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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Similarity Analysis: Comparison of a Standard 60mL With an Anti-Static Container for MicroCT

Pursuant to safety concerns, an anti-static container has been proposed for holding specimen materials scanned by an International Partner (IP) on a MicroCT system. In order to determine whether or not this new container would significantly affect MicroCT results, a similarity analysis procedure developed at LLNL was used. This procedure compares multiple first and second order statistics obtained from CT reconstructed images generated by the MicroCT analysis process, and prescribes similarity constraints as guidance. For this study, water was scanned on a MicroCT system in both a standard container and the proposed anti-static container under Test Plan 83. Data were analyzed following the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for MicroCT analysis. Comparison of analytical results shows that the anti-static container satisfies all similarity analysis criteria.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

MAN-004 Design Standards Manual

At Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico (SNL/NM), the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of facilities is guided by industry standards, a graded approach, and the systematic analysis of life cycle benefits received for costs incurred. The design of the physical plant must ensure that the facilities are "fit for use," and provide conditions that effectively, efficiently, and safely support current and future mission needs. In addition, SNL/NM applies sustainable design principles, using an integrated whole-building design approach, from site planning to facility design, construction, and operation to ensure building resource efficiency and the health and productivity of occupants. The safety and health of the workforce and the public, any possible effects on the environment, and compliance with building codes take precedence over project issues, such as performance, cost, and schedule. These design standards generally apply to all disciplines on all SNL/NM projects. Architectural and engineering design must be both functional and cost-effective. Facility design must be tailored to fit its intended function, while emphasizing low-maintenance, energy-efficient, and energy-conscious design. Design facilities that can be maintained easily, with readily accessible equipment areas, low maintenance, and quality systems. To promote an orderly and efficient appearance, architectural features of new facilities must complement and enhance the existing architecture at the site. As an Architectural and Engineering (A/E) professional, you must advise the Project Manager when this approach is prohibitively expensive. You are encouraged to use professional judgment and ingenuity to produce a coordinated interdisciplinary design that is cost-effective, easily contractible or buildable, high-performing, aesthetically pleasing, and compliant with applicable building codes. Close coordination and development of civil, landscape, structural, architectural, fire protection, mechanical, electrical, telecommunications, and security features is expected to ensure compatibility with planned functional equipment and to facilitate constructability. If portions of the design are subcontracted to specialists, delivery of the finished design documents must not be considered complete until the subcontracted portions are also submitted for review. You must, along with support consultants, perform functional analyses and programming in developing design solutions. These solutions must reflect coordination of the competing functional, budgetary, and physical requirements for the project. During design phases, meetings between you and the SNL/NM Project Team to discuss and resolve design issues are required. These meetings are a normal part of the design process. For specific design-review requirements, see the project-specific Design Criteria. In addition to the design requirements described in this manual, instructive information is provided to explain the sustainable building practice goals for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of SNL/NM facilities. Please notify SNL/NM personnel of design best practices not included in this manual, so they can be incorporated in future updates.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

End-Use Opportunity Analysis from Progress Indicator Results for ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013

This report and an accompanying spreadsheet (PNNL 2014a) compile the end use building simulation results for prototype buildings throughout the United States. The results represent he energy use of each edition of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013). PNNL examined the simulation results to determine how the remaining energy was used.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

Performance Specification for Standardized Transportation, Aging, and Disposal Canister Systems (Rev.2)

This performance specification document addresses use of a standardized transportation, aging, and disposal (STAD) canister system in the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) waste management system. This document was developed to support STAD canister system studies and potential research, development, and demonstration activities. Requirements in this specification may evolve with time based on results from analyses, experiments, design studies, system evaluations and demonstrations, as well as other factors. A STAD canister system consists of a canister, together with a storage or aging overpack/module/vault, a shielded transfer cask (STC), a site transporter, a transportation overpack, and a transportation skid. Three sizes of circular cross section STAD canister variants are specified in this document. The small STAD canister capacity is four pressurized water reactor (PWR) or nine boiling water reactor (BWR) SNF assemblies. The medium STAD canister capacity is 12 PWR or 32 BWR SNF assemblies. The large STAD canister capacity is 21 PWR or 44 BWR SNF assemblies. Using standardized canisters for SNF facilitates the interface between storage at an independent spent fuel storage installation (ISFSI) or a DOEowned interim storage facility (ISF), transportation between facilities, and disposal at a repository. Multiple STAD canisters may be stored in a single storage overpack and/or a single transportation overpack. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requirements currently used for storage and transportation are adopted for the STAD canister system. Approved approaches (guidance) in NRC storage and transportation documents are also adopted as requirements for the STAD canister system to facilitate obtaining NRC Certificates of Compliance (CoCs) for STAD canister systems. Performance specifications in this document are also informed by STAD canister disposability in various geologic media and consideration of ISF (and geologic repository) handling facility design, operations, and licensing requirements.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Rationale for the Performance Specification for Standardized Transportation, Aging, and Disposal Canister Systems (Rev.1)

