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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,369 records · Page 76
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2022

Quantifying Cybersecurity Risk for NASA Missions

An end-to-end cyber risk assessment process is presented that is based on the combination of guidelines from the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), the standard 5x5 risk matrix, and quantitative methods for generating loss exceedance curves. The NIST guidelines provide a framework for cyber risk assessment, and the standard 5x5 matrix is widely used across the industry for the representation of risk across multiple disciplines. Loss exceedance curves are a means of quantitatively assessing the loss that occurs due to a given risk profile. Combining these different techniques enables us to follow the guidelines, adhere to standard 5x5 risk management practices and develop quantitative metrics simultaneously. Our quantification process is based on the consideration of the NASA and JPL Cost Risk assessment modeling techniques as we define the cost associated with the cybersecurity risk profile of a mission as a function of the mission cost.

Miller, Robert L.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Goma 6.0

Goma 6.0, open-sourced in 2013, is finite element software that excels in the analyses of multiphysics processes, particularly those involving the major branches of mechanics.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Cyberspace Security Econometrics System (CSES) - U.S. Copyright TXu 1-901-039

Information security continues to evolve in response to disruptive changes with a persistent focus on information-centric controls and a healthy debate about balancing endpoint and network protection, with a goal of improved enterprise/business risk management. Economic uncertainty, intensively collaborative styles of work, virtualization, increased outsourcing and ongoing compliance pressures require careful consideration and adaptation. The Cyberspace Security Econometrics System (CSES) provides a measure (i.e., a quantitative indication) of reliability, performance, and/or safety of a system that accounts for the criticality of each requirement as a function of one or more stakeholders interests in that requirement. For a given stakeholder, CSES accounts for the variance that may exist among the stakes one attaches to meeting each requirement. The basis, objectives and capabilities for the CSES including inputs/outputs as well as the structural and mathematical underpinnings contained in this copyright.

Cyber Security Econometrics System↗
DOE OSTI2014

Impact of Distributed Wind on Bulk Power System Operations in ISO-NE: Preprint

The work presented in this paper aims to study the impact of a range of penetration levels of distributed wind on the operation of the electric power system at the transmission level. This paper presents a case study on the power system in Independent System Operator New England. It is analyzed using PLEXOS, a commercial power system simulation tool. The results show that increasing the integration of distributed wind reduces total variable electricity generation costs, coal- and gas-fired electricity generation, electricity imports, and CO2 emissions, and increases wind curtailment. The variability and uncertainty of wind power also increases the start-up and shutdown costs and ramping of most conventional power plants.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Impact of Improved Solar Forecasts on Bulk Power System Operations in ISO-NE: Preprint

The diurnal nature of solar power is made uncertain by variable cloud cover and the influence of atmospheric conditions on irradiance scattering processes. Its forecasting has become increasingly important to the unit commitment and dispatch process for efficient scheduling of generators in power system operations. This study examines the value of improved solar power forecasting for the Independent System Operator-New England system. The results show how 25% solar power penetration reduces net electricity generation costs by 22.9%.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES IN HIGH VOLUME

Vehicle lightweighting represents one of several design approaches that automotive and heavy truck manufacturers are currently evaluating to improve fuel economy, lower emissions, and improve freight efficiency (tons-miles per gallon of fuel). With changes in fuel efficiency and environmental regulations in the area of transportation, the next decade will likely see considerable vehicle lightweighting throughout the ground transportation industry. Greater use of carbon fiber composites and light metals is a key component of that strategy. This paper examines the competition between candidate materials for lightweighting of heavy vehicles and passenger cars. A 53-component, 25 % mass reduction, body-in-white cost analysis is presented for each material class, highlighting the potential cost penalty for each kilogram of mass reduction and then comparing the various material options. Lastly, as the cost of carbon fiber is a major component of the elevated cost of carbon fiber composites, a brief look at the factors that influence that cost is presented.

