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At least 1,369 records · Page 76

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NASA NTRS2009

Aerothermodynamic Testing of the Crew Exploration Vehicle in the LaRC 20-Inch Mach 6 and 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnels

An experimental wind tunnel program is being conducted in support of a NASA wide effort to develop a Space Shuttle replacement and to support the Agency s long term objective of returning to the Moon and Mars. This article documents experimental measurements made on several scaled ceramic heat transfer models of the proposed Crew Exploration Vehicle Crew Module. The experimental data highlighted in this article are to be used to assess numerical tools that will be used to generate the flight aerothermodynamic database. Global heat transfer images and heat transfer distributions were obtained over a range of freestream Reynolds numbers and angles of attack with the phosphor thermography technique. Heat transfer data were measured on the forebody and afterbody and were used to infer the heating on the vehicle as well as the boundary layer state on the forebody surface. Several model support configurations were assessed to minimize potential support interference. In addition, the ability of the global phosphor thermography method to provide quantitative heating measurements in the low temperature environment of the capsule base region was assessed. While naturally fully developed turbulent levels were not obtained on the forebody, the use of boundary layer trips generated fully developed turbulent flow. Laminar and turbulent computational results were shown to be in good agreement with the data. Backshell testing demonstrated the ability to obtain data in the low temperature region as well as demonstrating the lack of significant model support hardware influence on heating.

Berger, Karen T.↗

DOE OSTI2021

CMM Sequential Analysis Program

This report documents a design agency (DA) method to evaluate coordinate measuring machine (CMM) data by constructing an algorithm that is equivalent to the production agency (PA) algorithm for processing the raw CMM data. Several refinements of the CMM analyses were implemented at both the PA and the DA to process inherent limitations of the raw data, such as the absence of measurements at the exact ends of the connector-adapter assembly (CAA) and the recovery from these limitations through (worst-case) adjustments to the the positional errors. Also, inherent errors of the CMM measurements were accommodated by introducing a guard band, which effectively lowered the tolerance so that the CMM code could not pass bad parts. The DA and the PA showed remarkable agreement in all areas of analysis. The ultimate comparison is shown in Figures 13a and 13b, where the effect of using a guard band and end adjustments to the CMM measurements were clearly shown.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2019

Paradigms and Challenges for Deterrence in Cyberspace

In 2018 Sandia National Laboratories launched the Civilian Cyber Strategic Initiative, an ongoing multi-year effort to characterize future threats to civilian cyber infrastructures, to inform research and development efforts to detect, attribute, counter, and recover from cyber attacks, and to inform program and capability investment decisions across the Energy and Homeland Security portfolio at Sandia. One of the primary objectives of the Civilian Cyber Strategic initiative is to leverage Sandia's systems analysis capabilities to characterize future threats and to support a new theory of deterrence. Towards the goal of supporting a new theory of deterrence in cyberspace, the purpose of this study was to understand how new and existing deterrence paradigms can be applied to cyberspace, to identify unique challenges and pitfalls associated with deterring adversaries in cyberspace, and to develop preliminary ideas for how our ability to deter cyber adversaries might be improved. Our approach combined literature reviews of relevant policy documents and the academic literature with interviews of experts both at Sandia and beyond.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS2008

Aerothermodynamic Testing of the Crew Exploration Vehicle in the LaRC 20-Inch Mach 6 and 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnels

An experimental wind tunnel program is being conducted in support of a NASA wide effort to develop a Space Shuttle replacement and to support the Agency s long term objective of returning to the Moon and Mars. This report documents experimental measurements made on several scaled ceramic heat transfer models of the proposed Crew Exploration Vehicle Crew Module. The experimental data highlighted in this test report are to be used to assess numerical tools that will be used to generate the flight aerothermodynamic database. Global heat transfer images and heat transfer distributions were obtained over a range of freestream Reynolds numbers and angles of attack with the phosphor thermography technique. Heat transfer data were measured on the forebody and afterbody and were used to infer the heating on the vehicle as well as the boundary layer state on the forebody surface. Several model support configurations were assessed to minimize potential support interference. In addition, the ability of the global phosphor thermography method to provide quantitative heating measurements in the low temperature environment of the capsule base region was assessed. While naturally fully developed turbulent levels were not obtained on the forebody, the use of boundary layer trips generated fully developed turbulent flow. Laminar and turbulent computational results were shown to be in good agreement with the data. Backshell testing demonstrated the ability to obtain data in the low temperature region as well as demonstrating the lack of significant model support hardware influence on heating.

