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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,351 records · Page 75
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Integrable optics design principles for beam halo suppression in accelerator rings at the intensity frontier

RadiaSoft LLC is collaborating with Fermilab to fundamentally advance the field of particle accelerator design, in order to reduce cost and technical risk for next-generation hadron accelerators, and to more rapidly advance the intensity frontier of high energy physics. The Fermilab PI is one of the originators of the theory of integrable nonlinear magnetic lattices. Fermilab is the only laboratory in the world pursuing the experimental verification of the theory. Transferring Fermilab expertise to RadiaSoft LLC will enhance US competitiveness by enabling US industry to engage in the design of future high intensity hadron rings for spallation sources, neutrino sources, muon sources, subcritical nuclear reactors and waste transmutation facilities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The discriminant power of bubble wall velocities: gravitational waves and electroweak baryogenesis

A precise determination of the bubble wall velocity v$_{w}$ is crucial for making accurate predictions of the baryon asymmetry and gravitational wave (GW) signals in models of electroweak baryogenesis (EWBG). Working in the local thermal equilibrium approximation, we exploit entropy conservation to present efficient algorithms for computing v$_{w}$, significantly streamlining the calculation. We then explore the parameter dependencies of v$_{w}$, focusing on two sample models capable of enabling a strong first-order electroweak phase transition: a ℤ$_{2}$-symmetric singlet extension of the SM, and a model for baryogenesis with CP violation in the dark sector. We study correlations among v$_{w}$ and the two common measures of phase transition strength, α$_{n}$ and v$_{n}$/T$_{n}$. Interestingly, we find a relatively model-insensitive relationship between v$_{n}$/T$_{n}$ and α$_{n}$. We also observe an upper bound on α$_{n}$ for the deflagration/hybrid wall profiles naturally compatible with EWBG, the exact value for which varies between models, significantly impacting the strength of the GW signals. In summary, our work provides a framework for exploring the feasibility of EWBG models in light of future GW signals.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A muon–ion collider at BNL: The future QCD frontier and path to a new energy frontier of μ + μ – colliders

In this work, we propose the development and construction of a novel muon–ion collider (MuIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in the USA as an upgrade to succeed the electron–ion collider (EIC) that is scheduled to commence in the early 2030s, by a joint effort of the nuclear and particle physics communities. The BNL facility could accommodate a muon storage beam with an energy up to about 1 TeV with existing magnet technology. When collided with a 275 GeV hadron beam, the MuIC center-of-mass energy of about 1 TeV will extend the kinematic coverage of deep inelastic scattering physics at the EIC (with polarized beams) by more than an order of magnitude in Q 2 and x, opening a new QCD frontier to address many fundamental scientific questions in nuclear and particle physics. This coverage is comparable to that of the proposed Large Hadron–Electron Collider (LHeC) at CERN, but with complementary lepton and hadron kinematics, ion species, and beam polarization. Additionally, the development of a MuIC at BNL will focus the worldwide R&D efforts on muon collider technology and serve as a demonstrator toward a future muon–antimuon collider at O(10) TeV energy, which is an attractive option to reach the next high energy frontier in particle physics at an affordable cost and a smaller footprint than a future circular hadron collider. We discuss here the possible design parameters of the MuIC, kinematic coverage, science cases, and detector design considerations including resolution estimates on DIS kinematic variables. A possible road map toward the future MuIC and muon–antimuon colliders is also presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Results for pixel and strip centimeter-scale AC-LGAD sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

Here, we present the results of an extensive evaluation of strip and pixel AC-LGAD sensors tested with a 120 GeV proton beam, focusing on the influence of design parameters on the sensor temporal and spatial resolutions. Results show that reducing the thickness of pixel sensors significantly enhances their time resolution, with 20-μm-thick sensors achieving around 20 ps. Uniform performance is attainable with optimized n + sheet resistance, making these sensors ideal for future timing detectors. Conversely, 20-μm-thick strip sensors exhibit higher jitter than similar pixel sensors, negatively impacting time resolution, despite reduced Landau fluctuations with respect to the 50-μm-thick versions. Additionally, it is observed that a low resistivity in strip sensors limits signal size and time resolution, whereas higher resistivity improves performance. This study highlights the importance of tuning the n+ sheet resistance and suggests that further improvements should target specific applications like the Electron–Ion Collider or other future collider experiments. In addition, the detailed performance of four AC-LGADs sensor designs is reported as examples of possible candidates for specific detector applications. These advancements position AC-LGADs as promising candidates for future 4D tracking systems, pending the development of specialized readout electronics.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