AHSS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Impact of Distributed Wind on Bulk Power System Operations in ISO-NE

The work presented in this paper aims to study the impact of a range of penetration levels of distributed wind on the operation of the electric power system at the transmission level. This paper presents a case study on the power system in Independent System Operator New England. It is analyzed using PLEXOS, a commercial power system simulation tool. The results show that increasing the integration of distributed wind reduces total variable electricity generation costs, coal- and gas-fired electricity generation, electricity imports, and CO2 emissions, and increases wind curtailment. The variability and uncertainty of wind power also increases the start-up and shutdown costs and ramping of most conventional power plants.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Characterizing Electric Grid System Benefits of MPC-Based Residential Load Shaping: Preprint

Routinely encouraging and discouraging residential electric load throughout the day will be increasingly critical in efficiently managing the smart grid to reliably deliver clean, low-cost electricity. Yet, manipulating the duty cycles of thermostatically controlled loads such as heating, air conditioning, and hot water heaters can have the effect of destabilizing or stabilizing the grid. This work explores the potential for price-responsive control of residential air conditioning to shape electric demand at the distribution feeder level to minimize electricity production costs. Physical models of the interplay between building thermal and electric loads are used to Simulate time-series temperature and load behavior. Instantaneous load-adding and load-shedding opportunities are quantified in more than 100,000 individual homes on 204 distribution feeders with results presented for 35 cities across the United States. In the context of distributed model predictive control, simulation of feeder-level response to a residential day-ahead 5-minute pricing vector to 2,146 homes highlights an aggregate impact of flexible loads.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Comparing the Value of Improved Variable Renewable Energy Forecasting Accuracy in South African and United States Power Systems: Preprint

The value associated with an improved VRE forecast in has been quantified in this research. The value of improved VRE forecasts can increase with increasing VRE penetration levels with the range of this value becoming wider at increasing penetration levels. This value also saturates with high levels of improved VRE forecasts as there is relatively lower impact of improving VRE forecasts further. This paper discusses how the improvement of variable renewable energy (VRE) forecasting could impact the South African power system and a United States power system.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

Chapter 5: Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Buildings and Cities

Sustainable Energy Technologies, such as the solar, wind, and waterpower systems described in other chapters of this book, need to be integrated into our energy systems to expand access to energy while avoiding harmful effects on the environment. The existing utility system or 'grid' is a network that consists of components for generation, transmission, distribution, and control of electric power from producers (also called 'resources') to consumers (also called 'loads' or 'demand'). Public safety necessitates that the grid be reliable, and public policy requires that grid power be affordable and broadly accessible. Much of the existing power grid was constructed before the advent of modern information technology for controls and automation. The existing grid is facing new challenges related to increases in power demand, complexity in managing more diverse and distributed resources, power quality issues introduced by 'non-linear' loads (that have parasitic inductance and capacitance like LED lights or computers), physical and cybersecurity threats, and challenges to the existing economic model of costs and revenues. Increases in power demand include not only growth in population and per-capita electricity use, but also call for electricity to meet the need for heating and transportation as well. Electric vehicles are a rapidly growing example of this electrification of previously fossil-fueled uses. [Your author's Chevrolet Volt vehicle uses about the same amount of electricity as his house, around 300 kWh/month. Fortunately, both are served with solar photovoltaics (PVs)]. Therefore, there is an immediate need for improvement toward a reliable, self-regulating, efficient, and economical grid system that will allow the integration of renewable distributed power generation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2019

The Role of Reliability and Durability in Photovoltaic System Economics

This presentation was delivered as a webinar to members of the Durable Modules Materials Consortium (led by NREL) on February 11, 2019. We are now preparing it for posting to the DuraMAT website. The presentation offered an overview of how NREL's technoeconomic analysis helps to guide DuraMAT's work. Specifically, the presentation offers several examples of how analysis helps answer the question 'what is the value of solving a particular problem?'

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fish Friendly Water Rules' Impact On the Power Grid with High VRE Levels

Columbia River basin multipurpose reservoirs are operated for hydropower production and many other purposes considering the aquatic habitat of the river basin. Specifically, the river basin fish population is a vital element for the tribal community of the river basin. When conventional thermal power plants are retired, hydropower flexibility balances the wind and solar variability of the power grid and provides grid services to maximize the high renewable power absorption. On the other hand, over-reliance on hydropower could harm the river basin fish habitat. For example, water release pulses during peak electricity demand hours and shorter-term water release variation could harm the fish population. Power grid planners, environmentalists, Columbia Basin tribes, hydro regulators, and water resource planners work together to understand the impacts of Columbia River basin operation in a fish-friendly way in the current power grid and power grid with higher renewable power share. We examine different levels of renewable share in the Western Interconnection to understand the multiple weather years and future climate projection and operating scenario impact on the power grid and water system. We measure power grid impacts for various water resources planning scenarios in terms of total system operating cost, system reliability indicators, changes in wind and solar generation and curtailments, local marginal prices, and revenue for hydropower producers. The study results inform reservoir operating rules decisions from hydropower power producers, system operators, other water users, tribes, environmentalists, and other stakeholders.

