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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,369 records · Page 76
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Multiscale investigations of europium(III) complexation with tetra- n -octyl diglycolamide confined in porous solid supports

The microscopic, short-range coordination environments and mesoscopic, long-range structures of Eu 3+ contacted with tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA) confined on ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanoparticles and Amberchrom CG 71 resin were probed using Eu L 3 -edge extended X ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) as well as small-angle and wide-angle X ray scattering, SAXS and WAXS, respectively. A homoleptic Eu(TODGA) 3 3+ coordination complex typical of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) chemistry is present under low Eu 3+ loading conditions on both solid supports. Deviations from this traditional structure motif appear at hyperstoichiometric Eu 3+ loadings, above the 1:3 Eu 3+ to TODGA mole ratio. Microcrystalline-like domains with multinuclear Eu speciation are templated by use of these high Eu 3+ loading conditions with the functionalized OMC materials, highlighting a major departure of liquid-solid extraction chromatography (EXC) from the coordination chemistry of LLE. No such long-range spatial coherence was observed for analogous polyacrylic resin materials. Furthermore, these results demonstrate both the similarities and differences between multiscale structures in LLE and EXC, underscoring the opportunities for improved separation techniques based on solid supports with long-range spatial coherence (e.g., OMC systems) and without it (e.g., resin materials). Since crystallization was the first approach to adjacent lanthanide separations, the prospect of templating microcrystalline TODGA-lanthanide complexes that are otherwise not prone to crystallization by use of OMC nanoparticles represents a new entry to addressing long-standing issues in purification by liquid-solid phase separation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Exciton diffusion in solid solutions of luminescent lanthanide β-diketonates

In this article, a series of luminescent lanthanide β-diketonate solid solutions, with the formula of TBAEu x M 1– x (TTA) 4 (TBA = tetrabutylammonium; M = La or Gd; TTA = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate), are synthesized by co-precipitation. In the solid solutions, the emission efficiency of Eu 3+ is significantly increased with the presence of non-luminescent chelates TBALa(TTA) 4 and TBAGd(TTA) 4 . Low temperature luminescence spectroscopy studies indicate that the TTA – ligands in these non-luminescent chelates do emit phosphorescence with long lifetime. However, the ligand phosphorescence is strongly quenched in solid solutions with the luminescent chelate TBAEu(TTA) 4 , providing strong evidence for intermolecular energy transfer through the triplet excited states of the ligands. Here, a quantitative analysis of Eu 3+ emission enhancement and TTA – phosphorescence quenching reveals that each Eu 3+ center may receive excitation energy from about 30 TTA – ligands, suggesting that the excitation energy has become exciton-like in the solid solutions. Based on the crystallography analysis of TBALn(TTA) 4 , it is discovered that TTA – ligands in neighboring Ln(TTA) 4 – units may form π–π stacks with intermolecular distance ≤3.5 Å, thus enabling efficient triplet exciton diffusion via exchange interaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A review of composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries: fundamentals, key materials and advanced structures

All-solid-state lithium ion batteries (ASSLBs) are considered next-generation devices for energy storage due to their advantages in safety and potentially high energy density. As the key component in ASSLBs, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with non-flammability and good adaptability to lithium metal anodes have attracted extensive attention in recent years. Among the current SSEs, composite solid-state electrolytes (CSSEs) with multiple phases have greater flexibility to customize and combine the advantages of single-phase electrolytes, which have been widely investigated recently and regarded as promising candidates for commercial ASSLBs. Based on existing investigations, herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in CSSEs. Initially, we introduce the historical development from solid-state ionic conductors to CSSEs, and then summarize the fundamentals including mechanisms of lithium ion transport, key evaluation parameters, design principles, and key materials. Finally, four main types of advanced structures for CSSEs are classified and highlighted according to the recent progress. Moreover, advanced characterization and computational simulation techniques including machine learning are reviewed for the first time, and the main challenges and perspectives of CSSEs are also provided for their future development.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Machine learning reveals factors that control ion mobility in anti-perovskite solid electrolytes

