe Tip Shape Evolution during Field Evaporation Using a Level Set Method and Different Evaporation Models

Accurate reconstruction of spatial positions of field evaporated ions from detector patterns depends on a correct understanding of the tip shape evolution and evaporation laws of component atoms. Reconstruction artifacts introduced in the heterogeneous tip can be contributed by the assumption on homogeneous evaporation behavior. A level set method based specimen shape evolution model is developed in this study to simulate the evaporation of synthetic layered-structured atom probe tip. The simulation results of the shape evolution by the present level set model agree well with the literature data using other numerical approaches, i.e. finite difference method. The asymmetric evolving shape predicted by the level set model demonstrates that the complex evaporation behavior of heterogeneous tips and interface curvature can potentially lead to the tip reconstruction distortion. Compared with other shape evaporation methods the new method provides considerably higher resolution and computational efficiency with the aid of the intrinsic subgrid scale accuracy.

atom probe tomography, field evaporation, tip shap↗
DOE OSTI2025

Paleoclimatic implications of glacial fluctuations in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, northern Andes, Colombia, during the Lateglacial and Holocene

The reconstruction of former mountain glaciers from geomorphic mapping and cosmogenic-nuclide surface-exposure dating provides a unique opportunity to infer patterns of past terrestrial climate variability. Tropical mountain glaciers are particularly valuable as there are comparatively few terrestrial climate proxies at equatorial latitudes relative to higher latitudes. As the single largest climate zone on Earth, the tropics play an outsized role in mediating global climate via the ocean-atmosphere transfer of latent heat and water vapor. Nonetheless, there remains a persistent gap in our understanding of how the tropics influenced – or were influenced by – the high-magnitude climate shifts of the Late Pleistocene, and whether this high-energy region simply responded to extratropical forcing or was itself a driver of global climatic change. To help address this knowledge gap, we analyzed geologic evidence for past glacial fluctuations in three adjacent valleys in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, the highest subrange of the Eastern Cordillera in the Colombian Andes, to provide a terrestrial record of atmospheric temperature during the latter part of Termination 1. Coupled with geomorphic mapping and paleo-snowline reconstructions, our beryllium-10 glacial chronology indicates that glaciers in the humid inner tropics underwent pronounced growth and gradual decay during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (14.5–12.8 ka) and Younger Dryas (12.8–11.7 ka) periods, respectively, following a trend that, according to directly dated moraine records from throughout both polar hemispheres, appears to have been global. While the specific mechanism(s) behind this large-scale behavior remains to be corroborated, we revisit the hypothesis that ocean-atmosphere heat transfer and water vapor flux are key drivers of abrupt Lateglacial temperature fluctuations. Subsequent to the Lateglacial, deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy accelerated during the Early Holocene, a pattern also observed in other tropical glacier records. More recently, the magnitude of snowline rise and glacier retreat over the last two centuries supports the view that modern tropospheric warming is anomalously strong at least relative to the last ∼16,000 years.

Andes↗
NASA NTRS2003

G-jitter Effects on Transport and Pattern Formation

The research performed under this grant has led to an number of new insights into two general categories of fluid flows in the presence of time-dependent acceleration, as outlined briefly below. These results have been widely communicated in the scientific community through seven presentations at international conferences (4 invited, 3 contributed), five published papers (4 journal articles and 1 conference proceeding), and images from the research featured on the cover of all 2003 editions of the research journal, Nonlinearity. The work performed under this proposal also contained a substantial educational component by contributed significantly to the scientific training of one postdoctoral associate, one Ph.D. student and five undergraduate researchers. One main area of focus in this research was convective flow with time-dependent acceleration. Convection is one class of behavior that can arise from g-jitter effects. Our research focused on studies of Rayleigh-Benard system, which is an important model for understanding thermal convection; studies of this problem in the presence of acceleration modulations provided insight into the nature of g-jitter induced flow and of the effects of modulation and noise on non-equilibrium pattern formation. Our experiments on vertically vibrated Rayleigh-Benard convection demonstrated the existence of two classes of pure flow patterns (synchronous & subharmonic) patterns) that had long been predicted by theory but never before observed experimentally. Detailed studies of ranges of parameters where both classes of patterns exist simultaneously led to the discovery of a new type of patterns (called superlattices) in systems driven out of thermodynamic equilibrium.