environmental↗
DOE OSTI2024

Challenging Common Assumptions of Thick-Wall Chamber Dynamics in Inertial Fusion Systems using MOOSE

As an increasing number of companies look toward commercial Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) designs, there is a pressing need to understand the physics of thick-wall chamber gas dynamics. The thick liquid wall approach implements a renewable wall to mitigate the fusion target emissions, thereby reducing the radiation damage rate and significantly extending the lifetime of chamber structures, leading to increased plant availability and reduced waste streams in comparison to dry wall chamber designs. It is necessary, however, to assess the critical performance and safety aspects of these systems. For example, it is crucial to predict (1) where the mass ablated from the liquid walls will vent, which determines the placement of condensing surfaces; (2) debris propagation up the beam lines, which provides essential information for design and protection requirements; (3) peak pressures and impulse on chamber walls, which affect chamber structural design; and (4) momentum transfer to the liquid jets, which constrains the shape and positioning of the jets. In turn, the chamber design and its liquid walls affect shielding requirements, material activation, and tritium fuel cycle. Currently available simulation tools, however, are unable to accurately capture key thick-wall chamber dynamics. Significant assumptions are often made to simplify the system and reduce computational cost and modeling capability needs, but the impact of these assumptions on simulation predictions has not been evaluated. For example, no three-dimensional simulations can be found in the open literature to evaluate gas venting and momentum transfer to the jets with simulations using two-dimensional domains to represent complex three-dimensional geometries. Moreover, limited studies have been dedicated to jet breakup due to both turbulence and neutron heating, and no studies have been found that evaluate how jet breakup can impact shock-jet interaction. Furthermore, effects of radiative heat transfer have rarely been included for the hydrodynamic phase of shock propagation, and integration of proper equations of state in shock dynamics codes has been mostly exploratory. In this study, we use the flexible, high-fidelity Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) to model these complex phenomena and inform design and safety studies. Capabilities to model thick-wall chamber gas dynamics are being developed, and the impact of the assumptions listed above (i.e., two-dimensional vs three-dimensional, absence of jet breakout, no radiative heat transfer, and ideal gas behavior) are being quantified.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Challenging Common Assumptions of Thick-Wall Chamber Dynamics in Inertial Fusion Systems Using MOOSE-based Multiphysics Simulations

As an increasing number of companies look toward commercial Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) designs, there is a pressing need to understand the physics of thick-wall chamber gas dynamics. The thick liquid wall approach implements a renewable wall to mitigate the fusion target emissions, thereby reducing the radiation damage rate and significantly extending the lifetime of chamber structures, leading to increased plant availability and reduced waste streams in comparison to dry wall chamber designs. It is necessary, however, to assess the critical performance and safety aspects of these systems. For example, it is crucial to predict (1) where the mass ablated from the liquid walls will vent, which determines the placement of condensing surfaces; (2) debris propagation up the beam lines, which provides essential information for design and protection requirements; (3) peak pressures and impulse on chamber walls, which affect chamber structural design; and (4) momentum transfer to the liquid jets, which constrains the shape and positioning of the jets. In turn, the chamber design and its liquid walls affect shielding requirements, material activation, and tritium fuel cycle. Currently available simulation tools, however, are unable to accurately capture key thick-wall chamber dynamics. Significant assumptions are often made to simplify the system and reduce computational cost and modeling capability needs, but the impact of these assumptions on simulation predictions has not been evaluated. For example, no three-dimensional simulations can be found in the open literature to evaluate gas venting and momentum transfer to the jets with simulations using two-dimensional domains to represent complex three-dimensional geometries. Moreover, limited studies have been dedicated to jet breakup due to both turbulence and neutron heating, and no studies have been found that evaluate how jet breakup can impact shock-jet interaction. Furthermore, effects of radiative heat transfer have rarely been included for the hydrodynamic phase of shock propagation, and integration of proper equations of state in shock dynamics codes has been mostly exploratory. In this study, we use the flexible, high-fidelity Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) to model these complex phenomena and inform design and safety studies. Capabilities to model thick-wall chamber gas dynamics are being developed, and the impact of the assumptions listed above (i.e., two-dimensional vs three-dimensional, absence of jet breakout, no radiative heat transfer, and ideal gas behavior) are being quantified.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

U.S. Balance-of-Station Cost Drivers and Sensitivities (Presentation)

