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At least 1,351 records · Page 75

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DOE OSTI2014

Simulations of Merging Helion Bunches on the AGS Injection Porch

During the setup of helions for the FY2014 RHIC run it was discovered that the standard scheme for merging bunches on the AGS injection porch required an injection kicker pulse shorter than what was available. To overcome this difficulty, K. Zeno proposed and developed an interesting and unusual alternative which uses RF harmonic numbers 12, 4, 2 (rather than the standard 8, 4, 2) to merge 8 helion bunches into 2. In this note we carry out simulations that illustrate how the alternative scheme works and how it compares with the standard scheme. This is done in Sections 13 and 14. A scheme in which 6 bunches are merged into 1 is simulated in Section 15. This may be useful if more helions per merged bunch are needed in future runs. General formulae for the simulations are given in Sections 9 through 12. For completeness, Sections 1 through 8 give a derivation of the turn-by-turn equations of longitudinal motion at constant magnetic field. The derivation is based on the work of MacLachlan. The reader may wish to skip over these Sections and start with Section 9.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Reduced-Order Model for Leakage Through an Open Wellbore from the Reservoir due to Carbon Dioxide Injection

Potential CO 2 leakage through existing open wellbores is one of the most significant hazards that need to be addressed in geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) projects. In the framework of the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) which requires fast computations for uncertainty analysis, rigorous simulation of the coupled wellbore-reservoir system is not practical. We have developed a 7,200-point look-up table reduced-order model (ROM) for estimating the potential leakage rate up open wellbores in response to CO 2 injection nearby. The ROM is based on coupled simulations using T2Well/ECO2H which was run repeatedly for representative conditions relevant to NRAP to create a look-up table response-surface ROM. The ROM applies to a wellbore that fully penetrates a 20-m thick reservoir that is used for CO 2 storage. The radially symmetric reservoir is assumed to have initially uniform pressure, temperature, gas saturation, and brine salinity, and it is assumed these conditions are held constant at the far-field boundary (100 m away from the wellbore). In such a system, the leakage can quickly reach quasi-steady state. The ROM table can be used to estimate both the free-phase CO 2 and brine leakage rates through an open well as a function of wellbore and reservoir conditions. Results show that injection-induced pressure and reservoir gas saturation play important roles in controlling leakage. Caution must be used in the application of this ROM because well leakage is formally transient and the ROM lookup table was populated using quasi-steady simulation output after 1000 time steps which may correspond to different physical times for the various parameter combinations of the coupled wellbore-reservoir system.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

Aboveground Injection Sytem Construction and Mecahnical Integrity Test Plan

An In-Situ Bioremediation (ISB) Pilot Test Treatability Study is planned at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico (SNL/NM) Technical Area-V (TA-V) Groundwater Area of Concern. The Treatability Study is designed to gravity inject an electron-donor substrate and bioaugmentation bacteria into groundwater using an injection well. The constituents of concern (COCs) are nitrate and trichloroethene (TCE). The Pilot Test Treatability Study will evaluate the effectiveness of bioremediation and COC treatment over a prescribed period of time. Results of the pilot test will provide data that will be used to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of a fullscale system.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Analysis of the ducted fuel injection concept for compression-ignition engines

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) is a technique for lowering emissions (primarily soot emissions) from high-efficiency compression-ignition (CI) engines, as well as other devices employing the direct injection of fuel into a combustion chamber. The DFI concept was inspired by the cleaner burn that is created by premixing fuel and air in the tube of a Bunsen burner, which was created to reduce soot production common in burners of the period as stated by Kohn [American Chemical Society, 1949].

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2016

Controls on Incomplete Mixing of Injected Raw Water and Brine in Strategic Petroleum Reserve Salt Caverns

Mixing of injected raw (undersaturated) water with brine in Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) salt caverns affects the shape of cavern walls due to leaching. Cavern shape impacts cavern geomechanical stability and available volume for oil storage. Raw water injection occurs during initial solution mining of caverns, remedial leaching of caverns, and oil drawdown. Of interest are factors that control the degree of raw water-brine mixing and thereby the concentration of the aqueous fluid mixture that contacts the salt cavern walls. It is hypothesized that poorly-mixed fresh water could potentially cause undesirable and non-uniform leaching , for example, if buoyant poorly-mixed fresh water collects and preferentially leaches under the oil-brine interface . This report presents current understanding of controls on incomplete-to-complete mixing of raw water and brine, focusing on implications for SPR cavern leaching. In the context of mixing, we review the following: SPR leaching operations; models of leaching; field measurements of leaching and cavern shapes; and previous laboratory experiments of mixing and /or leaching performed at Sandia National Laboratories. We present recent laboratory experiments in 2014-2016 that focused explicitly on understanding controls of poor-to-well mixed conditions. We find that well-mixed conditions are expected for typical operating conditions of the SPR.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Hazard Analysis for 90 MeV Booster Injection Energy Limit

