Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “injection”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,351 records · Page 75
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2022

Global Food Insecurity and Famine From Reduced Crop, Marine Fishery and Livestock Production Due to Climate Disruption From Nuclear War Soot Injection

Atmospheric soot loadings from nuclear weapon detonation would cause disruptions to the Earth’s climate, limiting terrestrial and aquatic food production. Here, we use climate, crop and fishery models to estimate the impacts arising from six scenarios of stratospheric soot injection, predicting the total food calories available in each nation post-war after stored food is consumed. In quantifying impacts away from target areas, we demonstrate that soot injections larger than 5 Tg would lead to mass food shortages, and livestock and aquatic food production would be unable to compensate for reduced crop output, in almost all countries. Adaptation measures such as food waste reduction would have limited impact on increasing available calories. We estimate more than 2 billion people could die from nuclear war between India and Pakistan, and more than 5 billion could die from a war between the United States and Russia—underlining the importance of global cooperation in preventing nuclear war.

Atmospheric soot↗
DOE OSTI2015

Early Beam Injection Scheme for the Fermilab Booster: A Path for Intensity Upgrade

Over the past decade, Fermilab has focused efforts on the intensity frontier physics and is committed to increase the average beam power delivered to the neutrino and muon programs substantially. Many upgrades to the existing injector accelerators, namely, the current 400 MeV LINAC and the Booster, are in progress under the Proton Improvement Plan (PIP). Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) proposes to replace the existing 400 MeV LINAC by a new 800 MeV LINAC, as an injector to the Booster which will increase Booster output power by nearly a factor of two from the PIP design value by the end of its completion. In any case, the Fermilab Booster is going to play a very significant role for nearly next two decades. In this context, I have developed and investigated a new beam injection scheme called "early injection scheme" (EIS) for the Booster with the goal to significantly increase the beam intensity output from the Booster thereby increasing the beam power to the HEP experiments even before PIP-II era. The scheme, if implemented, will also help improve the slip-stacking efficiency in the MI/RR. Here I present results from recent simulations, beam studies, current status and future plans for the new scheme.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

FIBER ORIENTATION IN INJECTION MOLDED LONG CARBON FIBER THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES

A set of edge-gated and center-gated plaques were injection molded with long carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, and the fiber orientation was measured at different locations of the plaques. Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Insight (ASMI) software was used to simulate the injection molding of these plaques and to predict the fiber orientation, using the anisotropic rotary diffusion and the reduced strain closure models. The phenomenological parameters of the orientation models were carefully identified by fitting to the measured orientation data. The fiber orientation predictions show very good agreement with the experimental data.

carbon fiber↗
DOE OSTI2012

Identification of limiting case between DBA and SBDBA (CL break area sensitivity): A new model for the boron injection system

Atucha-2 is a Siemens-designed PHWR reactor under construction in the Republic of Argentina. Its geometrical complexity and (e.g., oblique Control Rods, Positive Void coefficient) required a developed and validated complex three dimensional (3D) neutron kinetics (NK) coupled thermal hydraulic (TH) model. Reactor shut-down is obtained by oblique CRs and, during accidental conditions, by an emergency shut-down system (JDJ) injecting a highly concentrated boron solution (boron clouds) in the moderator tank, the boron clouds reconstruction is obtained using a CFD (CFX) code calculation. A complete LBLOCA calculation implies the application of the RELAP5-3D{sup C} system code. Within the framework of the third Agreement 'NA-SA - Univ. of Pisa' a new RELAP5-3D control system for the boron injection system was developed and implemented in the validated coupled RELAP5-3D/NESTLE model of the Atucha 2 NPP. The aim of this activity is to find out the limiting case (maximum break area size) for the Peak Cladding Temperature for LOCAs under fixed boundary conditions. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cost-Benefit Assessment of Additive Manufacturing for Injection Molds

This report presents an additive-manufacturing (AM) technology, where AM Cyclic Olefin Resin (COR) molds would be used for injection molding. The National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) team has focused on the costs and economics of this developing technology. This report presents a cost-benefit analysis of using the polySpectra AM COR molds made of COR, at the start of the project (Present') and the potential lifetime, cost-effectiveness, and performance by the end of the project period (Period 3'). The analysis of the AM COR molds is compared to traditional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machined aluminum molds across the time periods. A cost-benefit model framework has been developed to evaluate AM COR molds. This model accounts for mold delivery to customers, current and future levels of technology readiness, the type of material injected, and various business cases. AM COR molds offer a major advantage in lead time, reducing production setup from weeks or months (with CNC machining) to as little as two to five days. This enables faster prototyping, quicker design cycles, and accelerated time-to-market, critical in industries like electronics, aerospace, medical devices, and automotive. Even modest improvements in the durability of polySpectra AM COR molds show the potential for these molds to complement traditional tooling. With further development, AM COR mold technology could provide significant time and cost savings while supporting increased domestic manufacturing capacity.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2016

