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At least 1,351 records · Page 75

Thermal generation, manipulation and thermoelectric detection of skyrmions

The efficient generation, manipulation and detection of magnetic skyrmions are important for the development of future spintronic devices. One approach is to use electric-current-induced spin torques. Recently, thermally induced skyrmion motion has also been observed, but wider experimental evidence and its capabilities remain limited. Here we report the thermal generation, manipulation and thermoelectric detection of nanoscale skyrmions in microstructured metallic multilayers integrated with on-chip heaters. The local application of heat can facilitate a domain morphological transition and the formation of skyrmions at the device edge, where a low energy barrier exists. Here, we observe the unidirectional diffusion of skyrmions from hot regions to cold regions, which is due to the interplay among the repulsive forces between skyrmions, thermal spin–orbit torques, entropic forces and magnonic spin torques. The thermally generated skyrmions can also be electrically detected via the Nernst voltage.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Experimental trends and theoretical descriptors for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate over Sn-based bimetallic catalysts

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) using renewable energy sources is a promising solution for mitigating CO 2 emissions. In particular, CO 2 RR to formate represents a commercially profitable target. However, a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic mechanisms of Sn-based catalysts under reaction conditions, including the real-time structural evolution of catalysts and the role of all key reaction intermediates in influencing the CO 2 RR selectivity, is still lacking. The current study reports a framework to study the selectivity preference of Sn-based bimetallic catalysts using a combination of electrochemical measurements, in situ characterization, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The addition of a second metal (Co, Ni, Ag, Zn, Ga, Bi) was found to play a vital role in affecting the CO 2 RR performance. In situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements revealed a dynamic evolution in the Sn valence state induced by different secondary metals. A multidimensional descriptor involving all the key reaction intermediates was developed to assess formate selectivity using a 2-dimensional volcano plot. Finally, this research offers an effective framework for understanding CO 2 RR catalytic selectivity by considering both the real-time structural evolution of catalysts and all the key intermediates involved.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Port scanner and Testing Suite

This project addresses the challenge of identifying and managing open network ports across physical and virtual hosts. The current form of verifying ports in use required manually searching individual ports - a process that was both time- consuming and a potential bottleneck for deployment timelines. To resolve this, an automated port scanning tool was developed in Python. The tool supports simultaneous multiple port scans. To ensure functionality and long-term maintainability, a comprehensive testing suite was implemented using Python’s unittest framework. Edge cases, including valid port numbers, reversed ranges, and closed ports, were explicitly tested to ensure robust handling of real-world scenarios. The resulting tool reduces the time required to verify port security across a network, supporting both targeted and host checks and broader Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) -based network scans. This work demonstrates the value of automation and test-driven development in strengthening network security practices, and provides a foundation for future enhancements.

Rivera, Linda [Fermilab]↗

The effect of newly erupting flux on the polar coronal holes

Chromospheric network enhancements that occur along the edges of the polar coronal holes immediately after sunspot minimum are studied. It is shown that these enhancements accompany the eruption of the first large high-latitude bipolar magnetic regions of the new sunspot cycle, and that these eruptions must have encountered relatively concentrated polar fields whose strengths decrease rapidly equatorward of about 60 deg latitude. The helium observations are compared with current-free magnetic field calculations, and it is found that the enhanced helium network occurs where relatively strong fields at high latitude become connected to newly erupted bipolar magnetic regions.

Sheeley, N. R.↗

Mission Use of the SpaceCube Hybrid Data Processing System

The award-winning SpaceCube v2.0 system is a high performance, reconfigurable, hybrid data processing system that can be used in a multitude of applications including those that require a radiation hardened and reliable solution. This presentation provides an overview of the design architecture, flexibility, and the advantages of the modular SpaceCube v2.0 high performance data processing system for space applications. The current state of the proven SpaceCube technology is based on 11 years of engineering and operations. Eight systems have been successfully operated in space starting in 2008 with eight more to be delivered for payload integration in 2018 in support of various missions. This presentation will highlight how this multipurpose system is currently being used to solve design challenges of a variety of independent applications. The SpaceCube hardware adapts to new system requirements by allowing for application-unique interface cards that are utilized by reconfiguring the underlying programmable elements on the core processor card. We will show how this system is being used to improve on a heritage NASA GPS technology, enable a cutting-edge LiDAR instrument, and serve as a typical command and data handling (CDH) computer for a space robotics technology demonstration.Finally, this presentation will highlight the use of the SpaceCube v2.0 system on the Restore-L robotic satellite servicing mission. SpaceCube v2.0 is the central avionics responsible for the real-time vision system and autonomous robotic control necessary to find, capture, and service a national asset weather satellite.