Berger, Karen T.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Hardware Interface Description for the Integrated Power, Avionics, and Software (iPAS) Space Telecommunications Radio Ssystem (STRS) Radio

The Space Telecommunications Radio System (STRS) provides a common, consistent framework for software defined radios (SDRs) to abstract the application software from the radio platform hardware. The STRS standard aims to reduce the cost and risk of using complex, configurable and reprogrammable radio systems across NASA missions. To promote the use of the STRS architecture for future NASA advanced exploration missions, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) developed an STRS-compliant SDR on a radio platform used by the Advance Exploration System program at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in their Integrated Power, Avionics, and Software (iPAS) laboratory. The iPAS STRS Radio was implemented on the Reconfigurable, Intelligently-Adaptive Communication System (RIACS) platform, currently being used for radio development at JSC. The platform consists of a Xilinx ML605 Virtex-6 FPGA board, an Analog Devices FMCOMMS1-EBZ RF transceiver board, and an Embedded PC (Axiomtek eBox 620-110-FL) running the Ubuntu 12.4 operating system. Figure 1 shows the RIACS platform hardware. The result of this development is a very low cost STRS compliant platform that can be used for waveform developments for multiple applications.The purpose of this document is to describe how to develop a new waveform using the RIACS platform and the Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL) FPGA wrapper code and the STRS implementation on the Axiomtek processor.

Flight Computer↗

DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-27: A Tool for Routine Quality Assurance of Radiotherapy Dose Calculation Software

Purpose: Dose calculation software is thoroughly evaluated when it is commissioned; however, evaluation of periodic software updates is typically limited in scope due to staffing constraints and the need to quickly return the treatment planning system to clinical service. We developed a tool for quickly and comprehensively testing and documenting dose calculation software against measured data. Methods: A tool was developed using MatLab (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) for evaluation of dose calculation algorithms against measured data. Inputs to the tool are measured data, reference DICOM RT PLAN files describing the measurements, and dose calculations in DICOM format. The tool consists of a collection of extensible modules that can perform analysis of point dose, depth dose curves, and profiles using dose difference, distance-to-agreement, and the gamma-index. Each module generates a report subsection that is incorporated into a master template, which is converted to final form in portable document format (PDF). Results: After each change to the treatment planning system, a report can be generated in approximately 90 minutes. The tool has been in use for more than 5 years, spanning 5 versions of the eMC and 4 versions of the AAA. We have detected changes to the algorithms that affected clinical practice once during this period. Conclusion: Our tool provides an efficient method for quality assurance of dose calculation software, providing a complete set of tests for an update. Future work includes the addition of plan level tests, allowing incorporation of, for example, the TG-119 test suite for IMRT, and integration with the treatment planning system via an application programming interface. Integration with the planning system will permit fully-automated testing and reporting at scheduled intervals.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Reference document for LANL stack sampling and ANSI N13.1 (Article) Gielow RL and McNamee MR 1993. Numerical Flue Gas Flow Modeling for Continuous Emissions Monitoring Applications. EPRI CEM Users Group Meeting. Baltimore. RP1961-13

American National Standard N13.1 “sets forth guidelines and performance criteria for sampling the emissions of airborne radioactive substances in the air discharge ducts and stacks of nuclear facilities. Emphasis is on extractive sampling from a location in a stack or duct where the contaminant is well mixed. At such a location, sampling may be conducted at a single point. This standard provides performance-based criteria for the use of air sampling probes, transport lines, sample collectors, sample monitoring instruments, and gas flow measuring methods. This standard also covers sampling program objectives, quality assurance issues, developing air sampling action levels, system optimization, and system performance verification. Workplace, containment, and environmental air monitoring are not addressed. Specific sample analysis methods and the reporting or interpreting of results are also not addressed.” (HPS 2011).