The importance of earthquake interactions for injection-induced seismicity: Retrospective modeling of the Basel Enhanced Geothermal System

We explore the role of earthquake interactions during an injection-induced seismic sequence. We propose a model, which considers both a transient pressure and static stress redistribution due to event interactions as triggering mechanisms. By calibrating the model against observations at the Enhanced Geothermal System of Basel, Switzerland, we are able to reproduce the time behavior of the seismicity rate. We observe that considering earthquake interactions in the modeling leads to a larger number of expected seismic events (24% more) if compared to a pressure-induced seismicity only. The increase of the number of events is particularly evident after the end of the injection. Finally, we conclude that implementing a model for estimating the static stress changes due to mutual event interactions increases significantly the understanding of the process and the behavior of induced seismicity.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Subsurface injection of combustion power plant effluent as a solid-phase carbon dioxide storage strategy

Long-term geological storage of CO 2 may be essential for greenhouse gas mitigation, so a number of storage strategies have been developed that utilize a variety of physical processes. Recent work shows that injection of combustion power plant effluent, a mixture of CO 2 and N 2 , into CH 4 hydrate-bearing reservoirs blends CO 2 storage with simultaneous CH 4 production where the CO 2 is stored in hydrate, an immobile, solid compound. This strategy creates economic value from the CH 4 production, reduces the preinjection complexity since costly CO 2 distillation is circumvented, and limits leakage since hydrate is immobile. In this work, we explore the phase behavior of these types of injections and describe the individual roles of H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 as these components partition into aqueous, vapor, hydrate, and liquid CO 2 phases. Our results show that CO 2 storage in subpermafrost or submarine hydrate-forming reservoirs requires coinjection of N 2 to maintain two-phase flow and limit plugging.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Field characterization of elastic properties across a fault zone reactivated by fluid injection

In this paper, we studied the elastic properties of a fault zone intersecting the Opalinus Clay formation at 300 m depth in the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory (Switzerland). Four controlled water injection experiments were performed in borehole straddle intervals set at successive locations across the fault zone. A three-component displacement sensor, which allowed capturing the borehole wall movements during injection, was used to estimate the elastic properties of representative locations across the fault zone, from the host rock to the damage zone to the fault core. Young's moduli were estimated by both an analytical approach and numerical finite difference modeling. Results show a decrease in Young's modulus from the host rock to the damage zone by a factor of 5 and from the damage zone to the fault core by a factor of 2. In the host rock, our results are in reasonable agreement with laboratory data showing a strong elastic anisotropy characterized by the direction of the plane of isotropy parallel to the laminar structure of the shale formation. In the fault zone, strong rotations of the direction of anisotropy can be observed. Finally, the plane of isotropy can be oriented either parallel to bedding (when few discontinuities are present), parallel to the direction of the main fracture family intersecting the zone, and possibly oriented parallel or perpendicular to the fractures critically oriented for shear reactivation (when repeated past rupture along this plane has created a zone).

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Risk-based area of review estimation in overpressured reservoirs to support injection well storage facility permit requirements for CO 2 storage projects