Petrick, Dave↗

A Multi-Satellite Assimilation and Modeling Platform to Construct a Global and Complete view of the Hydrologic Cycle

What captivates me about the research field of satellite remote sensing of the earth system science is the opportunity to help human beings by addressing challenging questions related to the current and future availability of natural resources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. For example, a continuously varying climate poses a threat to the water resource, not only in developing countries, but also in economically well-developed regions, creating the urgent need to characterize and predict its spatial and temporal availability. Specifically, my curiosity is driven by the challenge of merging cutting-edge space technology and earth observations (i.e., remote sensing) with state-of-the-art models for the purpose of improving our scientific knowledge about the variability and the change of the hydrologic cycle.The only practical way to observe the land surface processes (e.g., hydrologic cycle) on continental to global scales is via satellite remote sensing. Though remote sensing can make spatially comprehensive measurements of various components of the land surface system, it cannot provide direct information on the entire system, and the measurements represent only a snapshot in time. Physical based models may be used to continuously predict the temporal and spatial earth processes, but these predictions are often poor, due to model initialization, parameter and meteorological forcing errors, and inadequate model physics and/or resolution. Thus, an attractive prospect is to combine the strengths of land surface models and observations (and minimize the weaknesses of both) to provide a superior land surface state estimate. This is the goal of land surface data assimilation. Data assimilation provides a better estimate of the environmental states than either models or observations could individually do. The broad concept of data assimilation can be applied to various disciplines such as hydrology, ecology, environmental hazards, agriculture and economy.My research is targeted to integrating multiple satellite information having multi-sensor and multi-resolution assimilation within today's state-of-the-art hydrologic models. Multi-sensor and multi-resolution assimilation techniques represent a necessary milestone in future earth science applications because they offer the capability of comprehensively integrating disparate types of earth observations via deep-learning techniques. A multi-satellite assimilation and modeling platform will ultimately provide a robust and complete dataset to more fully understand earth's dynamics. In fact, the multi-satellite assimilation platforms build a comprehensive description of the earth processes that is geared toward accurately representing the complexity of natural and anthropogenic interactions in land surface processes. Most importantly, these platforms are suitable as decision support tools for applications across different aspects of earth system science.My recent work has focused on recent multi-sensor data assimilation techniques targeted at improving snow, soil moisture, groundwater, and terrestrial water storage hydrological states.

Girotto, Manuela↗

Characterization of biological materials with soft X-ray scattering

The complex structure of biological assemblies is crucial for function yet challenging to discern given the chemical similarities between constituent components. Hard X-ray techniques, for example, rely on small density differences between domains that lead to modest scattering intensities. Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) uses X-rays below 2 keV to access absorption edges of low-Z elements. In this way, RSoXS can enhance scattering contrast between domains of different chemical compositions or bonding motifs, thus providing structural information about specific chemical motifs. RSoXS is emerging as a technique applicable for biological systems, having been used to characterize protein structure in solution and polysaccharide organization in plant cell walls. Sample environment instrumentation, however, is challenging in the current state of the art, particularly with liquid samples. Here, this chapter contains a brief introduction to RSoXS and current beamline capabilities, and provides methods to prepare, store, and mount biological samples for RSoXS characterization. Furthermore, key details during RSoXS and X-ray absorption data acquisition are highlighted and some future opportunities in RSoXS instrumentation for biological systems are discussed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Imaging of a van der Waals spin-orbit torque system using spin ensembles in hBN