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Seventy-Five Years of Nuclear Criticality Safety Documents - A Bibliography

A collection of nuclear criticality documents was begun in the 1970s at the University of California’s Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (now Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). Documents in this bibliography are dated as early as 1940. The early documents described experimental work that was of vital importance to the safe use of fissile materials at nuclear reactors, the facilities for preparing or transporting nuclear fuel, or its eventual storage. The experiments were of direct value to support safe operations with fissile material, but they were also needed for validating early physics data and calculational methods and then for validating computational methods used in criticality safety evaluations. Bibliographic information from the past seventy-five years have been entered into a computerized bibliographic database. The database continues to expand. Publications were issued several decades ago based on the information collected at that time. Our new publication is based on a current “snapshot” of the present status of the database. Contributions of information or corrections to this bibliography will be appreciated.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Modeling Enhancements, Cross-Section Generation Updates, and Benchmarking with Shift

This technical report documents the modeling enhancements, cross-section generation updates, and bench marking with the Shift Monte Carlo code performed under the US Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation Program in FY 2024. The work performed included several modeling enhancements, such as integration of cross-section generation in Titan and the ability to produce microscopic multigroup cross sections with Shift. Benchmarking of the cross sections produced by Shift and the two-step workflow with Griffin was performed for three problems: the Advanced Breeder Test Reactor, a generic pebble bed reactor, and a TRISO heat pipe microreactor. Comparisons of results from these benchmark problems were done with Serpent, OpenMC, and Griffin. These enhancements provide a robust foundation for applying Shift for both reference and two-step neutronics analysis for advanced reactor simulation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS2019

Bumper: A Tool for Analyzing Spacecraft Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Risk

“Bumper” is NASA’s computer program for analyzing spacecraft micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) risk. Bumper was developed in the late-1980s and has been continuously used and maintained since. The user base has grown from a few government entities to now include numerous commercial entities as well. The NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) Hypervelocity Impact Technology (HVIT) Team is responsible for all aspects of the Bumper software. Bumper has been used to characterize MMOD risk on hundreds of spacecraft. All of the International Space Station (ISS) modules, visiting vehicles and numerous external components and systems have been analyzed. Bumper was used to analyze each of the Space Shuttle missions since STS-50. The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) MMOD shielding is being developed using Bumper as well. Bumper has also been used on numerous telescopes (Hubble, James Webb, and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescopes), scientific probes (Stardust, New Horizons, Parker Solar Probe), and Earth observation satellites (Landsat, Joint Polar Satellite System). Bumper is also being used to analyze the micrometeoroid risk and support design of the Deep Space Gateway (DSG) and Mars Sample Return (MSR) missions. The HVIT Bumper Configuration Control Board (CCB) ensures that all changes to the code are approved, reviewed, and documented. Most of the changes are made to add new MMOD damage “ballistic limit equations” (BLEs). BLEs are typically added in response to completion of a hypervelocity impact (HVI) test series and development of an associated BLE. Other less frequent changes include updates of the debris or meteoroid environment models, feature enhancements, and feature retirement. Some BLEs are commercially sensitive and/or proprietary, so the CCB also manages code user-version control and software distribution. The current version – “Bumper 3” – is a FORTRAN executable that utilizes a 64-bit architecture. Bumper 3 has numerous features that make it a powerful tool for analyzing spacecraft MMOD risk. Bumper uses the latest orbital debris and micrometeoroid environment models. Bumper also easily processes large spacecraft geometry models, recognizes hidden surfaces, permits BLE assignment by name or number, and conducts quality checks of the spacecraft geometry model. Bumper 3 can also be used to estimate the effects of particle penetration through thin, high-standoff distance hardware components such as solar arrays and radiators. This is done using a special HVIT-developed technique know as the “3-Part Analysis.” The paper introduces the Bumper 3 MMOD risk analysis code and provides an example MMOD risk assessment showing Bumper’s role in the overall MMOD protection design process.