This paper by the Energy & Environmental Research Center presents a workflow and modeling approach for delineating a risk-based area of review (AOR) to support a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class VI permit for a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage project. The approach combines semianalytical solutions for estimating formation fluid leakage through a hypothetical leaky wellbore with the results of numerical reservoir simulations to define the AOR. The modeling utilizes 1) semianalytical solutions from the peer-reviewed literature for formation fluid leakage through abandoned wellbores by Raven (1990) and Avci (1994), 2) a FORTRAN model compiled and described in Cihan et al. (2011, 2012) called ASLMA (Analytical Solution for Leakage in Multilayered Aquifers), and 3) a computational framework for estimating a risk-based AOR first proposed by Oldenburg et al. (2014, 2016). Therefore, the approach builds upon well-established research and underlying hydrogeological principles that have been upheld for nearly three decades. Moreover, the ASLMA model has been broadly applied to an array of storage projects. The work presented herein extends these earlier works using a custom wrapper written in the software environment, R (R Core Team, 2020), which was developed to perform multiple runs of the ASLMA model using given ranges for one or more input parameters. In addition, the current work simulates the pressure buildup within the storage reservoir in response to CO 2 injection using a compositional simulator to better accommodate the temporospatial evolution of pressure buildup within the storage reservoir that is more accurately modeled using a heterogeneous geologic model and a compositional simulator that accounts for the multiphase interactions. The workflow is demonstrated using a case study for a 180,000-metric-ton-per-year storage project located in the PCOR (Plains CO 2 Reduction) Partnership region. For the storage project evaluated here, under the scenario where the leaky wellbore is open to a saline aquifer (thief zone) between the overlying seal (cap rock) and the underground sources of drinking water (USDW), the risk-based AOR essentially collapses to the areal extent of the CO 2 plume in the storage reservoir because the pressure buildup in the storage reservoir beyond the CO 2 plume is insufficient to drive formation fluids up a hypothetical leaky wellbore into the USDW. However, even under the conservative assumption that the leaky wellbore is not open to a thief zone, beyond the areal extent of the CO 2 plume, the incremental leakage is less than 400 m 3 over 20 years, which represents ~0.0001% or less of the total volume of water contained within the USDW rock volume. As discussed in the text, the threshold criterion for defining the risk-based AOR is site-specific and should be informed by the results of the sensitivity analysis and available site characterization data. The approach outlined in this paper is designed to be protective of USDWs and, therefore, comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act requirements and provisions for the U.S. EPA Class VI Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program (Class VI Rule) and North Dakota Administrative Code Chapter 43-05-01.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Large-Volume Injection and Assessment of Reference Standards for n -Alkane δD and δ 13 C Analysis via Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ 13 C) in organic compounds is a valuable tool in biogeochemical research. A key limitation of this method is the relatively large amount of sample required to achieve desirable precision. We developed a large-volume (20 μL) injection method that allows for high throughput analysis of less concentrated samples and tested it for δ 13 C and δD measurements of n-alkanes. We also conducted a comparison of reference standards and assessed several methods to normalize and correct n-alkane δD and δ13C measurements. The mean precision of the δD method based on 233 environmental n-alkane samples (two to three replications per sample) is 4.0‰ (1σ, estimated from the weighted mean of the pooled unbiased standard deviations) and 0.46‰ (1σ) for δ 13 C from 37 environmental samples (two to three replications per sample). The evaluation of reference standards shows that the use of n-alkane standards with large offsets in δD values in adjacent n-alkane chains can lead to biases in measurement correction. The large-volume injection method shows good reproducibility of δ 13 C and δD measurements of n-alkanes and reduces the required sample concentration by about 80%. We propose that for δD measurements, a reference standard set should be used in which each reference standard has a limited range of δD values and no adjacent n-alkane chains, to minimize memory effects.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Overshadow PLC to Detect Remote Control-Logic Injection Attacks

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial control systems (ICS) are vulnerable to remote control logic injection attacks. Attackers target the control logic of a PLC to manipulate the behavior of a physical process such as nuclear plants, power grids, and gas pipelines. Control logic attacks have been studied extensively in the literature, including hiding the transfer of a control logic over the network from both packet header-based signatures, and deep packet inspection. For instance, these attacks transfer a control logic code as data, into small fragments (one-byte per packet), that are further padded with noise data. To detect control logic in ICS network traffic, this paper presents Shade, a novel shadow memory technique that observes the network traffic to maintain a local copy of the current state of a PLC memory. To analyze the memory contents, Shade employs a classification algorithm with 42 unique features categorized into five types at different semantic levels of a control logic code, such as number of rungs, number of consecutive decompiled instructions, and n-grams. We then evaluate Shade against control logic injection attacks on two PLCs, Modicon M221 and MicroLogix 1400 from two ICS vendors, Schneider electric and Allen-Bradley, respectively. The evaluation results show that Shade can detect an attack instance (i.e., identifying at least one attack packet during the transfer of a malicious control logic) accurately without any false alarms.

Yoo, Hyunguk↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Cooperative Approach to Virtual Machine Based Fault Injection

Resilience investigations often employ fault injection (FI) tools to study the effects of simulated errors on a target system. It is important to keep the target system under test (SUT) isolated from the controlling environment in order to maintain control of the experiement. Virtual machines (VMs) have been used to aid these investigations due to the strong isolation properties of system-level virtualization. A key challenge in fault injection tools is to gain proper insight and context about the SUT. In VM-based FI tools, this challenge of target con- text is increased due to the separation between host and guest (VM). We discuss an approach to VM-based FI that leverages virtual machine introspection (VMI) methods to gain insight into the target s context running within the VM. The key to this environment is the ability to provide basic information to the FI system that can be used to create a map of the target environment. We describe a proof- of-concept implementation and a demonstration of its use to introduce simulated soft errors into an iterative solver benchmark running in user-space of a guest VM.