Recently, optically active spin defects embedded in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) crystals have emerged as a transformative quantum sensing platform to explore cutting-edge materials science. Taking advantage of excellent solid-state integrability, this new class of spin defects can be readily arranged in nanoscale proximity to target materials, showing great promise for realizing in-situ quantum sensing of microscopic spin and charge behaviors in vdW heterostructures. Here we report hexagonal boron nitride-based quantum imaging of field-free deterministic magnetic switching and electric current distributions in an all-vdW spin-orbit torque (SOT) system. By visualizing variations of nanoscale magnetic stray field profile of room-temperature 2D magnet Fe 3 GaTe 2 under different SOT conditions, we show how the magnetic switching evolves from deterministic to stochastic behavior due to the interplay between spin orientations, anisotropy and Joule heating. Micromagnetic simulations rationalize our results well, revealing the role of field-like SOT in inhibiting thermal fluctuation driven stochastic switching and chaotic multi-domain competition. This understanding, which is otherwise difficult to access by conventional transport measurements, offers valuable insights into material design, testing, and performance evaluation of next-generation vdW spintronic devices.

Imaging techniques↗

Neural-Network-Enhanced COTSIM: Advancing Predictive Capabilities for Fast DIII-D Simulations

Sustaining fusion reactions in tokamaks requires heating plasma to thermonuclear temperatures while maintaining confinement and stability. Neutral beam injection (NBI) provides heating, current drive, torque, and fueling, while electron cyclotron (EC) waves are widely used for heating and current drive; together, these actuators shape the plasma current, temperature, and density profiles. The control-oriented tokamak simulator (COTSIM), a predictive, control-oriented code, has been enhanced with neural-network surrogates for transport and sources. Turbulent transport is predicted by MMMnet—a neural-network version of the updated multimode model (MMM 9.0.10)—with significantly reduced computation time relative to MMM; neoclassical transport follows the Chang–Hinton model. NUBEAMnet, a surrogate of the Monte Carlo NUBEAM module, predicts beam-driven heating, current, and torque. EC heating and current drive use a control-oriented, empirically scaled source model; plasma resistivity follows the Spitzer formulation; bootstrap current uses the Sauter model. Equilibrium is computed using both prescribed and fixed-boundary solvers (FBSs), and the pedestal structure is modeled with an empirical pedestal model. For a representative DIII-D discharge, COTSIM predicts electron and ion temperature and safety-factor profiles in close agreement with TRANSP predictive and interpretive simulations while extending predictions through the pedestal region to the plasma edge (versus 80% of the minor radius in TRANSP). Furthermore, the equivalent COTSIM simulation runs in under 3 min compared to about 2 h for TRANSP, enabling rapid scenario planning, optimization of tokamak operation, and between-pulse control design.

Control-oriented tokamak simulator (COTSIM)↗

High Precision Thermal, Structural and Optical Analysis of an External Occulter Using a Common Model and the General Purpose Multi-Physics Analysis Tool Cielo

The efficient simulation of multidisciplinary thermo-opto-mechanical effects in precision deployable systems has for years been limited by numerical toolsets that do not necessarily share the same finite element basis, level of mesh discretization, data formats, or compute platforms. Cielo, a general purpose integrated modeling tool funded by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Exoplanet Exploration Program, addresses shortcomings in the current state of the art via features that enable the use of a single, common model for thermal, structural and optical aberration analysis, producing results of greater accuracy, without the need for results interpolation or mapping. This paper will highlight some of these advances, and will demonstrate them within the context of detailed external occulter analyses, focusing on in-plane deformations of the petal edges for both steady-state and transient conditions, with subsequent optical performance metrics including intensity distributions at the pupil and image plane.

integrated modeling↗

Development of X-Ray Microcalorimeter Imaging Spectrometers for the X-Ray Surveyor Mission Concept

Four astrophysics missions are currently being studied by NASA as candidate large missions to be chosen inthe 2020 astrophysics decadal survey.1 One of these missions is the X-Ray Surveyor (XRS), and possibleconfigurations of this mission are currently under study by a science and technology definition team (STDT). Oneof the key instruments under study is an X-ray microcalorimeter, and the requirements for such an instrument arecurrently under discussion. In this paper we review some different detector options that exist for this instrument,and discuss what array formats might be possible. We have developed one design option that utilizes eithertransition-edge sensor (TES) or magnetically coupled calorimeters (MCC) in pixel array-sizes approaching 100kilo-pixels. To reduce the number of sensors read out to a plausible scale, we have assumed detector geometriesin which a thermal sensor such a TES or MCC can read out a sub-array of 20-25 individual 1 pixels. In thispaper we describe the development status of these detectors, and also discuss the different options that exist forreading out the very large number of pixels.