QCD axion: Some like it hot

We compare the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) axion phase-space distribution from unitarized next-to-leading order chiral perturbation theory with the one extracted from pion-scattering data. We derive a robust bound by confronting momentum-dependent Boltzmann equations against up-to-date observations of the cosmic microwave background, of the baryonic acoustic oscillations and of primordial abundances. These datasets imply 𝑚 𝑎 ≤ 0.16 eV for the 95% credible interval, i.e., ∼ 30% stronger bound than what previously found. We present forecasts using dedicated likelihoods for future cosmological surveys and the sphaleron rate from unquenched lattice QCD.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Probing strong electroweak symmetry breaking dynamics through quantum interferometry at the LHC

Here, we present a new probe of strongly coupled electroweak symmetry breaking at the 14 TeV LHC by measuring a phase shift in the event distribution of the decay azimuthal angles in massive gauge boson scattering. One generically expects a large phase shift in the longitudinal gauge boson scattering amplitude due to the presence of broad resonances. This phase shift is observable as an interference effect between the strongly interacting longitudinal modes and the transverse modes of the gauge bosons. We find that even very broad resonances of masses up to 900 GeV can be probed at 3σ significance with a 3000 fb -1 run of the LHC by using this technique. We also present the estimated reach for a future 50 TeV proton-proton collider.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Coherence-mediated quantum thermometry in a hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture

Quantum thermometry plays a critical role in the development of low-temperature sensors and quantum information platforms. Here, in this work, we propose and analyze a hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture in which a superconducting qubit is dispersively coupled to two distinct bosonic modes: one initialized in a weak coherent state as a phase reference and information buffer and the other coupled to a thermal environment. We show that the qubit serves as a sensitive readout of the probe mode, mapping the interplay between thermal and coherent photon-number fluctuations onto measurable dephasing. This coherence-mediated mechanism enables improved sensitivity to thermal energy fluctuations in the sub-millikelvin regime through Ramsey interferometry. We derive analytic expressions for the probe coherence envelope, compute the quantum Fisher information for temperature estimation, and demonstrate numerically that the presence of a coherent reference enhances the qubit's sensitivity to small changes in thermal photon occupancy. Our results establish a coherence-enabled approach to thermometry and provide a scalable platform for future calorimetric sensing in high-energy physics and quantum metrology.

Zhu, Shaojiang [Fermi National Accelerator Laborat↗
DOE OSTI2024

Search for a Long-Lived $\mu\mu$ Resonance in the NuMI Beam at ICARUS

The ICARUS detector in the Short-Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab is sensitive to “long-lived” new physics particles that would be produced in the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam and decay inside the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). We show results from a new analysis in ICARUS which searched for di-muon decays from a long-lived particle produced in kaon decay in the NuMI beam. The search is sensitive to new areas of parameter space for the Higgs portal scalar and an axion-like particle model. The sensitivity is also presented in a model-independent way applicable to any new physics model predicting the process $K \to \pi+S(\to\mu\mu)$, for a long-lived particle S. This is the first search for new physics performed with the ICARUS detector at Fermilab. It paves the way for the future program of long-lived particle searches at ICARUS.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The future of self-driving laboratories: from human in the loop interactive AI to gamification

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), implemented through self-driving laboratories (SDLs), are rapidly creating unprecedented opportunities for the accelerated discovery and optimization of materials. This paper provides a joint analysis of SDLs from both academic and industry perspectives, highlighting the importance of integrating human intelligence in these systems. It discusses the necessity of careful planning in SDL design across physical, data, and workflow dimensions, including instrumental setup, experimental workflow, data management, and human–SDL interaction. The significance of integrating human input within SDLs, especially as the focus shifts from individual tools and tasks to the creation and management of complex workflows, is emphasized. The paper stresses on the crucial role of reward function design in developing forward-looking workflows and examines the interplay between hardware evolution, ML application across chemical processes, and the influence of reward systems in research. Ultimately, the article advocates for a future where SDLs blend human intuition in hypothesis formulation with AI's precision, speed, and data-handling capabilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh

Electron-hadron colliders are the ultimate tool for high-precision quantum chromodynamics studies and provide the ultimate microscope for probing the internal structure of hadrons. The electron is an ideal probe of the proton structure because it provides the unmatched precision of the electromagnetic interaction, as the virtual photon or vector bosons probe the proton structure in a clean environment, the kinematics of which is uniquely determined by the electron beam and the scattered lepton, or the hadronic final state accounting appropriately for radiation. The Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator HERA (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) was the only electron-hadron collider ever operated (1991–2007) and advanced the knowledge of quantum chromodynamics and the proton structure, with implications for the physics studied in RHIC (BNL, Upton, NY) and the LHC (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). Recent technological advances in the field of particle accelerators pave the way to realize next-generation electron-hadron colliders that deliver higher luminosity and enable collisions in a much broader range of energies and beam types than HERA. Electron-hadron colliders combine challenges from both electron and hadron machines besides facing their own distinct challenges derived from their intrinsic asymmetry. This review paper will discuss the major features and milestones of HERA and will examine the electron-hadron collider designs of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) currently under construction at BNL, the CERN’s Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC), at an advanced stage of design and awaiting approval, and the Future Circular lepton-hadron Collider (FCC-eh).

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The US effort towards a muon collider

A multi-TeV muon collider has the unique potential to provide both precision measurements and the highest energy reach in one machine that cannot be paralleled by any currently available technology. There has been significant physics interest on Muon Colliders recently as indicated by the number of publications, relevant workshops, Snowmass activities but also the P5 report. This study describes a possible set of R&D and deliverables of the muon collider accelerator R&D program in the U.S. We describe high-priority studies to be performed in the first phase that will address critical questions for deciding the future plan for a muon collider design. The goal of these studies is to firm up choices for the most challenging components of a muon collider design, and to propose and begin testing and prototyping of components and systems that are needed to have confidence in and inform our specification choices. Key areas wherein the US can provide critical contributions to the newly formed international muon collider collaboration will be discussed as well.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

High-intensity laser-accelerated ion beam produced from cryogenic micro-jet target

We report on the successful operation of a newly developed cryogenic jet target at high intensity laser-irradiation. Using the frequency-doubled Titan short pulse laser system at Jupiter Laser Facility, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we demonstrate the generation of a pure proton beam a with maximum energy of 2 MeV. Furthermore, we record a quasi-monoenergetic peak at 1.1 MeV in the proton spectrum emitted in the laser forward direction suggesting an alternative acceleration mechanism. Using a solid-density mixed hydrogen-deuterium target, we are also able to produce pure proton-deuteron ion beams. With its high purity, limited size, near-critical density, and high-repetition rate capability, this target is promising for future applications.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

ADOPT (Automotive Deployment Options Projection Tool) [SWR-17-13]

NREL's Automotive Deployment Options Projection Tool (ADOPT) is a vehicle consumer choice and stock model. ADOPT estimates the impact of vehicle technology improvements on future U.S. vehicle sales, energy use, and emissions. It provides consumer choice estimates based on questions such as: -How much impact do lower battery prices have on electric vehicle sales? -How quickly would the market adopt a co-optimized engine/fuel combination that achieves a 10% efficiency improvement? -How do fuel prices impact the electric vehicle/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle sales mix? -How does vehicle lightweighting impact powertrain sales? Approach- Starting with the majority of existing vehicle makes, models, and trims to fully represent the market, ADOPT applies numerous inputs-technology improvements, fuel prices, and vehicle purchase incentives-over time. ADOPT then estimates sales based on the variable weighted value of key attributes, including vehicle price, fuel cost per mile, acceleration, size, and range. ADOPT also considers consumer income level as well as regulations and standards that influence sales and average fuel economy. ADOPT incorporates NREL's FASTSim™ (Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator, https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/fastsim.html) to apply specified technology improvements to vehicles over time, and to create new model options by combining high-selling powertrains and high-selling vehicle platforms. NREL has extensively validated the tool and its consumer preference trade-offs to ensure confidence in the results.

Brooker, Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using SPHINX Accelerator to Measure Heat Transfer in Metal Foils [Slides]

Experiments on the SPHINX accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) looked at electron beam heating of metal foils used in Bremsstrahlung flash x-ray production. Titanium and tantalum foils were exposed to electron beam energies of up to 2MeV to determine surface heating. As part of the experiment, the x-ray dose profiles were characterized using a scintillating panel (EJ-230) placed both perpendicular and parallel to the photon beam. This was followed by direct electron beam imaging using a fast-gated ICCD camera and a fused silica Cherenkov witness plate. Once characterized, the foil was directly measured using a mid-wave (3-5 micron) infrared camera (MWIR) to determine the peak surface temperatures and spatially-resolved thermal profiles. Additionally, an IR pyrometer was used in a single wavelength mode (2.3 µm) to determine localized surface temperatures as well. Results are compared with calculations of surface temperatures obtained from e-beam energy depositions combined with the specific heats of the foils. This is the first attempt to directly measure the surface temperature profile on a short-pulse (10 nanoseconds) flash x-ray source using MWIR imaging. These data are directly relevant for Monte Carlo/Integrated Tiger Series electron/photon transport code results being used in the design of future Bremsstrahlung sources such as CREST.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