Naughton, III, Thomas J↗
DOE OSTI2018

Regimes of Hydrate Formation in the Process of Injection of Carbon Dioxide into a Porous Medium Saturated with Methane and Water

The problem on the formation of the hydrate of carbon dioxide in the process of its injection into a porous medium saturated with methane and water, whose initial temperature does not correspond to the thermodynamic conditions of existence of the carbon-dioxide hydrate, was considered. This problem was solved for the case where the hydrate formation takes place at the front interface not coincident with the boundary of displacement of methane by carbon dioxide. It is shown that, in the case where the initial temperature of the porous medium exceeds the equilibrium temperature of hydrate formation, the carbon-dioxide hydrate can be formed in three regimes. Curves separating these regimes depending on the injection pressure, the initial temperature of the medium, and its permeability have been constructed.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Structure and Reactivity of Low-Rank Coal Chars Prepared from Fluidized Bed and Moving Bed Pyrolyzers and the Potential for Using Them in Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI)

Utilizing pyrolysis chars as the injection fuel in a blast furnace can reduce the dependence on high-quality pulverized coal injection (PCI) coal. In this study, the physical properties and reaction characteristics of chars prepared from two different industrial-scale pyrolyzers (fluidized bed and moving bed) are investigated. The results reveal remarkable component segregation in the char particles with different particle sizes. The properties of large-size char particles are found to better satisfy the PCI fuel requirement in a blast furnace. Compared with PCI coal, the char particles exhibit a rough surface, well-developed pore structure, and less-ordered chemical structure of carbon. Results from isothermal combustion, isothermal gasification, and drop tube furnace experiments show that both types of chars exhibit a better reactivity than PCI coal. The excellent reactivity of chars is closely related to its high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and relatively poor chemical ordering during conversion. Based on these characteristics, both fluidized bed char (FBC) and moving bed char (MBC) have a great potential to be used as PCI fuels. The application method of chars for PCI in a blast furnace is proposed finally.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2017

Detecting subsurface fluid leaks in real-time using injection and production rates

Here, CO 2 injection into geologic formations for either enhanced oil recovery or carbon storage introduces a risk for undesired fluid leakage into overlying groundwater or to the surface. Despite decades of subsurface CO 2 production and injection, the technologies and methods for detecting CO 2 leaks are still costly and prone to large uncertainties. This is especially true for pressure-based monitoring methods, which require the use of simplified geological and reservoir flow models to simulate the pressure behavior as well as background noise affecting pressure measurements.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Intraperitoneal injection of MSC-derived exosomes prevent experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) derived exosomes mediate tissue protection and regeneration in many injuries and diseases by modulating cell protein production, protecting from apoptosis, inhibiting inflammation, and increasing angiogenesis. In the present study, daily intraperitoneal injection of MSC-derived exosomes protected alveolarization and angiogenesis in a newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) induced by 14 days of neonatal hyperoxia exposure (85% O{sub 2}). Exosome treatment during hyperoxia prevented disruption of alveolar growth, increased small blood vessel number, and inhibited right heart hypertrophy at P14, P21, and P56. In vitro, exosomes significantly increased tube-like network formation by HUVEC, in part through a VEGF mediated mechanism. In summary, daily intraperitoneal injection of exosomes increased blood vessel number and size in the lung through pro-angiogenic mechanisms. MSC-derived exosomes therefore have both anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic mechanism to protect the lung from hyperoxia induced lung and heart disease associated with BPD.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Pore-scale CFD simulations of clay mobilization in natural porous media due to fresh water injection

The present work investigates mechanisms of permeability impairment as a result of low-salinity fluid injection into brine-saturated porous media containing dispersible clays. Here, we present a computational fluid dynamics model at the pore-scale to simulate detachment, migration and straining of fine particles in porous media. The model uses an immersed boundary method to simulate the motion of clay fines in a fluid. In addition to the hydrodynamic forces, we model the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek forces (DLVO) between clay fines and grains. Our simulations show the impact of the injected fluid's salinity and velocity on the concentration of clay fines retained on the grain surface. We see clay particles dislodging from the grain surface in clusters of up to 12 particles. Our simulation results also demonstrate clogging of narrow pore spaces by the detached particles from the grain surfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