multiplexing↗

The NEID Precision Radial Velocity Spectrometer: Port Adapter Overview, Requirements, and Test Plan

The NEID spectrometer is an optical (380-930 nm), fiber-fed, precision Doppler spectrometer currently in development for the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory as part of the NN-EXPLORE partnership. Designed to achieve a radial velocity precision of < 30 cm/s, NEID will be sensitive enough to detect terrestrial-mass exoplanets around low-mass stars. Light from the target stars is focused by the telescope to a bent Cassegrain port at the edge of the primary mirror mechanical support. The specialized NEID "Port Adapter" system is mounted at this bent Cassegrain port and is responsible for delivering the incident light from the telescope to the NEID fibers. In order to provide stable, high-quality images to the science instrument, the Port Adapter houses several sub-components designed to acquire the target stars, correct for atmospheric dispersion, stabilize the light onto the science fibers, and calibrate the spectrometer by injecting known wavelength sources such as a laser frequency comb. Here we provide an overview of the overall opto-mechanical design and system requirements of the Port Adapter. We also describe the development of system error budgets and testplans to meet those requirements.

Cassegrain port↗

Impedance matched superconducting nanowire photodetector for single- and multi-photon detection

Conventional readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) sets an upper bound on the output voltage to be the product of the bias current and the load impedance, IB×Zload, where Zload is limited to 50Ω in standard RF electronics. This limit is broken/exceeded by interfacing the 50Ω load and the SNSPD using an integrated superconducting transmission line taper. The taper is a transformer that effectively loads the SNSPD with high impedance without latching. The taper increases the amplitude of the detector output while preserving the fast rising edge. Using a taper with a starting width of 500 nm, a 3.6× higher pulse amplitude, 3.7× faster slew rate, and 25.1 ps smaller timing jitter was observed. The taper also makes the detector's output voltage sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots and enables photon number resolution.

Zhu, Di↗

Mineralogy-dependent sulfide oxidation via polysulfide and thiosulfate pathways during weathering of mixed-sulfide bearing mine waste rock

Tracking the S oxidation pathway in sulfide-bearing mine waste-rock piles is complicated by variations in water content, O 2 and Fe 3+ concentrations, microbial diversity, mineralogy, the occurrence of a variety of S species associated with incomplete oxidation, and nonlinear coupling between physicochemical processes. Synchrotron-based S K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy facilitates the identification and quantification of S species (i.e., S 2– , $S_{2}O_{2}^{2–}$, S 8 , $S_{2}O_{3}^{2–}$, and $S_{2}O_{4}^{2–}$) in a weathered mine waste-rock pile containing pyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite. Mineralogy-dependent polysulfide and thiosulfate pathways both affect the S oxidation within the waste-rock pile. Currently, the polysulfide pathway, with S 8 as the intermediate S species, generates high concentrations of dissolved metals (from the rapid oxidation of monosulfides including sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite). As these monosulfides are depleted, the thiosulfate pathway of pyrite oxidation, including intermediate oxidation products (i.e., S 8 and $S_{2}O_{3}^{2–}$), will become the dominant oxidation pathway, resulting in the potential for generation of additional acidic drainage. This information highlights the importance of identifying the sulfide-mineral oxidation reaction pathways when attempting to estimate acid generation potential, and when developing remediation strategies for the storage and management of sulfide-bearing waste rock.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Efficient sparse state preparation via quantum walks

