SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Instrument has differential thermocouples that measure temperature on two sides of receiver; one side is heated by absorbed radiation, the other by resistance heater. By measuring energy required to heat back surface, amount of energy absorbed on front may be determined.
New temperature reference avoids need to physically remove antenna and replace it with calibrating termination. Device is piece of porous microwave absorber fitted with cap of nonporous plastic foam. Absorbent material is soaked with cryogen. Procedure ensures that temperature at which microwaves are absorbed is exactly that of cryogen.
The author has identified the following significant results. Skylab S-193 radiometer/scatterometer produced terrain responses with various polarizations and observation angles for cells of 100 to 400 sq km area. Classification of the observations into natural categories was achieved by K-means and spatial clustering algorithms. Microwave data acquired over the Great Salt Lake Desert area by sensors aboard Skylab and Nimbus 5 indicate that the microwave emission and backscatter were strongly influenced by contributions from subsurface layers of sediment saturated with brine. Correlations were noted between microwave backscatter response at approximately 33 deg from scatterometer (operating at 13.9 GHz) and the configuration of ground targets in Brazil as discerned from coarse scale maps. With limited, available ground truth, these correlations were sufficient to permit the production of image-like displays which bear a marked resemblance to known terrain features in several instances.
The author has identified the following significant results. There were a total of twenty-six passes in the ZLV mode that yielded useful data. Six were in the in-track noncontiguous mode; all others were in the cross-track noncontiguous mode. The wind speed and direction, as effectively determined in a neutral atmosphere at 19.5 m above the sea surface, were found for each cell scanned by S193. It is shown how the passive microwave measurements were used both to compute the attenuation of the radar beam and to determine those cells where the backscatter measurement was suspect. Given the direction of the wind from some independent source, with the typical accuracy of measurement by available meteorological methods, a backscatter measurement at a nadir angle of 50, 43, or 32 deg can be used to compute the speed of the wind averaged over the illuminated area.
Mariner 10 infrared brightness temperatures of the surface of Mercury at 11 and 45 microns are presented. The data were obtained during the first flyby along a near-equatorial swath extending from 17 hours local time through local midnight to 9 hours local time. For an assumed emissivity of 0.9, derived surface thermal inertias are between 0.0015 and 0.0031 cal/sq cm/sq root sec/K and the implied minimum predawn surface kinetic temperature for the warm pole at longitude 270 deg is near 93 K. Several pronounced thermal inhomogeneities were seen, one of which appears to coincide with a region of high radar reflectivity. The derived thermal properties, the electrical skin depth, and loss tangent fall within the range of values found on the moon.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Simple computer software modification compensates for nonideal detector characteristics to provide improved system performance.
Device performs absolute temperature measurements over range of 0 to 300 degrees Kelvin. Stability of device approaches 0.1 degrees Kelvin. Potential uses include detecting oil slicks on water and determining cloud water content and water vapor content of atmosphere.
The aim was to obtain practical experience, including observational experience, with bolometers suitable for the long wave infrared and with the filters necessary to define the spectral regions of interest. The techniques used in fabricating and testing bolometers and filters are described, and the results which were obtained to date are discussed.
A scheme was developed which divides the earth-atmosphere system into 2060 elemental areas. The regions previously described are defined in terms of these elemental areas which are fixed in size and position as the satellite moves. One method, termed the instantaneous technique, yields values of the radiant emittance (We) and the radiant reflectance (Wr) which the regions have during the time interval of a single satellite pass. The number of observations matches the number of regions under study and a unique solution is obtained using matrix inversion. The other method (termed the best fit technique), yields time averages of We and Wr for large time intervals (e.g., months, seasons). The number of observations in this technique is much greater than the number of regions considered, and an approximate solution is obtained by the method of least squares.
Technique measures temperature/voltage drop characteristics of very thin filament. With constant current running through filament, voltage drop is recorded at various temperatures, as measured by calibrated thermocouple.
The ability of the Nimbus 5 ESMR to characterize the moisture condition of the uppermost portion of the soil was evaluated. In the absence of snow cover, ESMR-5 brightness temperatures were compared with computed upper soil zone moisture values from a soil moisture budgeting scheme. The study was conducted over the U.S. Great Plains for the late summer and early fall in 1974 and 1975. Favorable results were limited by the relatively high vegetative cover and infrequent substantial rainfalls at that time of year. Satisfactory characterization of the general moisture condition was deemed feasible in agricultural regions at times of the year when fields were nearly bare. An additional evaluation demonstrated that ESMR-6 data could delineate the active boundary of a snow pack.
Two sites in Canada were selected for detailed analysis of the ESMR-6/ snow relationships. Data were analyzed for February 1976 for site 1 and January, February and March 1976 for site 2. Snowpack water equivalents were less than 4.5 inches for site 1 and, depending on the month, were between 2.9 and 14.5 inches for site 2. A statistically significant relationship was found between ESMR-6 measurements and snowpack water equivalents for the Site 2 February and March data. Associated analysis findings presented are the effects of random measurement errors, snow site physiolography, and weather conditions on the ESMR-6/snow relationship.
The program covered the design, construction, and test of a Breadboard Model, Engineering Model, Protoflight Model, Mechanical/Structural Model, and a Life Test Model. Special bench test and calibration equipment was also developed for use on the program. Initially, the instrument was to operate from a 906 n.mi. orbit and be thermally isolated from the spacecraft. The Breadboard Model and the Mechanical/Structural Model were designed and built to these requirements. The spacecraft altitude was changed to 450 n.mi., IFOVs and spectral characteristics were modified, and spacecraft interfaces were changed. The final spacecraft design provided a temperature-controlled Instrument Mounting Platform (IMP) to carry the AVHRR and other instruments. The design of the AVHRR was modified to these new requirements and the modifications were incorporated in the Engineering Model. The Protoflight Model and the Flight Models conform to this design.
Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
The effect of misregistration on cloud brightness threshold is investigated by simulating radiometric data as observed from a spin stabilized synchronous satellite such as the SMS. Clouds were introduced randomly and a bidirectional reflectance model was used to create radiance data from clouds and ocean. A theoretical and an empirical reflectance model were compared.
Results are presented of a feasibility study to design graphite epoxy antenna reflectors for a jet propulsion laboratory microwave limb sounder instrument (MLSR). Two general configurations of the offset elliptic parabolic reflectors are presented that will meet the requirements on geometry and reflector accuracy. The designs consist of sandwich construction for the primary reflectors, secondary reflector support structure and cross-tie members between reflector pairs. Graphite epoxy materials of 3 and 6 plies are used in the facesheets of the sandwich. An aluminum honeycomb is used for the core. A built-in adjustment system is proposed to reduce surface distortions during assembly. The manufacturing and environmental effects are expected to result in surface distortions less than .0015 inch and pointing errors less than .002 degree.