Solid-state batteries are projected to exhibit improved energy densities and safety compared to liquid-electrolyte-based systems. Consequently, the development of solid electrolytes that can conduct cations at rates comparable to that of liquid electrolytes is an active area of research. To facilitate this search it is desirable to understand the chemical and structural features that control ion transport through a crystalline lattice. Here, machine learning (ML) is used to identify features that influence ion mobility in solids, quantify the relative importance of those features, and demonstrate how the variation of individual features alters ion mobility. Adopting the anti-perovskite lattice as a model system, ML algorithms were trained to predict migration barriers from a data set containing hundreds of barriers calculated using density functional theory. In this study, more than 10 6 feature sets of non-redundant descriptors were evaluated for their ability to predict migration barriers. The present analysis correctly reiterates the importance of several features that are known to influence mobility – for example, anion polarizability – but also identifies others whose importance is not widely recognized. Lattice properties such as hopping distance and channel width exhibit the greatest influence on cation mobility. Individual conditional expectation analyses performed on these features shows that barriers decrease as hopping distance decreases and as channel width increases. The defect formation energy – which is commonly associated with the concentration of defects, but not with their mobility – is identified as an important feature for interstitial migration. In sum, this analysis aids in the design of optimal solid electrolytes by simplifying the multi-dimensional design space to a sub-set of properties that are the most important.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bridging the gap between academic research and industrial development in advanced all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries

The energy storage and vehicle industries are heavily investing in advancing all-solid-state batteries to overcome critical limitations in existing liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries, specifically focusing on mitigating fire hazards and improving energy density. All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs), featuring earth-abundant sulfur cathodes, high-capacity metallic lithium anodes, and non-flammable solid electrolytes, hold significant promise. Despite these appealing advantages, persistent challenges like sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, lithium metal failure, solid electrolyte degradation, and manufacturing complexities hinder their practical use. Further, to facilitate the transition of these technologies to an industrial scale, bridging the gap between fundamental scientific research and applied R&D activities is crucial. Our review will address the inherent challenges in cell chemistries within ASSLSBs, explore advanced characterization techniques, and delve into innovative cell structure designs. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of the recent trends in R&D and investment activities from both academia and industry. Building on the fundamental understandings and significant progress that has been made thus far, our objective is to motivate the battery community to advance ASSLSBs in a practical direction and propel the industrialized process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

The nature and suppression strategies of interfacial reactions in all-solid-state batteries

Solid-state Li batteries are promising energy storage devices owing to their high safety and high theoretical energy density. However, the serious interfacial reaction between solid state electrolytes and cathodes deteriorates the battery performance, impeding the realization of long-term cyclability. The buried nature of the interphase layer presents a significant challenge in achieving a comprehensive understanding of the underlying interfacial reaction mechanisms. Herein, we systematically explore the interfacial reaction evolutions and interphase compositions and electronic properties between the popular oxide cathodes and sulfide solid electrolytes (SSEs). This includes analysis of the chemical and electrochemical reactions between cathodes/coatings and SSEs, as well as the electrochemical self-decomposition of SSEs by thermodynamic phase equilibrium analysis. Herein, we disclose that the driving force of the electrochemical reaction at the chemical potential of μ Li is much stronger than that of the chemical reaction, which dominates the interfacial reaction. Preventing the formation of an electronically conductive interphase is crucial in inhibiting the continuous interfacial degradation during long-term cycling, which can be achieved through the optimized combination of cathodes and SSEs, as well as the introduction of functional coatings between them. Based on these findings, the percentage of molar fraction ( f ) of electronically conductive species in the formed interphase is proposed as a key factor for indicating the interfacial stability for the first time. Furthermore, we propose a specific high-throughput screening scheme to filter the functional coating materials by comprehensively evaluating their functionality. The tiered screening identifies 48 coating materials with optimal properties. The work highlights the significant roles of rational coupling of the cathodes and SSEs, and optimizing interfacial coating materials for solid-state batteries. It opens new avenues for engineering an interphase with improved interfacial compatibility to realize long-term cyclability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unlocking liquid chemisorption in solid matrices: immobilized deep eutectic solvent-ZIF-8 composites for next-generation CO 2 capture

Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 requires scalable and durable CO 2 capture solutions, with direct air capture (DAC) gaining increasing prominence. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their strong chemisorptive properties, but their liquid-phase nature limits integration into solid systems. In this study, we introduce a solid–liquid hybrid approach by immobilizing [TEAB][TEPA] 2 , a highly CO 2 -reactive DES, onto various supports via non-covalent immobilization. This strategy induces solid-like behavior while retaining molecular-level reactivity of the DES. Among the supports including ZIF-8, zeolite Y, zirconia, and alumina, the [TEAB][TEPA] 2 @ZIF-8-56% composite demonstrated promising CO 2 uptake capacity of 2.00 mmol g −1 adsorbent at 1 bar, 1.48 at 0.15 bar, 0.96 at 0.01 bar, and 0.59 at 0.4 mbar. Particularly, we can observe that the chemisorption capacity under 400 ppm conditions is successfully introduced into ZIF-8, whereas pristine ZIF-8 showed negligible uptake under these same conditions. Breakthrough experiments confirmed robust capture behavior under humid conditions. The composite exhibited excellent cycling stability over 100 capture-release cycles, supported by thermogravimetric analysis. In situ DRIFTS verified that the chemisorptive nature of the DES remained intact after immobilization. Additional characterization studies, including FTIR, PXRD, N 2 physisorption, and XPS depth profiling, revealed partial DES infiltration and strong interfacial interactions. Comparative results using alumina-based composites underscored the importance of microporosity in stability. Finally, these findings suggest that DES-MOF composites hold promise as carbon capture materials, bridging liquid-phase functionality and solid-state robustness.

Yoo, Yunsung [Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (Un↗
DOE OSTI2014

System efficiency analysis for high power solid state radio frequency transmitter

This paper examines some important relationships, related with the system efficiency, for very high power, radio frequency solid-state transmitter; incorporating multiple solid-state power amplifier modules, power combiners, dividers, couplers, and control/interlock hardware. In particular, the characterization of such transmitters, at the component as well as the system level, is discussed. The analysis for studying the influence of the amplitude and phase imbalance, on useful performance parameters like system efficiency and power distribution is performed. This analysis is based on a scattering parameter model. This model serves as a template for fine-tuning the results, with the help of a system level simulator. For experimental study, this approach is applied to a recently designed modular and scalable solid-state transmitter, operating at the centre frequency of 505.8 MHz and capable of delivering a continuous power of 75 kW. Such first time presented, system level study and experimental characterization for the real time operation will be useful for the high power solid-state amplifier designs, deployed in particle accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Solid immersion lenses for enhancing the optical resolution of thermal and electroluminescence mapping of GaN-on-SiC transistors

Solid immersion lenses (SILs) are shown to greatly enhance optical spatial resolution when measuring AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs), taking advantage of the high refractive index of the SiC substrates commonly used for these devices. Solid immersion lenses can be applied to techniques such as electroluminescence emission microscopy and Raman thermography, aiding the development device physics models. Focused ion beam milling is used to fabricate solid immersion lenses in SiC substrates with a numerical aperture of 1.3. A lateral spatial resolution of 300 nm is demonstrated at an emission wavelength of 700 nm, and an axial spatial resolution of 1.7 ± 0.3 μm at a laser wavelength of 532 nm is demonstrated; this is an improvement of 2.5× and 5×, respectively, when compared with a conventional 0.5 numerical aperture objective lens without a SIL. These results highlight the benefit of applying the solid immersion lenses technique to the optical characterization of GaN HEMTs. Further improvements may be gained through aberration compensation and increasing the SIL numerical aperture.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Infrared absorption of t-HOCO{sup +}, H{sup +}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}, and HCO{sub 2}{sup −} produced in electron bombardment of CO{sub 2} in solid para-H{sub 2}