Lear, Dana M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

LUCID Thrust 1 - Dataset Identification and Biodata Catalog Creation

The LUCID DOE consortium, part of the Department of Energy’s Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program, advances Low Dose Radiation (LDR) research through multidisciplinary efforts across seven key thrusts. This document focuses on Thrust 1, which centers on the creation of curated multimodal population health datasets and supports broader efforts within the LUCID program, including AI-based hypothesis generation, experimental design, and the study of LDR-induced health risks. Specifically, it describes the identification and cataloging of Thrust 1’s curated LDR datasets and biodata, emphasizing their critical role in supporting various research thrusts within the consortium, with potential applications in healthcare and public policy. In addition, the document includes an evaluation of three Large Language Models (LLMs)—GPT-4, SOLAR-10B, and Mixtral-8x7B—based on their ability to extract features from 25 LDR studies. The results indicate that GPT-4 performed the best, while Mixtral-8x7B demonstrated limited knowledge. Overall, this work advances understanding in radiation protection, risk assessment, and medical treatments, while providing valuable resources for researchers, educators, and policymakers.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗

DOE OSTI2018

sympl (v. 0.4.0) and climt (v. 0.15.3) – towards a flexible framework for building model hierarchies in Python

sympl (System for Modelling Planets) andclimt (Climate Modelling and Diagnostics Toolkit) are anattempt to rethink climate modelling frameworks from the ground up. The aimis to use expressive data structures available in the scientific Pythonecosystem along with best practices in software design to allow scientists toeasily and reliably combine model components to represent the climate systemat a desired level of complexity and to enable users to fully understandwhat the model is doing. sympl is a framework which formulates the model in terms of astate that gets evolved forward in time or modified within a specifictime by well-defined components. sympl's design facilitates buildingmodels that are self-documenting, are highly interoperable, and providefine-grained control over model components and behaviour. symplcomponents contain all relevant information about the input they expect andoutput that they provide. Components are designed to be easily interchanged,even when they rely on different units or array configurations.sympl provides basic functions and objects which could be used inany type of Earth system model. climt is an Earth system modelling toolkit that contains scientificcomponents built using sympl base objects. These include both purePython components and wrapped Fortran libraries. climt providesfunctionality requiring model-specific assumptions, such as stateinitialization and grid configuration. climt's programming interfacedesigned to be easy to use and thus appealing to a wide audience. Model building, configuration and execution are performed through a Pythonscript (or Jupyter Notebook), enabling researchers to build an end-to-endPython-based pipeline along with popular Python data analysis andvisualization tools.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2022

High-Fidelity Measurements for Flattop-HEU Benchmark Reevaluation

Flattop was first built in the 1950’s at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Flattop-HEU is composed of a sphere of highly enriched uranium (HEU) surrounded by a thick spherical natural uranium (NU) reflector. The reflector is composed of three parts: a stationary hemisphere and two movable quarter spheres. For fine control of the reactivity of the system, there are three control rods of natural uranium located in voids in the stationary hemisphere. The final components that make Flattop a useful critical assembly are the glory hole and mass adjustment pieces. These pieces can be loaded in various configurations into the glory hole and the core pedestal to control the known worth of the system. The glory hole and mass adjustment pieces are mostly small pieces of HEU with some mass adjustment pieces fabricated from NU. This allows for the irradiation of samples to a specified level. To better document the system, Flattop was evaluated and included in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) handbook. The original benchmark evaluation of Flattop-HEU was written in 1999 based on an experiment completed in the 1960’s. This original evaluation was written to provide a single diameter that defined critical mass; however, as computational capabilities have increased, the focus for benchmark evaluations has shifted to include detailed modelswith all physical dimensions. Thus, as Flattop is a lynchpin in critical experiment work, the benchmark is being reevaluated at current standards. This summary discusses some of the largest known uncertainties from the evaluation and the high-fidelity measurements taken to reduce these uncertainties.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Clearance Sensitivity Mitigation in Small Core Compressors

