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At least 1,351 records · Page 75

Low-cost optical data acquisition system for blade vibration measurement

A low cost optical data acquisition system was designed to measure deflection of vibrating rotor blade tips. The basic principle of the new design is to record raw data, which is a set of blade arrival times, in memory and to perform all processing by software following a run. This approach yields a simple and inexpensive system with the least possible hardware. Functional elements of the system were breadboarded and operated satisfactorily during rotor simulations on the bench, and during a data collection run with a two-bladed rotor in the Lewis Research Center Spin Rig. Software was written to demonstrate the sorting and processing of data stored in the system control computer, after retrieval from the data acquisition system. The demonstration produced an accurate graphical display of deflection versus time.

Posta, Stephen J.↗

Stellar populations; Proceedings of the Meeting, Baltimore, MD, May 20-22, 1986

Various papers covering recent findings on stellar populations are presented. The topics addressed include: the bulges of the Galaxy and M31, kinematics of the local subdwarfs and the collapse of the Galaxy, the red stellar population of the local group dwarf galaxies, globular clusters in the local group galaxies, the initial mass function, and star formation histories of galactic disks. Also discussed are: yield and abundance constraints on galactic chemical evolution, population synthesis in early type galaxies, the evolution of stellar populations in galaxies, a theoretical perspective on spectral evolution of galaxies, and the structure and kinematics of galaxy populations.

Norman, Colin A.↗

Cosmic-ray transport in accelerating flows

The quasi-linear transport equation of energetic charged particles is derived, including scattering by Alfven waves propagating parallel and antiparallel to a uniform magnetic field, losses by synchrotron radiation, and acceleration of the cold background fluid supporting the waves. As in the comoving frame equations of radiative transfer, scattering, and loss terms are evaluated in the frame in which the fluid is locally at rest. The diffusion approximation is applied to the resulting equation, yielding a transport equation for the isotropic part of the distribution function and a first-order approximation to the anisotropy. The conditions under which this approximation may be applied are discussed. In the nonrelativistic regime, the standard equation of the diffusion approximation is recovered. As contributions previously investigated, new effects appear from the spatial and temporal variations of the fluid velocity as well as the synchrotron radiation terms. These are discussed in detail.

Kirk, John G.↗

Emittance bounds for transient radiative cooling of a scattering rectangular region

Transient cooling was analyzed for a two-dimensional gray rectangular region that emits, absorbs, and isotropically scatters radiation. The region, initially at uniform temperature, is placed in surroundings at a much lower temperature. The cooling analysis yields two simultaneous equations for the transient temperature and scattering source function distributions. The region starts to cool with the medium at uniform temperature. For this condition, the local emittance around the perimeter was obtained by a numerical solution of the radiative equations, and the rate of heat loss from the entire medium was evaluated. As cooling continues, the emissive ability decreases because of the lower temperatures in the outer regions of the rectangle. Based on some previous work, a lower limit for the transient overall emittance was found by obtaining a similarity solution. For some ranges of optical thickness and scattering albedo, the lower limit is only a small amount below the initial emittance. For these conditions, the initial emittance can be used to compute the entire transient resulting in a considerable simplification.

Siegel, Robert↗

A new look at dust and clouds in the Mars atmosphere - Analysis of emission-phase-function sequences from global Viking IRTM observations

The present analysis of emission-phase function (EPF) observations from the IR thermal mapper aboard the Viking Orbiter encompasses polar latitudes, and Viking Lander sites, and spans a wide range of solar longitudes. A multiple scattering radiative transfer model which incorporates a bidirectional phase function for the surface and atmospheric scattering by dust and clouds yields surface albedos and dust and ice optical properties and optical depths for the variety of Mars conditions. It is possible to fit all analyzed EPF sequences corresponding to dust scattering with an albedo of 0.92, rather than the 0.86 given by Pollack et al. on the bases of Viking Lander observations.