We have employed electron bombardment during matrix deposition of CO{sub 2} (or {sup 13}CO{sub 2}, C{sup 18}O{sub 2}) and para-hydrogen (p-H{sub 2}) at 3.2 K and recorded infrared (IR) spectra of t-HOCO{sup +}, H{sup +}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}, HCO{sub 2}{sup −}, CO{sub 2}{sup −}, t-HOCO, and other species isolated in solid p-H{sub 2}. After the matrix was maintained in darkness for 13 h, intensities of absorption features of t-HOCO{sup +} at 2403.5 (ν{sub 1}), 2369.9 (ν{sub 2}), 1018.1 (ν{sub 4}), and 606.5 (ν{sub 6}) cm{sup −1} and those of H{sup +}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2} at 1341.1, 883.6, and 591.5 cm{sup −1} decreased. Corresponding lines of isotopologues were observed when {sup 13}CO{sub 2} or C{sup 18}O{sub 2} replaced CO{sub 2}. In contrast, lines of HCO{sub 2}{sup −} at 2522.4 (ν{sub 1}), 1616.1 (ν{sub 5}), 1327.9 (ν{sub 2}), and 745.6 (ν{sub 3}) cm{sup −1} increased in intensity; corresponding lines of H{sup 13}CO{sub 2}{sup −} or HC{sup 18}O{sub 2}{sup −} were also observed. Lines of t-DOCO{sup +} and DCO{sub 2}{sup −} were observed in an electron bombarded CO{sub 2} /normal-deuterium (n-D{sub 2}) matrix. Data of ν{sub 6} of t-HOCO{sup +} and all observed modes of H{sup 18}OC{sup 18}O{sup +} and HC{sup 18}O{sub 2}{sup −} are new. The assignments were made according to expected chemical behavior, observed isotopic shifts, and comparisons with vibrational wavenumbers and relative intensities of previous reports and calculations with the B3PW91/aug-cc-pVQZ method. The ν{sub 1} line of t-HOCO{sup +} in solid p-H{sub 2} (2403.5 cm{sup −1}), similar to the line at 2673 cm{sup −1} of t-HOCO{sup +} tagged with an Ar atom, is significantly red-shifted from that reported for gaseous t-HOCO{sup +} (3375.37 cm{sup −1}) due to partial proton sharing between CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2} or Ar. The ν{sub 1} line of HCO{sub 2}{sup −} in solid p-H{sub 2} (2522.4 cm{sup −1}) is blue shifted from that reported for HCO{sub 2}{sup −} in solid Ne (2455.7 cm{sup −1}) and that of HCO{sub 2}{sup −} tagged with Ar (2449 cm{sup −1}); this can be explained by the varied solvation effects by Ne, Ar, or H{sub 2} on the mixing of H{sup +} + CO{sub 2} and H + CO{sub 2}{sup −} surfaces. Possible formation mechanisms of t-HOCO{sup +}, H{sup +}(CO{sub 2}){sub 2}, HCO{sub 2}{sup −}, CO{sub 2}{sup −}, t-HOCO, H{sub 2}O, and t-HCOOH are discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Fractional electrical dimensionality in the spin solid phase of artificial honeycomb lattice

Two-dimensional artificial magnetic honeycomb lattices are at the forefront of research on unconventional magnetic materials. Among the many emergent magnetic phases that are predicted to arise as a function of temperature, the low temperature spin solid phase with zero magnetization and entropy is of special importance. Here, we report an interesting perspective to the consequence of spin solid order in an artificial honeycomb lattice of ultra-small connected elements using electrical dimensionality analysis. At low temperature, T ≤ 30 K, the system exhibits a very strong insulating characteristic. The electrical dimensionality analysis of the experimental data reveals a fractional dimensionality of d = 0.6(0.04) in the spin solid phase of honeycomb lattice at low temperature. The much smaller electrical dimension in the spin solid phase, perhaps, underscores the strong insulating behavior in this system. Furthermore, the fractional dimensionality in an otherwise two-dimensional system suggests a non-surface-like electrical transport at low temperature in an artificial honeycomb lattice.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Understanding the mechanism of hardness enhancement in tantalum-substituted tungsten monoboride solid solutions