This document provides the rationale for the specifications for the standardized transportation, aging, and disposal (STAD) canister systems provided in Performance Specification for Standardized Transportation, Aging, and Disposal Canister Systems, FCRD-NFST-2014-000579, Rev. 2, referred to as STAD Spec herein. The STAD Spec was developed to support STAD canister system studies and potential research, development, and demonstration activities. Requirements in the specification may evolve with time based on results from analyses, experiments, design studies, system evaluations and demonstrations, as well as other factors. The STAD canister system consists of a canister, together with a storage or aging overpack/module/vault, a shielded transfer cask (STC), a site transporter, a transportation overpack, and a transportation skid. Three sizes of circular cross section STAD canister variants are specified. The small STAD canister capacity is four pressurized water reactor (PWR) or nine boiling water reactor (BWR) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies. The medium STAD canister capacity is 12 PWR or 32 BWR SNF assemblies. The large STAD canister capacity is 21 PWR or 44 BWR SNF assemblies. There are 60 specifications in the STAD Spec that cover the STAD canister general design attributes, canister safety functional requirements, operational considerations, materials, storage and aging system requirements, and transportation system requirements. The 60 specifications are derived from regulatory requirements, regulatory guidance, STAD canister disposability considerations, and interim storage facility (ISF) and geologic repository handling facility considerations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

R&D for Safety Codes and Standards: Materials and Components Compatibility

This project addresses the following technical barriers from the Safety, Codes and Standards section of the 2012 Fuel Cell Technologies Office Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan (section 3.8): (A) Safety data and information: limited access and availability (F) Enabling national and international markets requires consistent RCS (G) Insufficient technical data to revise standards.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Community-Wide Zero Energy Ready Home Standard

This report outlines the steps a developer can take when creating and implementing high performance standards such as the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) standards on a community-wide scale. The report also describes the specific examples of how this process is underway in the Stapleton community in Denver, Colorado, by the developer Forest City.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program - Statistical Analysis of RDX Standard Data Sets

The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a Proficiency Test for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are statistical analyses of the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the RDX Type II Class 5 standard. The material was tested as a well-characterized standard several times during the proficiency study to assess differences among participants and the range of results that may arise for well-behaved explosive materials. The analyses show that there are detectable differences among the results from IDCA participants. While these differences are statistically significant, most of them can be disregarded for comparison purposes to assess potential variability when laboratories attempt to measure identical samples using methods assumed to be nominally the same. The results presented in this report include the average sensitivity results for the IDCA participants and the ranges of values obtained. The ranges represent variation about the mean values of the tests of between 26% and 42%. The magnitude of this variation is attributed to differences in operator, method, and environment as well as the use of different instruments that are also of varying age. The results appear to be a good representation of the broader safety testing community based on the range of methods, instruments, and environments included in the IDCA Proficiency Test.

round-robin test↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of SHAL and SHAL Precursor Standard, CRADA No. TC02174.0