Schatz, Michael F.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Exploring 2-group global symmetries

Here, we analyze four-dimensional quantum field theories with continuous 2-group global symmetries. At the level of their charges, such symmetries are identical to a product of continuous flavor or spacetime symmetries with a 1-form global symmetry U (1) B (1) , which arises from a conserved 2-form current J B (2) . Rather, 2-group symmetries are characterized by deformed current algebras, with quantized structure constants, which allow two flavor currents or stress tensors to fuse into J B (2) . This leads to unconventional Ward identities, which constrain the allowed patterns of spontaneous 2-group symmetry breaking and other aspects of the renormalization group flow. If J B (2) is coupled to a 2-form background gauge field B (2) , the 2-group current algebra modifies the behavior of B (2) under background gauge transformations. Its transformation rule takes the same form as in the Green-Schwarz mechanism, but only involves the background gauge or gravity fields that couple to the other 2-group currents. This makes it possible to partially cancel reducible ’t Hooft anomalies using Green-Schwarz counterterms for the 2-group background gauge fields. The parts that cannot be cancelled are reinterpreted as mixed, global anomalies involving U (1) B (1) , which receive contributions from topological, as well as massless, degrees of freedom. Theories with 2-group symmetry are constructed by gauging an abelian flavor symmetry with suitable mixed ’t Hooft anomalies, which leads to many simple and explicit examples. Some of them have dynamical string excitations that carry U (1) B (1) charge, and 2-group symmetry determines certain ’t Hooft anomalies on the world sheets of these strings. Lastly, we point out that holographic theories with 2-group global symmetries have a bulk description in terms of dynamical gauge fields that participate in a conventional Green-Schwarz mechanism.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Modeling of Brine Migration in a Heated Borehole Test in Bedded Salt

Abstract This research paper focuses on the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) modeling of brine migration in a heated borehole test conducted as part of the ongoing Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. It is a component of the international collaboration project DECOVALEX-2023 (DEvelopment of COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments), which aims to understand the THM processes governing brine flow in heated rock salt repositories through collaborative analysis by multiple research teams. Using the TOUGH–FLAC simulator, THM simulations were performed and compared with data from the BATS phase 1a. This experiment involved two identical horizontal-borehole arrays, one heated and one serving as a control, both equipped with sensor arrays. Analysis of measurements revealed water flow rate surges during heater power transitions, with the highest jump observed during cooling. Acoustic emission activity exhibited distinct patterns in response to heater power changes, suggesting that damage to rock salt is particularly pronounced during the cooling phase. The THM simulations successfully captured these phenomena, highlighting the significance of thermal effects, brine migration, and mechanical behavior in predicting brine availability in heated and damaged rock salt. Our modeling also revealed the critical interplay between heating and cooling-induced damage and its influence on flow properties, particularly affecting brine inflow estimation. Notably, we found that cooling-induced brine inflow spikes result from increased permeability due to tensile dilatancy. These findings have important implications for the development of robust containment strategies and enhance our understanding of the complex processes involved in repository performance.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Two-dimensional burn velocity and analysis of burn products of nitromethane at high pressure

We have studied the laser-initiated deflagration of nitromethane (CH 3 NO 2 ) under high static pressure in the diamond anvil cell. Time-resolved images of the deflagrations have been obtained using intensified CCDs (ICCD). In contrast with previous work, we rely on spontaneous emission from the reaction, rather than changes in the speckle pattern produced by artificial illumination of the sample. Furthermore, as opposed to the 1D records obtained previously with streak cameras, ICCDs permit imaging of the burn in two dimensions providing the ability to directly observe anisotropic deflagration behavior. Here, we report several examples of this behavior and discuss its possible origins. We have also investigated the products of the reaction using Raman spectroscopy. At pressures below 25 GPa, the burn product is observed to be opaque and has a Raman spectrum consistent with a carbonaceous soot. At pressures above 25 GPa, the burn product is observed to be transparent (consistent with earlier reports) and its Raman spectrum reveals the presence of molecular N 2 and a nitrogen-carbonate species. The latter species can be recovered to ambient pressure and has a Raman spectrum consistent with ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate. To aid interpretation of the Raman spectra, measurements have also been made on the isotopologues CH 3 15 NO 2 and 13 CH 3 NO 2 . This work establishes the importance of advanced time-resolved imaging to reveal the details of deflagration under high pressure and further advances our understanding of the corresponding chemistry.

Deflagration↗