As future aircraft become lighter and more aerodynamically efficient, thrust requirements will decrease, reducing the core size of the engine. Furthermore, in the pursuit of improved fuel burn, engine overall pressure ratio and bypass ratio will increase, further driving down engine core size. These drivers together mean that the core size, or corrected mass flow rate at the compressor exit, for future single-aisle aircraft applications will shrink below 3.0 lb/s. Traditionally, this small core compressor size is in the domain of axi-centrifugal designs, machines that are typically less efficient and limited to pressure ratios of ~25 due to stress and thermomechanical fatigue in the centrifugal impeller. In this light, NASA, Pratt & Whitney and the Raytheon Technologies Research Center embarked upon a program to develop technologies to enable an all-axial high-pressure compressor with a core size below 3.0 lb/s and an overall pressure ratio greater than 50. One of the challenges with an all-axial high-pressure compressor at this core size is the small span at the rear of the compressor. As core size is scaled down, the rotor tip clearances do not scale with span, leading to significant efficiency penalties. This paper documents a numerical and experimental effort to mitigate this penalty through design optimization and technology insertion, enabling an estimated 5 to 10% fuel burn reduction relative to 2020 best-in-class. The experimental program consisted of two builds of a high-speed rig: a baseline build and a second build to insert technology to manage large rotor tip gap/span ratios. The results demonstrated a reduction in the sensitivity of the compressor to large clearance ratios, which would be likely at the end-of-life of a small core application. The test campaign demonstrated that, with the insertion of technology, small core compressors can maintain a similar efficiency to current best-in-class large core size compressors. In addition to advancing the state-of-the-art of technology, the program also advanced the modeling standards for multistage compressors with large clearance-to-span ratios. The validation of this approach is described in the paper.

Axial Compressors↗

DOE OSTI2020

Event Definition for the Automated Detection of Nuclear Proliferation Activities

In FY2020, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) in collaboration with the Discovery Analytics Center (DAC) at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VT) began developing a demonstration prototype system that uses multiple machine learning and data analytic methods on largescale open data sources to identify new, developing, or undeclared nuclear programs. One of the most challenging aspects of applying machine learning techniques to such a problem is the high likelihood of extremely sparse data from disparate sources. To overcome this challenge, the current work will use a strategic combination of supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised learning techniques to ingest and fuse data streams to make a forecast of nuclear activities in a targeted geospatial location. Identifying potential data sources and training supervised learning algorithms is dependent upon the development of a robust foundation of targeted event domains that fundamentally define the nuclear activities of interest. This report documents the definition of a hierarchical structure for both nuclear activity and event domains that will be used to guide the research team in development or use of existing semantic dictionaries that are instrumental to searching, parsing, and categorizing events for the forecasting system’s use.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2019

THF Co-Solvent Biomass Fractionation to Catalytic Fuel Precursors with High Yields (Final Report)