The NSLS-II booster is designed to accelerate 200 MeV electrons to an energy of 3 GeV to serve as a full energy injector for the NSLS-II storage ring. Electrons are supplied to the booster from the NSLS-II linac. The NSLS-II booster was specified to accept electrons with an energy as low as 170 MeV. The supplemental shielding is designed to shield all energies from 150 MeV to the booster’s maximum energy of 3.2 GeV. Due to the shielding design, the NSLS-II PPS system guarantees that the beam energy must be above 151 MeV upon transport to the booster ring for injection. Recently, problems with the linac klystrons have come to the point that operating the NSLS-II linac below the 150 MeV may be the only possible way for the linac to deliver electrons to the booster. If the NSLS-II linac were limited to operate on only 1 klystron, at full power only 120 MeV beam energy would be possible. The nominal operating energy would be 100 MeV to leave overhead for beam loading compensation and to not stress the last remaining klystron any more than necessary. Since this is below the design of the booster shielding, the supplemental shielding needs to be analyzed to ensure that it is sufficient for lower energy beams. In this report, we discuss the impact of lowering the booster injection energy to 90 MeV on the supplemental shielding. Issues relating to how the booster will perform at this lower energy are not discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2019

Characterizing and Interpreting the In Situ Strain Tensor During CO 2 Injection

Injecting fluid into a well creates an evolving strain tensor field in the rocks enveloping the well. Understanding the strain field has the potential to improve the effectiveness of CO 2 storage, but the strain tensor had never been measured during injection. The objective of this project was to evaluate how the strain tensor can be measured and interpreted to improve the assessment of geomechanical properties and advance an understanding of geomechanical processes that may present risks to CO 2 storage. The project consisted of three primary tasks related to 1) developing instruments for measuring the strain tensor with high precision; 2) developing methods for analyzing strain signals; and 3) demonstrating the approach at a CO 2 storage analog site.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2019

Nanoparticle Injection Technology for Remediating Leaks of CO 2 Storage Formation (Final Report)

Leakage of a well can occur through the wellbore, the annulus between well tubing and steel casing, or on the outside of the casing. The overall goal of the project is to develop a new technology that can repair or reduce the leakage of wellbore. The new technology is based on simultaneously injecting nanoparticles electrochemically and removing some of the harmful ions in the system so the distressed cement materials can be densified and the corrosion risk of steel casing can be reduced. There were two objectives. One is the development of the injection technology for leakage repair and the other is the development of new numerical simulation models that can simulate and predict the performance of the new repair technology. An electro-migration testing unit and a in-house wellbore testing system were developed; healing agents with nanoparticles were selected, numerical models were developed to simulate the electro-migration technology, and the effectiveness of the new technology were evaluated.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2019

Nanoparticle Injection Technology for Remediating Leaks of CO 2 Storage Formation (Final Technical Report)

Leakage of a well can occur through the wellbore, the annulus between well tubing and steel casing, or on the outside of the casing. The overall goal of the project is to develop a new technology that can repair or reduce the leakage of wellbore. The new technology is based on simultaneously injecting nanoparticles electrochemically and removing some of the harmful ions in the system so the distressed cement materials can be densified and the corrosion risk of steel casing can be reduced. There were two objectives. One is the development of the injection technology for leakage repair and the other is the development of new numerical simulation models that can simulate and predict the performance of the new repair technology. An electro-migration testing unit and an in-house wellbore testing system were developed; healing agents with nanoparticles were selected, numerical models were developed to simulate the electro-migration technology, and the effectiveness of the new technology was evaluated.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2017

Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field, Mobile Co., AL. Post-Injection Period Reservoir Modeling Report