Clancy, R. T.↗

The role of valence-band excitation in laser ablation of KCl

We present recent measurements of excited-atom and ion emission from KCl surfaces illuminated by vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation (h-nu = 8-28 eV) and ultraviolet laser light (h-nu = 4 eV). At low intensities characteristic of the synchrotron experiments, excited atoms are desorbed by simple valence-band excitation process involving the metallization of the KCl surface. At the higher intensities typical of laser desorption and ablation, we observe a strong decrease in K emission as a function of the number of laser shots, but an essentially constant yield of Cl. K(+) and Cl(-) emission at high intensities show similar behavior. The energetics of these desorption phenomena can be treated in a bond-orbital model which shows that creation of a single valence hole is sufficient to excite an ion to an anti-bonding state.

Haglund, Richard F., Jr.↗

Use of acoustic wave travel-time measurements to probe the near-surface layers of the Sun

The variation of solar p-mode travel times with cyclic frequency nu is shown to provide information on both the radial variation of the acoustic potential and the depth of the effective source of the oscillations. Observed travel-time data for waves with frequency lower than the acoustic cutoff frequency for the solar atmosphere (approximately equals 5.5 mHz) are inverted to yield the local acoustic cutoff frequency nu(sub c) as a function of depth in the outer convection zone and lower atmosphere of the Sun. The data for waves with nu greater than 5.5 mHz are used to show that the source of the p-mode oscillations lies approximately 100 km beneath the base of the photosphere. This depth is deeper than that determined using a standard mixing-length calculation.

Jefferies, S. M.↗

Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Radical-Radical Reaction Kinetics: The O((sup 3)P(sub J)) + BrO Reaction

A novel dual laser flash photolysis-long path absorption-resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to study the kinetics of the important stratospheric reaction 0((sup 3)P(sub j)) + Br yields(k1) BrO((sup 2)P(sub J)) + O2 as a function of temperature (231-328 K) and pressure (25-150 Torr) in N2 buffer gas. The experimental approach preserves the principal advantages of the flash photolysis method, i.e., complete absence of surface reactions and a wide range of accessible pressures, but also employs techniques which are characteristic of the discharge flow method, namely chemical titration as a means for deducing the absolute concentration of a radical reactant and use of multiple detection axes. We find that k1 is independent of pressure, and that the temperature dependence of k1 is adequately described by the Arrhenius expression k1(T) = 1.91 x 10(exp -11)(230/J) cu cm/ molecule.s; the absolute accuracy of measured values for k1 is estimated to vary from +/- 20 percent at at T approximately 230 K to +/- 30 percent at T approximately 330 K. Our results demonstrate that the O((sup 3)P(sub j)) + BrO rate coefficient is significantly faster than previously 'guesstimated,' and suggest that the catalytic cycle with the O((sup 3)P(sub j)) + BrO reaction as its rate-limiting step is the dominant stratospheric BrO(x), odd-oxygen destruction cycle at altitudes above 24 km.

Thorn, R. P.↗

Additive Runge-Kutta Schemes for Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Equations

Additive Runge-Kutta (ARK) methods are investigated for application to the spatially discretized one- dimensional convection-diffusion-reaction (CDR) equations. Accuracy, stability, conservation, and dense-output are first considered for the general case when N different Runge-Kutta methods are grouped into a single composite method. Then, implicit-explicit, (N = 2), additive Runge-Kutta (ARK(sub 2)) methods from third- to fifth-order are presented that allow for integration of stiff terms by an L-stable, stiffly-accurate explicit, singly diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta (ESDIRK) method while the nonstiff terms are integrated with a traditional explicit Runge-Kutta method (ERK). Coupling error terms of the partitioned method are of equal order to those of the elemental methods. Derived ARK(sub 2) methods have vanishing stability functions for very large values of the stiff scaled eigenvalue, z['] yields -infinity, and retain high stability efficiency in the absence of stiffness, z['] yield 0. Extrapolation-type stage- value predictors are provided based on dense-output formulae. Optimized methods minimize both leading order ARK(sub 2) error terms and Butcher coefficient magnitudes as well as maximize conservation properties. Numerical tests of the new schemes on a CDR problem show negligible stiffness leakage and near classical order convergence rates. However, tests on three simple singular-perturbation problems reveal generally predictable order reduction. Error control is best managed with a PID-controller. While results for the fifth-order method are disappointing, both the new third- and fourth-order methods are at least as efficient as existing ARK(sub 2) methods.