The purpose of this CRADA was to establish a collaborative effort between SHAL Technologies and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that would advance the development and testing of a family of small molecule oncology drugs and companion diagnostics called selective high affinity ligands (SHALs) for the treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. These compounds were first synthesized by the LLNL chemist participating in this CRADA when the compounds were first developed (2004-2008) by the founders of SHAL Technologies (while they were employed at LLNL). This CRADA initially had five deliverables. Deliverables 1-3 involved LLNL’s synthesis of 10-50 mg of the SHALs SH7133 and SH7139 using the same bench-scale conditions used previously, their purification, and obtaining data needed to demonstrate the mass and purity of the compounds. Deliverable 4, which was to be completed by SHAL Technologies, was the comparison of the bench-scale synthetic products to the same compounds manufactured on the multigram to kilogram scale by the contract research organization (CRO) AmbioPharm Inc. The fifth deliverable was this final report. An amendment was made to add the additional tasks and deliverables needed to synthesize the third SHAL standard SH7129 (the diagnostic) and compare it to product manufactured by AmbioPharm. During the testing of the three standards synthesized by LLNL, the SHAL compounds were found to lack biological activity. When we discovered that a commercial chemical supplier provided both LLNL and our CRO AmbioPharm with a SHAL precursor that had the wrong structure, two amendments to the CRADA were made to add additional tasks and deliverables to enable us to repeat all the syntheses and conduct more extensive testing of the bench scale and manufactured products. Once the final correct products were synthesized and confirmed to have the right structures, a third amendment was added to the CRADA to enable the synthesis of two fragments of the SHALs to determine if these compounds are produced when the SHALs are metabolized. This last synthesis was included to provide the information needed to establish a second, new CRADA between SHAL Technologies and LLNL that would focus on the identifying how the SHALs are metabolized and how their metabolic products may be responsible for the selective killing of tumor cells over-expressing the protein targeted by the SHALs, HLA-DR10.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Searching for Physics Beyond the Standard Model: Strongly-Coupled Field Theories at the Intensity and Energy Frontiers

This proposal is to develop the software and algorithmic infrastructure needed for the numerical study of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and of theories that have been proposed to describe physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) of high energy physics, on current and future computers. This infrastructure will enable users (1) to improve the accuracy of QCD calculations to the point where they no longer limit what can be learned from high-precision experiments that seek to test the Standard Model, and (2) to determine the predictions of BSM theories in order to understand which of them are consistent with the data that will soon be available from the LHC. Work will include the extension and optimizations of community codes for the next generation of leadership class computers, the IBM Blue Gene/Q and the Cray XE/XK, and for the dedicated hardware funded for our field by the Department of Energy. Members of our collaboration at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Columbia University worked on the design of the Blue Gene/Q, and have begun to develop software for it. Under this grant we will build upon their experience to produce high-efficiency production codes for this machine. Cray XE/XK computers with many thousands of GPU accelerators will soon be available, and the dedicated commodity clusters we obtain with DOE funding include growing numbers of GPUs. We will work with our partners in NVIDIA's Emerging Technology group to scale our existing software to thousands of GPUs, and to produce highly efficient production codes for these machines. Work under this grant will also include the development of new algorithms for the effective use of heterogeneous computers, and their integration into our codes. It will include improvements of Krylov solvers and the development of new multigrid methods in collaboration with members of the FASTMath SciDAC Institute, using their HYPRE framework, as well as work on improved symplectic integrators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Carbonate Species and Solid Carbonate Phases of Selected Trace Elements pertinent to Drinking Water Standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

This report contains a series of tables summarizing the thermodynamic properties of aqueous carbonate complexes and solid carbonate phases of the following elements: arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) thallium (Tl), uranium (U) and zinc (Zn). Most of these elements are potentially hazardous as defined by extant primary drinking water standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The remainder are not considered hazardous, but are either listed by EPA under secondary standards, or because they can adversely affect drinking water quality. Additional tables are included giving the thermodynamic properties for carbonates of the alkali metal and alkali earth elements, sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr), because of their value in developing correlative models to estimate the thermodynamic properties of carbonate minerals for which no such data currently exist. The purpose in creating the tables in this report is to provide future investigators with a convenient source for selecting and tracing the sources of thermodynamic data of the above listed elements for use in modeling their geochemical behavior in “underground sources of drinking water” (USDW). The incentive for doing so lies with a heightened concern over the potential consequences of the proposed capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by fossil fuel fired power plants in deep subsurface reservoirs. If CO2 were to leak from such reservoirs, it could migrate upward and contaminate USDWs with undesirable, but undetermined, consequences to water quality. The EPA, Office of Research and Development, through an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, funded the preparation of this report.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Review of Quantitative Monitoring Methodologies for Emissions Verification and Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage for California’s Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade and Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Programs