The overall goal of this project is to utilize the Co-Solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) as a platform technology to realize transformation of real biomass feedstocks to fungible transportation fuels. CELF is a solvolysis method that seeks to break the cost barrier for biomass deconstruction so that high yield liquid intermediates from both sugars and lignin can be recovered for their subsequent catalytic conversion to fungible transportation fuels. It is important for the DOE EERE mission to focus on supporting platform technologies that enable greater end-to-end utilization of biomass whereby the co-development of both process and catalyst is streamlined. CELF is one of the most competitive platform technologies that uses multifunctional co-solvents THF and water to provide the cleanest intermediate product streams that can allow advanced catalysts to be developed on real feedstocks instead of model compounds. For this project, we developed a hybrid catalytic process that first applies CELF homogeneous catalysis to convert solid biomass to a liquid stream containing intermediate fuel precursors (FPs) such as furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Afterwards, a second heterogeneous catalytic step was then applied to selectively hydrodeoxygenate (HDO) the FPs produced from biomass into gasoline blendstocks methylfuran (MF) and dimethylfuran (DMF). Concurrently, capitalizing on CELF’s efficient lignin extraction capabilities, we further explored production C9+ cyclic hydrocarbons from biomass lignin to improve overall process economics. For the first step, the CELF process was optimized to achieve yields of >95% for FF and >60% for HMF from the xylan and glucan fractions in poplar wood, respectively. For the second step, we created a patent-pending bifunctional Cu-Ni solid catalyst that is tolerant to real product streams from the CELF process and simultaneously produce MF and DMF blendstocks at >80% yields. To provide more market versatility, we further explored the production of 2-pentanol from MF and have achieved >70% yields. During this project’s three year period, we also developed a dynamically informed technoeconomic computer model that helped to guide key project decisions that allowed us to reach a final biofuel selling price (MFSP) of <$\$$3/GGE (gallon gasoline equivalent) and total biomass carbon utilization of 60%. We also determined that the MFSP in our model could be further reduced to below $\$$2/GGE if the value of the lignin-derived aromatic hydrocarbon fuels could be sold at diesel-range prices (>$\$$500/tonne). Our process model was designed to consume 288 tonnes per day of poplar wood chips with minor consumption of hydrogen to produce a range of fuel blendstocks suitable for use in the transportation sector. The project was successful in meeting DOE EERE program criteria for application of an all-catalytic biofuels process to achieve a biofuel selling price target of <$\$$3/GGE as well as to achieve a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) compared to conventional fossil petroleum processes. At project completion, the outlined catalytic process reported total utilization of up to 60% of the carbon found in biomass, rivaling more mature biological cellulosic ethanol technologies at a fraction of the fixed and operating costs. This project also resulted in 7 peer-reviewed publications, 2 provisional inventions, and 1 patent pending. NOTE: This public version of the document contains redacted text, tables, and figures as indicated within the document.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

NASA NTRS2010

Math Description Engine Software Development Kit

The Math Description Engine Software Development Kit (MDE SDK) can be used by software developers to make computer-rendered graphs more accessible to blind and visually-impaired users. The MDE SDK generates alternative graph descriptions in two forms: textual descriptions and non-verbal sound renderings, or sonification. It also enables display of an animated trace of a graph sonification on a visual graph component, with color and line-thickness options for users having low vision or color-related impairments. A set of accessible graphical user interface widgets is provided for operation by end users and for control of accessible graph displays. Version 1.0 of the MDE SDK generates text descriptions for 2D graphs commonly seen in math and science curriculum (and practice). The mathematically rich text descriptions can also serve as a virtual math and science assistant for blind and sighted users, making graphs more accessible for everyone. The MDE SDK has a simple application programming interface (API) that makes it easy for programmers and Web-site developers to make graphs accessible with just a few lines of code. The source code is written in Java for cross-platform compatibility and to take advantage of Java s built-in support for building accessible software application interfaces. Compiled-library and NASA Open Source versions are available with API documentation and Programmer s Guide at http:/ / prim e.jsc.n asa. gov.

Shelton, Robert O.↗

DOE OSTI2014

MAMA Software User Guide: Tips for Segmenting with MAMA

This document reviews the six ways to segment with the MAMA software. Mama is not a threshold based segmentation system, like many of the image analyses programs you may be have used in the past. The MAMA software is set up to allow you to segment iteratively, and do so in a variety of ways. Six different ways are show below. They can be used in almost any combination—sometimes the choice depends on the image, sometimes it depends on user preferences for what type of interactions a user is willing to do. In the examples below, by “easy”, we mean an image for which MAMA segmentation works great and little clean-up is needed. By hard image, we mean an image for which accurate segmentation is very challenging. Many metal micrographs, and particles with rough textures fall into this class.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