Kennedy, Christopher A.↗

Monitoring Crop Yield in USA Using a Satellite-Based Climate-Variability Impact Index

A quantitative index is applied to monitor crop growth and predict agricultural yield in continental USA. The Climate-Variability Impact Index (CVII), defined as the monthly contribution to overall anomalies in growth during a given year, is derived from 1-km MODIS Leaf Area Index. The growing-season integrated CVII can provide an estimate of the fractional change in overall growth during a given year. In turn these estimates can provide fine-scale and aggregated information on yield for various crops. Trained from historical records of crop production, a statistical model is used to produce crop yield during the growing season based upon the strong positive relationship between crop yield and the CVII. By examining the model prediction as a function of time, it is possible to determine when the in-season predictive capability plateaus and which months provide the greatest predictive capacity.

Zhang, Ping↗

Organic Analysis of Catalytic Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products and Ordinary Chondrite Meteorites by Stepwise Pyrolysis-GCMS: Organics in the Early Solar Nebula

Abiotic generation of complex organic compounds, in the early solar nebula that formed our solar system, is hypothesized by some to occur via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. In its simplest form, FT synthesis involves the low temperature (<300degC) catalytic reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases to form more complex hydrocarbon compounds, primarily n-alkanes, via reactive nano-particulate iron, nickel, or cobalt, for example. Industrially, this type of synthesis has been utilized in the gas-to-liquid process to convert syngas, produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass, into paraffin waxes that can be cracked to produce liquid diesel fuels. In general, the effect of increasing reaction temperature (>300degC) produces FT products that include lesser amounts of n-alkanes and greater alkene, alcohol, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. We have begun to experimentally investigate FT synthesis in the context of abiotic generation of organic compounds in the early solar nebula. It is generally thought that the early solar nebula included abundant hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases and nano-particulate matter such as iron and metal silicates that could have catalyzed the FT reaction. The effect of FT reaction temperature, catalyst type, and experiment duration on the resulting products is being investigated. These solid organic products are analyzed by thermal-stepwise pyrolysis-GCMS and yield the types and distribution of hydrocarbon compounds released as a function of temperature. We show how the FT products vary by reaction temperature, catalyst type, and experimental duration and compare these products to organic compounds found to be indigenous to ordinary chondrite meteorites. We hypothesize that the origin of organics in some chondritic meteorites, that represent an aggregation of materials from the early solar system, may at least in part be from FT synthesis that occurred in the early solar nebula.

Locke, Darren R.↗

Guidelines for Verification Strategies to Minimize RISK Based on Mission Environment, -Application and -Lifetime (MEAL)

There is a trend of compromising verification testing to address the cost and schedule constraints, which poses a high-risk posture for programs/projects. Current and emerging aerospace scientific and/or human exploration programs continue to pose new technological challenges. These technological challenges combined with finite budgets and truncated schedules are forcing designers, scientists, engineers, and managers to push technologies to their physical limits. In addition, budget and schedule pressures challenge how those technologies/missions are verified. A clear understanding of the different verification processes is needed to ensure the proper verification of the technology within the mission (i.e., capabilities, advantages, and limitations). The goal of verification is to prove through test, analysis, inspection, and/or demonstration that a product provides its required function while meeting the performance requirements. It is important that verification yield understanding of representative performance under worst-case conditions so that margins to failure can be evaluated for proposed applications. The capabilities, advantages, and limitations of the testing and inspection performed at each level are different, and the risk incurred by omitting a verification step depends on the level of integration as well as Mission, Environment, Application and Lifetime (MEAL). This paper focuses on verification processes. The goal of the verification process is to ensure the given avionics technology could be safely implemented on the given MEAL consistent with the program/project risk posture.