The differential strain behavior of Ta x W 1-x B solid solutions has been studied as a function of composition using high-pressure radial X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell under non-hydrostatic pressure (up to ~65 GPa) to understand the hardening mechanisms in this family of materials. The hardness of tungsten monoboride (WB) can be increased by adding tantalum and reaches a maximum at a doping level of 50 at. % with a value of 42.8 ± 2.6 GPa under an applied load of 0.49 N. Plateaus were observed in the differential strain data for both the (020) and (002) directions, suggesting that this is the primary slip system in this material. These plateaus were modified by the addition of Ta, indicating that strengthening of the (002) and (020) planes by solid solution hardening was primarily responsible for the hardness enhancements in Ta x W 1-x B solid solutions. In contrast, the differential strain supported by the (200) plane linearly increases with pressure up to the highest pressures reached in this work (>60 GPa) and shows almost no change with metal composition. Because of the very different compression behavior in the (200) and (020) planes, change in the b/a ratio with pressure provides a unique way to visualize the onset of plastic behavior. This onset varies from ~15 GPa for samples with 5% Ta to more than 30 GPa for the sample with 50% Ta. Finally, the ambient bulk modulus of each solid-solution sample was determined using the second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation-of-state and found to be ~340 GPa for all phases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Synthesis, structure, and transport properties of Ba 8 Cu 16 – x Au x P 30 clathrate solid solution

In this work, a new clathrate solid solution Ba 8 Cu 16 – x Au x P 30 ( x = 4, 8, 12) was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state annealing method. The crystal structures of Ba 8 Cu 16 – x Au x P 30 were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. This clathrate solid solution crystallizes in the orthorhombic superstructure of clathrate-I type with 23 crystallographically independent framework sites, eight of them are occupied by Au/Cu and 15 are exclusively occupied by P atoms. The distribution of Au and Cu atoms over these eight framework sites is not random with a clear preference for Au to occupy the largest (Au/Cu)P 4 tetrahedra in the framework. The thermal stability and thermoelectric properties of the Ba 8 Cu 16 – x Au x P 30 solid solution were evaluated. Low thermal conductivity was achieved for Ba 8 Cu 16 – x Au x P 30 due to the combination of the host–guest crystal structure with rattling Ba atoms with the presence of heavy Au atoms and substitutional Cu/Au disorder in the clathrate framework.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectro-microscopy for probing chemical reaction dynamics in solid-state materials

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a chemically specific vibrational technique that has the ability to follow structural dynamics during photoinduced processes such as charge transfer on the ultrafast timescale. FSRS has a strong background in following structural dynamics and elucidating chemical mechanisms; however, its use with solid-state materials has been limited. As photovoltaic and electronic devices rely on solid-state materials, having the ability to track the evolving dynamics during their charge transfer and transport processes is crucial. Following the structural dynamics in these solid-state materials will lead to the identification of specific chemical structures responsible for various photoinduced charge transfer reactions, leading to a greater understanding of the structure–function relationships needed to improve upon current technologies. Furthermore, isolating the specific nuclear motions and molecular structures that drive a desired physical process will provide a chemical blueprint, leading to the rational design and fabrication of efficient electronic and photovoltaic devices. In this perspective, we discuss technical challenges and experimental developments that have facilitated the use of FSRS with solid-state samples, explore previous studies that have identified structure–function relationships in charge transfer reactions, and analyze the future developments that will broaden and advance the field.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the evolution of liquid and solid microjets from grooved Sn and Cu samples using radiography

Experiments were performed on grooved Sn and Cu samples to study the temporal evolution of microjets. Jets were generated by the impact of gun-launched flyer plates against the back of grooved targets made from either Cu or Sn (groove depth of ~250 μm). The Hugoniot states in the various Sn targets encompassed conditions where solid phases are maintained throughout (7 and 16 GPa) and also conditions where melting occurs upon the release of compression (25 and 34 GPa); the transition occurs near a Hugoniot pressure of 23 GPa. Cu targets at 27 and 56 GPa provide comparisons in which the jets move at similar speeds but remain solid. In all cases, the spatial distribution of mass within the microjets was measured using high-speed synchrotron radiography. The result is a time history of the jet thickness profile from which quantities like total jet mass and jet velocity can be derived. In both the solid and liquid states, we generally observe that an increase in the shock strength leads to an increase in jet mass. However, this trend breaks down for Hugoniot states near the transition from continuously solid to melted-on-release. This is evidenced by the observation that there was no difference in the rate of mass flow in Sn jets at 16 and 25 GPa, while similar pressure jumps on either side of this range caused substantial changes in the jet mass. This contrasts with the behavior of smaller polishing defects that were present on the same samples (~1 μm deep). From these, no ejecta mass was detected below the melt boundary, but obvious microjets were generated once melting occurred. This indicates that crossing the bulk melt-on-release threshold can alternately promote or inhibit the flow of mass into microjets based on the amplitude of the initial perturbation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Structure–transport correlations in Na 11 Sn 2 SbSe 12 and its sulfide solid solutions