Continuous-time quantum walks (CTQWs) on dynamic graphs, referred to as dynamic CTQWs, are a recently introduced universal model of computation that offers a new paradigm in which to envision quantum algorithms. In this work, we develop an algorithm that converts single-edge and self-loop dynamic CTQWs to the gate model of computation. We use this mapping to introduce an efficient sparse quantum state preparation framework based on dynamic CTQWs. Our approach utilizes combinatorics techniques such as minimal hitting sets, minimum spanning trees, and shortest Hamiltonian paths to reduce the number of controlled gates required to prepare sparse states. We show that our framework encompasses the current state of the art ancilla-free sparse state preparation method by reformulating this method as a CTQW. This CTQW-based framework offers an alternative to the uniformly controlled rotation method used by Qiskit by requiring fewer CX gates when the target state has a polynomial number of non-zero amplitudes.

dynamic continuous time quantum walks↗

Adroit Materials Final Scientific/Technical Report kV-class GaN-based Junction Barrier Schottky diodes using ion implantation

The primary aim of this research was to develop GaN-based Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes using an innovative ion implantation process previously established in ARPA-E funded projects. The central focus of our proposed technology revolves around selective area p-type doping, accomplished through the implantation of Mg ions. This approach builds upon our successes in the ARPA-E PNDIODES program, advancing towards commercial device integration. Selective area p-doping plays a pivotal role in realizing the next generation of GaN-based power devices, capable of significantly reducing the carbon footprint in the United States by several million tons. While ion implantation is a well-established technique for achieving selective area doping in SiC and Si materials, its feasibility in GaN had not been demonstrated until now. To fabricate high voltage GaN JBS diodes, we initially created thick n-type drift layers with high carrier concentrations ranging from 5×1015 cm-3 to 2×1016 cm-3 and very high mobilities. Subsequently, Mg ions were selectively implanted to form p-type islands within the n-type drift layer. To reduce electric field crowding at the edge of the diode and to achieve high breakdown voltage, junction edge termination (JTE) and floating field rings (FFRs) were formed using Mg implantation. A high temperature, high-pressure post-implantation annealing process was carried out to activate the implanted Mg ions. As a result, we were able to demonstrate GaN JBS diodes with a breakdown voltage of 915 V and an on-resistance of 0.6 mΩ·cm2. These diodes exhibited a forward bias current density of 1 kA/cm2 at 1.5 V. Subsequently, we achieved GaN JBS diodes with a remarkable breakdown voltage of 1900 V and an on-resistance of 1.9 mΩ·cm2, capable of sustaining a forward bias current density of 0.5 kA/cm2 at 1.5 V. Importantly, the ON and OFF state performance of these GaN JBS diodes surpassed that of Si and SiC-based power diodes reported in existing literature. Lastly, we successfully grew 60 μm thick GaN:Si layers using HVPE with a carrier concentration of approximately 3 to 5×1015 cm-3. Based on simulation and empirical data these devices represent 5 kV GaN JBS power diodes, leveraging the developed processes in this project.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Engineering method for aero-propulsive characteristics at hypersonic Mach numbers

An engineering method has been developed for the rapid analysis of external aerodynamics and propulsive performance characteristics of airbreathing vehicles at hypersonic Mach numbers. This method, based on the theory of characteristics, has been developed to analyze fuselage-wing body combinations and body flaps with blunt or sharp leading/trailing edges. Arbitrary ratio of specific heat for the flowing medium can be specified in the program. Furthermore, the capability exists in the code to compute the inviscid inlet mass capture and momentum flux. The method is under development for computations of pressure distribution, and flow characteristics in the inlet, along with the effect of viscosity. Correlative studies have been performed for representative hypersonic configurations using the current method. The results of these correlations for various aerodynamics parameters are encouraging.

Goradia, Suresh↗

Emittance measurements of Space Shuttle orbiter reinforced carbon-carbon

The spectral and total normal emittance of the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) used on Space Shuttle nose cap and wing leading edges has been measured at room temperature and at surface temperatures of 1200 to 2100 K. These measurements were made on virgin and two flown RCC samples. Room temperature directional emittance data were also obtained and were used to determine the total hemispherical emittance of RCC as a function of temperature. Results of the total normal emittance for the virgin samples showed good agreement with the current RCC emittance design curve; however, the data from the flown samples showed an increase in the emittance at high temperature possibly due to exposure from flight environments.

Caram, Jose M.↗