Gonzalez, Oscar↗

Many-Body Effects in FeN4 Center Embedded in Graphene

We introduce a computational approach to study porphyrin-like transition metal complexes, bridging density functional theory and exact many-body techniques, such as the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG). We first derive a multi-orbital Anderson impurity Hamiltonian starting from first principles considerations that qualitatively reproduce generalized gradient approximation (GGA)+U results when ignoring inter-orbital Coulomb repulsion U ′ and Hund exchange J. An exact canonical transformation is used to reduce the dimensionality of the problem and make it amenable to DMRG calculations, including all many-body terms (both intra- and inter-orbital), which are treated in a numerically exact way. We apply this technique to FeN 4 centers in graphene and show that the inclusion of these terms has dramatic effects: as the iron orbitals become single occupied due to the Coulomb repulsion, the inter-orbital interaction further reduces the occupation, yielding a non-monotonic behavior of the magnetic moment as a function of the interactions, with maximum polarization only in a small window at intermediate values of the parameters. Furthermore, U ′ changes the relative position of the peaks in the density of states, particularly on the iron d z 2 orbital, which is expected to affect the binding of ligands greatly.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Spin Splitting Energy of Transition Metals: A New, More Affordable Wave Function Benchmark Method and Its Use to Test Density Functional Theory

Accurately predicting the spin splitting energy of chemical species is important for understanding their reactivity and magnetic properties, but it is very challenging, especially for molecules containing transition metals. One impediment to progress is the scarcity of accurate benchmark data. Here we report a set of calculations designed to yield reliable benchmarks for simple transition-metal complexes that can be used to test density functional methods that are affordable for large systems of more practical interest. Various wave function methods are tested against experiment for Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Co 3+ , including CASSCF, CASPT2, CASPT3, MRCISD, MRCISD+Q, ACPF, AQCC, CCSD(T), and CASPT2/CCSD(T) and also a new method called CASPT2.5, which is performed by taking the average of the CASPT2 and CASPT3 energies. Furthermore, we find that MRCISD+Q, ACPF, and AQCC require smaller active spaces for good accuracy than are required by CASPT2 and CASPT3, and this aspect may be important for calculations on larger molecules; here we find that CASPT2.5 extrapolated to a complete basis set is the most suitable method—in terms of computational cost and in terms of accuracy on monatomic systems—and therefore we chose this method for molecular benchmarks. Then Kohn–Sham density functional calculations with 60 exchange-correlation functionals are tested for FeF 2 , FeCl 2 , and CoF 2 . We find that MN15-L, M06-SX, and revM06 have very good agreement with CASPT2.5 benchmarks in terms of both the spin splitting energy and the optimized geometry for each spin state. In addition, we recommend def2-TZVP as the most suitable basis set to perform density functional calculations for molecular spin splitting energies; extra polarization functions in the basis set do not help to increase the accuracy of the spin splitting energy in KS calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Continuum Modeling of the Dynamics of Externally Injection-locked Coupled Oscillator Arrays

Mutually injection-locked arrays of electronic oscillators provide a novel means of controlling the aperture phase of a phased-array antenna, thus achieving the advantages of spatial power combining while retaining the ability to steer the radiated beam. In a number of design concepts, one or more of the oscillators are injection locked to a signal from an external master-oscillator. The behavior of such a system has been analyzed by numerical solution of a system of nonlinear differential equations which, due to its complexity, yields limited insight into the relationship between the injection signals and the aperture phase. In this paper, we develop a continuum model, which results in a single partial differential equation for the aperture phase as a function of time. Solution of the equation is effected by means of the Laplace transformation and yields detailed information concerning the dynamics of the array under the influence of the external injection signals.

injection locked↗

Efficient method for estimation of fission fragment yields of $\textit{r}$-process nuclei