With balance-of-system (BOS) costs contributing up to 70% of the installed capital cost, it is fundamental to understanding the BOS costs for offshore wind projects as well as potential cost trends for larger offshore turbines. NREL developed a BOS model using project cost estimates developed by GL Garrad Hassan. Aspects of BOS covered include engineering and permitting, ports and staging, transportation and installation, vessels, foundations, and electrical. The data introduce new scaling relationships for each BOS component to estimate cost as a function of turbine parameters and size, project parameters and size, and soil type. Based on the new BOS model, an analysis to understand the non‐turbine costs has been conducted. This analysis establishes a more robust baseline cost estimate, identifies the largest cost components of offshore wind project BOS, and explores the sensitivity of the levelized cost of energy to permutations in each BOS cost element. This presentation shows results from the model that illustrates the potential impact of turbine size and project size on the cost of energy from U.S. offshore wind plants.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Insights for Canadian electricity generation planning from an integrated assessment model: Should we be more cautious about hydropower cost overruns?

Hydropower accounts for approximately 60% of electricity generation in Canada, with growth expected in the coming decades as part of renewable energy transitions; however, frequent cost overruns threaten the viability of this growth. Here, using the integrated assessment model GCAM, we develop an endogenous representation of hydropower for Canada that accounts for market dynamics, thus permitting analysis of hydropower competition with other electricity generation technologies, both with and without cost overruns. Results show that modelling hydropower resources endogenously increases Canadian hydropower deployment relative to an assumption of fixed hydropower production, from 417 to 495 TWh annually by 2050. In scenarios that apply cost overruns at historical levels, hydropower loses market share to more easily scalable technologies like wind power. When including high cost overrun assumptions, the model determines that hydropower falls from about 73% to 65% of Canadian electricity generation by 2050, while wind power increases from about 8% to 11%. Countries may be better able to achieve electrification and renewable energy targets at lower cost by avoiding large-scale, overrun-prone hydropower and nuclear generation projects. Model results support that cost overruns are important considerations for policy decisions related to electricity sector development in Canada and elsewhere.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

An optimization model for collection, haul, transfer, treatment and disposal of infectious medical waste: Application to a Greek region

Highlights: • We developed an optimization model to minimize cost of infectious waste management. •Two different software were used for model solution. • Model optimizes locations and capacities of treatment plants and transfer stations. • The higher percentage of total cost was due to construction of the treatment plant. • Sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel cost and waste production was conducted. - Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop an optimization model to minimize the cost of a collection, haul, transfer, treatment and disposal system for infectious medical waste (IMW). The model calculates the optimum locations of the treatment facilities and transfer stations, their design capacities (t/d), the number and capacities of all waste collection, transport and transfer vehicles and their optimum transport path and the minimum IMW management system cost. Waste production nodes (hospitals, healthcare centers, peripheral health offices, private clinics and physicians in private practice) and their IMW production rates were specified and used as model inputs. The candidate locations of the treatment facilities, transfer stations and sanitary landfills were designated, using a GIS-based methodology. Specifically, Mapinfo software with exclusion criteria for non-appropriate areas was used for siting candidate locations for the construction of the treatment plant and calculating the distance and travel time of all possible vehicle routes. The objective function was a non-linear equation, which minimized the total collection, transport, treatment and disposal cost. Total cost comprised capital and operation costs for: (1) treatment plant, (2) waste transfer stations, (3) waste transport and transfer vehicles and (4) waste collection bins and hospital boxes. Binary variables were used to decide whether a treatment plant and/or a transfer station should be constructed and whether a collection route between two or more nodes should be followed. Microsoft excel software was used as installation platform of the optimization model. For the execution of the optimization routine, two completely different software were used and the results were compared, thus, resulting in higher reliability and validity of the results. The first software was Evolver, which is based on the use of genetic algorithms. The second one was Crystal Ball, which is based on Monte Carlo simulation. The model was applied to the Region of East Macedonia – Thrace in Greece. The optimum solution resulted in one treatment plant located in the sanitary landfill area of Chrysoupolis, required no transfer stations and had a total management cost of 38,800 €/month or 809 €/t. If a treatment plant is sited in the most eastern part of the Region, i.e., the industrial area of Alexandroupolis, the optimum solution would result in a transfer station of 23 m{sup 3}, located near Kavala General Hospital, and a total cost of 39,800 €/month or 831 €/t. A sensitivity analysis was conducted and two alternative scenarios were optimized. In the first scenario, a 15% rise in fuel cost and in the second scenario a 25% rise in IMW production were considered. At the end, a cost calculation in €/t/km for every type of vehicle used for haul and transfer was conducted. Also, the cost of the whole system was itemized and calculated in €/t/km and €/t. The results showed that the higher percentage of the total cost was due to the construction of the treatment plant.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