The Cap-and-Trade and Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) programs being administered by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) include Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) as a potential means to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there is currently no universal standard approach that quantifies GHG emissions reductions for CCS and that is suitable for the quantitative needs of the Cap-and-Trade and LCFS programs. CCS involves emissions related to the capture (e.g., arising from increased energy needed to separate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from a flue gas and compress it for transport), transport (e.g., by pipeline), and storage of CO 2 (e.g., due to leakage to the atmosphere from geologic CO 2 storage sites). In this project, we reviewed and compared monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) protocols for CCS from around the world by focusing on protocols specific to the geologic storage part of CCS. In addition to presenting the review of these protocols, we highlight in this report those storage-related MVA protocols that we believe are particularly appropriate for CCS in California. We find that none of the existing protocols is completely appropriate for California, but various elements of all of them could be adopted and/or augmented to develop a rigorous, defensible, and practical surface leakage MVA protocol for California. The key features of a suitable surface leakage MVA plan for California are that it: (1) informs and validates the leakage risk assessment, (2) specifies use of the most effective monitoring strategies while still being flexible enough to accommodate special or site-specific conditions, (3) quantifies stored CO 2 , and (4) offers defensible estimates of uncertainty in monitored properties. California’s surface leakage MVA protocol needs to be applicable to the main CO 2 storage opportunities (in California and in other states with entities participating in California’s Cap-and-Trade or LCFS programs), specifically CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR), CO 2 injection into depleted gas reservoirs (with or without CO 2 -enhanced gas recovery (CO 2 -EGR)), as well as deep saline storage. Regarding the elements of an effective surface leakage MVA protocol, our recommendations for California are that: (1) both CO 2 and methane (CH 4 ) surface leakage should be monitored, especially for enhanced recovery scenarios, (2) emissions from all sources not directly related to injection and geologic storage (e.g., from capture, or pipeline transport) should be monitored and reported under a plan separate from the surface leakage MVA plan that is included as another component of the quantification methodology (QM), (3) the primary objective of the surface leakage MVA plan should be to quantify surface leakage of CO 2 and CH 4 and its uncertainty, with consideration of best-practices and state-of-the-art approaches to monitoring including attribution assessment, (4) effort should be made to monitor CO 2 storage and migration in the subsurface to anticipate future surface leakage monitoring needs, (5) detailed descriptions of specific monitoring technologies and approaches should be provided in the MVA plan, (6) the main purpose of the CO 2 injection project (CO 2 -EOR, CO 2 -EGR, or pure geologic carbon sequestration (GCS)) needs to be stated up front, (7) approaches to dealing with missing data and quantifying uncertainty need to be described, and (8) post-injection monitoring should go on for a period consistent with or longer than that prescribed by the U.S. EPA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Nanotechnology Standardization Activities – Support of U.S. Representation on ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies

In carrying out its responsibilities on behalf of the United States, ANSI provides comprehensive, administrative support and expertise on international protocols and procedures to: (1) the U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to the International Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) Technical Committee (TC) 229 Nanotechnologies, and (2) the corresponding U.S. TAG Working Groups tasked with formulating U.S. positions on topics relevant to nanotechnology standardization. Additionally, secretariat and procedural support is provided for the ISO/TC 229 WG 3 on health, safety and environment, for which the United States was assigned leadership by the participating national body members of ISO/TC 229. As the official entity that serves as the U.S. representative to ISO, ANSI provides not only expert coordination of U.S. positions and representation at ISO but also strategic direction, advice and procedural expertise to facilitate navigation of international issues to promote U.S. positions for incorporation into the ISO/TC 229 program of work necessary to support U.S. objectives.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Report detailing comparative analysis of results from high flux isotope reactor and national institute of standards technology small-angle neutron scattering experiments