Background: More than half of all the elements heavier than iron are made by the rapid neutron capture process (or $\textit{r}$ process). For very-neutron-rich astrophysical conditions, such at those found in the tidal ejecta of neutron stars, nuclear fission determines the $\textit{r}$-process endpoint, and the fission-fragment yields shape the final abundances of 110 ≤ $\textit{A}$ ≤ 170 nuclei. The knowledge of fission-fragment yields of hundreds of nuclei inhabiting very-neutron-rich regions of the nuclear landscape is thus crucial for the modeling of heavy-element nucleosynthesis. Purpose: In this study, we propose a model for the fast calculation of fission-fragment yields based on the concept of shell-stabilized prefragments defined with help of the nucleonic localization functions. Methods: To generate realistic potential-energy surfaces and nucleonic localizations, we apply Skyrme density-functional theory. In this work, the distribution of the neck nucleons among the two prefragments is obtained by means of a statistical model. Results: We benchmark the method by studying the fission yields of 178 Pt, 240 Pu, 254 Cf, and 254,256,258 Fm and show that it satisfactorily explains the experimental data. We then make predictions for 254 Pu and 290 Fm as two representative cases of fissioning nuclei that are expected to significantly contribute during the $\textit{r}$-process nucleosynthesis occurring in neutron-star mergers. Conclusions: The proposed framework provides an efficient alternative to microscopic approaches based on the evolution of the system in a space of collective coordinates all the way to scission. It can be used to carry out global calculations of fission-fragment distributions across the $\textit{r}$-process region.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Speeding up equation of motion coupled cluster theory with the chain of spheres approximation

In the present paper, the chain of spheres exchange (COSX) approximation is applied to the highest scaling terms in the equation of motion (EOM) coupled cluster equations with single and double excitations, in particular, the terms involving integrals with four virtual labels. It is found that even the acceleration of this single term yields significant computational gains without compromising the desired accuracy of the method. For an excitation energy calculation on a cluster of five water molecules using 585 basis functions, the four virtual term is 9.4 times faster using COSX with a loose grid than using the canonical implementation, which yields a 2.6 fold acceleration for the whole of the EOM calculation. For electron attachment calculations, the four virtual term is 15 times and the total EOM calculation is 10 times faster than the canonical calculation for the same system. The accuracy of the new method was tested using Thiel’s test set for excited states using the same settings and the maximum absolute deviation over the whole test set was found to be 12.945 cm{sup −1} (59 μHartree) for excitation energies and 6.799 cm{sup −1} (31 μHartree) for electron attachments. Using MP2 amplitudes for the ground state in combination with the parallel evaluation of the full EOM equations in the manner discussed in this paper enabled us to perform calculations for large systems. Electron affinity values for the two lowest states of a Zn protoporphyrine model compound (224 correlated electrons and 1120 basis functions) were obtained in 3 days 19 h using 4 cores of a Xeon E5-2670 processor allocating 10 GB memory per core. Calculating the lowest two excitation energies for trans-retinal (114 correlated electrons and 539 basis functions) took 1 day 21 h using eight cores of the same processor and identical memory allocation per core.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Type 2 diabetes mellitus correlates with systolic function during myocardial stress perfusion scanning with Nitrogen-13 ammonia PET

Background: The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) on systolic function is partially determined by the coronary vasodilator function, nevertheless, an independent effect is suspected. We evaluated the relationship between DM2 and systolic function considering PET quantitative myocardial perfusion. Methods: We analyzed 585 patients without a previous myocardial infarction referred to a rest and adenosine stress Nitrogen-13 ammonia PET. A bootstrapped multiple linear regression analysis was performed using DM2, stress myocardial blood flow (sMBF), myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR), and clinical risk factors as predictors and LVEF as the outcome variable; an interaction term was additionally investigated. Results: Two hundred and ninety male and 295 female patients (mean age 65.3 ± 9.9 and 67.4 ± 10 years, respectively) were included. 57.1% presented hypertension, 16% smoking, 37.6% hypercholesterolemia, 33.8% family history for CAD, and 15.2% DM2. The mean MPR was 2.13 ± 0.48 and 2.21 ± 0.60, mean sMBF was 2.01 ± 0.51 and 2.15 ± 0.54, and mean LVEF was 63% ± 10.4 and 67% ± 10.1 for diabetics and non-diabetics, respectively. A significant relation was detected for sMBF (B = 5.830 95% CI [3.505, 9.549], P = .001) and DM2 (B = −2.599 95% CI [−5.125, −0.119], P = .03) with LVEF. The interaction (DM2 × sMBF) yielded no significance (P = .512). Conclusion: DM2 influences PET-measured systolic function in patients without previous myocardial infarction independently from myocardial perfusion parameters. Our study supports the importance of DM2 as an independent risk factor for deteriorating systolic function.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