We report a new ion conductor—Na 11 Sn 2 SbSe 12 —as a possible candidate for a solid catholyte in composite cathodes for all-solid state Na-batteries, which exhibits a room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.15 ± 0.03 mS cm −1 and an activation energy of 0.39 ± 0.02 eV. The sulfide solid solutions of Na 11 Sn 2 SbSe 12 , namely, Na 11 Sn 2 SbS 12−x Se x (x = 1 and 6), were also investigated through a combination of Rietveld refinement against powder x-ray diffraction data and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to reveal the complex structure–property relationships governing ion transport in this class of materials. Meanwhile, broadening of the Na-ion diffusion pathways in Na 11 Sn 2 SbSe 12 is expected to facilitate Na-ion transport compared to the sulfide-rich member of the solid solution, the opposite holds: increasing the Se fraction in Na 11 Sn 2 SbS 12−x Se x leads to a little change in the activation energy but a reduction in the ionic conductivity. We ascribe this to the lowering of the prefactor, σ 0 , in the Arrhenius relationship with increasing lattice “softening” as a function of higher Se content.

Ramos, Erika P.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solid organic-coated ammonium sulfate particles at high relative humidity in the summertime Arctic atmosphere

The ability of atmospheric aerosols to impact climate through water uptake and cloud formation is fundamentally determined by the size, composition, and phase (liquid, semisolid, or solid) of individual particles. Particle phase is dependent on atmospheric conditions (relative humidity and temperature) and chemical composition and, importantly, solid particles can inhibit the uptake of water and other trace gases, even under humid conditions. Particles composed primarily of ammonium sulfate are presumed to be liquid at the relative humidities (67 to 98%) and temperatures (–2 to 4 °C) of the summertime Arctic. Under these atmospheric conditions, we report the observation of solid organic-coated ammonium sulfate particles representing 30% of particles, by number, in a key size range (<0.2 µm) for cloud activation within marine air masses from the Arctic Ocean at Utqiagvik, AK. The composition and size of the observed particles are consistent with recent Arctic modeling and observational results showing new particle formation and growth from dimethylsulfide oxidation to form sulfuric acid, reaction with ammonia, and condensation of marine biogenic sulfate and highly oxygenated organic molecules. Aqueous sulfate particles typically undergo efflorescence and solidify at relative humidities of less than 34%. Therefore, the observed solid phase is hypothesized to occur from contact efflorescence during collision of a newly formed Aitken mode sulfate particle with an organic-coated ammonium sulfate particle. With declining sea ice in the warming Arctic, this particle source is expected to increase with increasing open water and marine biogenic emissions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Accretion of solid materials onto circumplanetary disks from protoplanetary disks

We investigate the accretion of solid materials onto circumplanetary disks from heliocentric orbits rotating in protoplanetary disks, which is a key process for the formation of regular satellite systems. In the late stage of the gas-capturing phase of giant planet formation, the accreting gas from protoplanetary disks forms circumplanetary disks. Since the accretion flow toward the circumplanetary disks affects the particle motion through gas drag force, we use hydrodynamic simulation data for the gas drag term to calculate the motion of solid materials. We consider a wide range of size for the solid particles (10{sup –2}-10{sup 6} m), and find that the accretion efficiency of the solid particles peaks around 10 m sized particles because energy dissipation of drag with circum-planetary disk gas in this size regime is most effective. The efficiency for particles larger than 10 m becomes lower because gas drag becomes less effective. For particles smaller than 10 m, the efficiency is lower because the particles are strongly coupled with the background gas flow, which prevents particles from accretion. We also find that the distance from the planet where the particles are captured by the circumplanetary disks is in a narrow range and well described as a function of the particle size.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