The major issues regarding irradiation effects are discussed in [1-3] and have also been discussed in previous progress and milestone reports. As noted previously, of the many significant issues discussed, the issue considered to have the most impact on the current regulatory process is that associated with effects of neutron irradiation on RPV steels at high fluence, for long irradiation times, and as affected by neutron flux. It is clear that embrittlement of RPV steels is a critical issue that may limit LWR plant life extension. The primary objective of the LWRSP RPV task is to develop robust predictions of transition temperature shifts (TTS) at high fluence ( t) to at least 1020 n/cm 2 (>1 MeV) pertinent to plant operation of some pressurized water reactors (PWR) for 80 full power years. Correlations between the high flux test reactor results and low flux surveillance specimens must be established for proper RPV embrittlement predictions of the current nuclear power fleet. Additionally, a complete understanding of defect evolution for high nickel RPV steels is needed to characterize the embrittlement potential of Mn-Ni-enriched precipitates (MNPs), particularly for the high fluence regime. While understanding of copper-enriched precipitates (CRPs) have been fully developed, the recent discovery and experimental verification [4] of late blooming MNPs with little to no copper for nucleation has stimulated research efforts to understand the evolution of these phases. New and existing databases will be combined to support developing physically based models of TTS for high fluence-low flux ( < 10 11n/cm 2 -s) conditions, beyond the existing surveillance database, to neutron fluences of at least 1 1020 n/cm2 (>1 MeV). Moreover, large number of various RPV materials have been irradiated in ATR-2 experiment and will be jointly studied by University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) and ORNL to address majority of microstructural characteristics discussed above, see Ref. [5] and [6] for details. UCSB has performed a large number of SANS experiments in the past at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). These data are taken from RPV steels irradiated in a wide range of flux-fluence space and will be very useful in comparing to the upcoming UCSB ATR-2 irradiation characterization since most of the SANS experiments with ATR-2 materials will be performed at ORNL High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). However in the previous report [7], some discrepancies were observed between HFIR and NCNR generated data. One of the hypotheses was that there was some kind of extra scattering occurring off the sample holders that results in the HFIR curves falling above the NCNR curves. To test this hypothesis, UCSB provided thermally aged samples that have been previously run at NCNR to ORNL for testing at HFIR while ORNL performed some improvements to experimental set up at HFIR. This report provides the status for the Level 3 Milestone (M3LW-15OR0402013), Complete report detailing comparative analysis of results from High Flux Isotope Reactor and National Institute of Standards and Technology small-angle neutron scattering experiments. This milestone is associated with small-angle neutron scattering characterization at the High Flux Isotope Reactor of various model alloys that had been previously characterized at NCNR by UCSB.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Standard Modular Hydropower Technology Acceleration Workshop: Summary Report

In support of the Department of Energy (DOE) funded Standard Modular Hydropower (SMH) Technology Acceleration project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) staff convened with five small hydropower technology entrepreneurs on June 14 and 15, 2017 to discuss gaps, challenges, and opportunities for small modular hydropower development. The workshop was designed to walk through SMH concepts, discuss the SMH research vision, assess how each participant’s technology aligns with SMH concepts and research, and identify future pathways for mutually beneficial collaboration that leverages ORNL expertise and entrepreneurial industry experience. The goal coming out of the workshop is to advance standardized, scalable, modular hydropower technologies and development approaches with sustained and open dialogue among diverse stakeholder groups.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Standard Inverter Interface and Compliance Framework

Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) collaborated to develop and demonstrate a standard communication interface for solar inverters as well as a compliance framework to verify proper product operation via that interface. This activity filled a key void in the needs of California in relation to revisions to California’s Electric Tariff Rule 21 interconnection guidelines. Rule 21 is a CPUC-approved tariff based on IEEE 1547 technical requirements that describes the interconnection, operating, and metering requirements for generation facilities to be connected to a utility’s distribution system, over which the CPUC has jurisdiction. These guidelines, as presently being developed, anticipate a requirement for future inverters to have a standard communication interface and to be testable to verify their proper operation prior to deployment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

2017 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook

This report summarizes the results of 26 forward-looking “standard scenarios” of the U.S. power sector simulated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) using the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) and Distributed Generation (dGen) capacity expansion models. The annual Standard Scenarios, which are now in their third year, have been designed to capture a range of possible power system futures considering a variety of factors that impact power sector evolution.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2018

NREL Topic 1 Final Report: Cohesive Application of Standards-Based Connected Devices to Enable Clean Energy Technologies

This document is the final report of a two-year development, test, and demonstration project entitled 'Cohesive Application of Standards-Based Connected Devices to Enable Clean Energy Technologies.' The project was part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Integrated Network Test-bed for Energy Grid Research and Technology (INTEGRATE) initiative. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and a team of partners were selected by NREL to carry out a project to develop and test how smart, connected consumer devices can act to enable the use of more clean energy technologies on the electric power grid. The project team includes a set of leading companies that produce key products in relation to achieving this vision: thermostats, water heaters, pool pumps, solar inverters, electric vehicle supply equipment, and battery storage systems. A key requirement of the project was open access at the device level - a feature seen as foundational to achieving a future of widespread distributed generation and storage. The internal intelligence, standard functionality and communication interfaces utilized in this project result in the ability to integrate devices at any level, to work collectively at the level of the home/business, microgrid, community, distribution circuit or other. Collectively, the set of products serve as a platform on which a wide range of control strategies may be developed and deployed.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