X-band RF Photoinjector for Laser Compton X-ray and Gamma-ray Sources

Extremely bright narrow bandwidth gamma-ray sources are expanding the application of accelerator technology and light sources in new directions. An X-band test station has been commissioned at LLNL to develop multi-bunch electron beams. This multi-bunch mode will have stringent requirements for the electron bunch properties including low emittance and energy spread, but across multiple bunches. The test station is a unique facility featuring a 200 MV/m 5.59 cell X-band photogun powered by a SLAC XL4 klystron driven by a Scandinova solid-state modulator. This paper focuses on its current status including the generation and initial characterization of first electron beam. Design and installation of the inverse-Compton scattering interaction region and upgrade paths will be discussed along with future applications.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Current Status and Future Directions of All-Solid-State Batteries with Lithium Metal Anodes, Sulfide Electrolytes, and Layered Ternary Oxide Cathodes

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) offer great promise as a next-generation energy storage technology with higher energy density, wider operating temperature range, and improved safety for electric vehicles. ASSBs employing lithium metal anodes (Li), sulfide-based solid-state electrolytes (SSE), and Ni-rich layered transition metal oxide cathodes (LiMO 2 , M = Ni, Mn, Co, Al) are particularly promising due to its superior electrochemical performance compared to other solid-electrolyte systems. However, the battery cycle life at high cathode mass loading and high current is still limited because the failure mechanism is not fully understood. Lithium dendrite growth at the anode or inside a solid electrolyte still represents as a serious risk of cell failure. Interfacial resistance increases attributed to electrolyte decomposition and interfacial void formation at both cathode–electrolyte and anode–electrolyte interfaces lead to gradual capacity fading. In this Review, we present the fundamental challenges and recent scientific understandings of each component in ASSBs. The novel diagnostic tools for these components, especially the interfaces buried under the surface that are often hard for characterization are mainly examined. Lastly, we offer a perspective for future research directions. We hope this Review will provide a timely snapshot of state-of-the-art research progress in ASSBs to accelerate the development of ASSBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Progress in relativistic laser–plasma interaction with kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields

We report on progress in the understanding of the effects of kilotesla-level applied magnetic fields on relativistic laser–plasma interactions. Ongoing advances in magnetic-field–generation techniques enable new and highly desirable phenomena, including magnetic-field–amplification platforms with reversible sign, focusing ion acceleration, and bulk-relativistic plasma heating. Building on recent advancements in laser–plasma interactions with applied magnetic fields, we introduce simple models for evaluating the effects of applied magnetic fields in magnetic-field amplification, sheath-based ion acceleration, and direct laser acceleration. These models indicate the feasibility of observing beneficial magnetic-field effects under experimentally relevant conditions and offer a starting point for future experimental design.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Host Onboarding Tool (HObT) v1.0.0

The Host OnBoarding Tool (Hobt) is a publicly accessible, web-based software designed to organize and share information about microbial hosts under development at the Agile BioFoundry (ABF). It streamlines the assessment, tracking, and sharing of information related to microbial host development and provides a centralized platform where users can rapidly evaluate hosts' readiness for various bio processes. HObT leverages the Tier System, a standardized host development framework that organizes and assesses microbial hosts based on their readiness for biomanufacturing. Each tier outlines key targets—including genetic tools, growth conditions, omics data, and predictive models—needed to transform new or emerging microbes into established production platforms. By applying clear criteria for advancement, the Tier System helps users quickly evaluate each organism's current development status, identify gaps in available knowledge or tools, and prioritize future strain improvement efforts. Through its user-friendly interface, HObT encourages contributions of new data and insights from researchers, fostering collaboration and accelerating host development. By providing structured guidance for microbial strain advancement, HObT and the Tier System support more systematic, rapid, and cost-effective development of non-traditional microbial hosts, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and impact of biomanufacturing research and applications.

Plahar, Hector [Lawrence Berkeley National Laborat↗