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Anthropogenic Test is a U.S. Department of Energy funded fully integrated carbon capture and storage initiative designed to demonstrate deep underground injection and containment of anthropogenic CO 2 sourced from Alabama Power’s Plant Barry. From August 20, 2012 to September 1, 2014, a total of 114,014 metric tonnes of CO 2 were transported via pipeline from Plant Barry and stored in a saline aquifer under a portion of the Citronelle Field operated by Denbury Onshore, LLC near Citronelle, Alabama. A major component of this project was to test and develop techniques to monitor, verify and account (MVA) for the CO 2 stored in the aquifer by the project. A suite of technologies were applied and developed to demonstrate non-endangerment of underground sources of drinking water (USDW’s) and to ensure that CO2 does not migrate out of intended zones within the subsurface. This involved several levels of monitoring: 1) Surface monitoring, 2) shallow groundwater monitoring, 3) deep reservoir monitoring and experimental MVA activities. Numerical models were developed to determine the project’s Area of Review (AoR) and to investigate the simulated advancement of the CO 2 plume through the subsurface aquifer for 30 years after the end of injection. An initial baseline area of review of 1,700 ft. was established. The key results demonstrating non-endangerment of USDW’s are presented.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2016

SECARB Report on Post-Injection Surface and Near-Surface Monitoring

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field is one of the United States’ largest demonstrations of CO 2 capture, transportation, injection, storage and monitoring using CO 2 derived from a coal-fired electric generating unit. This report summarizes the post-injection phase groundwater and soil flux monitoring results from September 1, 2014 through July 21, 2016.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2017

Aboveground Injection System Mechanical Integrity Test Results Report

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Simulation of Chilled-water Injection at EGS Collab Testbed 2 using the GEOS simulation framework

This work seeks to model the chilled-water injection that occurred at EGS Collab Testbed 2 as part of experiment 3, using the open-source GEOS simulation framework. Modeling of this process, previously conducted using STOMP-GT, confirmed that thermal breakthrough was expected to occur during the chill water injection and may have been masked by strong Joule-Thompsons effects induced by large pressure drops between the fractures and the production wells. Building a GEOS numerical model of this process will allow to include additional physics. In fact, GEOS can model fully coupled thermo-poromechanical processes in fractured porous media and can be employed to model the process of artificially enhancing rock permeability by hydraulically fracturing the rocks. For example, the GEOS model could help understanding the dynamic nature of the EGS collab experiment 3 flow system. Since the limited time and resources do not allow for an extensive study, the focus is on building a baseline model of this process. As such, the main outcomes of this modelling efforts are listed below.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Carbonated Brine Injection Pilot Plan

This is a three-year effort to develop a plan for carbonated brine injection, with an end goal of a path for pilot scale implementation. Carbonated brine injection (CBI) strategy was planned for a potential pilot site through simulation study. Methods include geology model, reservoir modeling, wellbore materials compatibility and corrosion modeling, reactive transport modeling.

Xiong, Wei↗

DOE OSTI2024

An Induction-Type Septum Magnet for the Hadron and Electron Injection of the EIC Complex

The design of the electron Ion Collider (EIC) project is under way to be built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) with the collaboration of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF). The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) which is part of the EIC accelerator complex will accelerate the electron beam up to 18 GeV, and the beam will be injected into the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) to collide with the hadron beam circulating in the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) which is a modified version of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). All three synchrotrons will be located in the same tunnel. This technical note provides information on the latest electromagnetic design of the induction-type septum magnet which will be employed by EIC to Inject the beam into the HSR and RCS and also extract the beam from the RCS.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Fracture Networks Imaging in CO2 Injection Zones in IBDP Site: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Application with Multiple Datasets

Poster presented at the 17th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies GHGT-17 held in Calgary, Canada, October 20-24, 2024. This poster highlights the integration of unsupervised machine learning (ML) techniques as a transformative tool for advancing understanding of CO2 injection into reservoirs that could potentially contribute to optimizing injection strategies and reservoir management, ultimately bolstering the efficacy and sustainability of CO2 storage.

Kumar, Abhash↗

DOE OSTI2025

Prediction and Analysis of Utah FORGE Injection Activities using a Coupled Thermo-hydro-mechanical and Earthquake (THM+E) Modeling Workflow

A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) numerical workflow that is capable of modeling seismic slip is critical for the successful development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). By integrating key physical processes, this workflow enables accurate simulation of temperature and pressure diffusions, stress changes, and induced seismicity. As a result, it serves as a vital tool for predicting induced seismicity and optimizing reservoir stimulation strategies. The Utah FORGE (Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy) project, located near Milford, Utah, is a U.S. Department of Energy initiative aimed at advancing EGS technology. In April 2024, eight new stimulation stages (Stages 3R-10) were conducted in well 16A (injection well) subsequent to the first series of stimulation (Stages 1-3) performed in April, 2022. To monitor the induced seismicity, geophones were deployed in wells 58-32, 56-32, and 78B-32, while fiber optic cables were also installed in wells 16B, 78-32, and 78B-32 to collect microseismic data and detect frac hits Preliminary analyses of microseismic catalogs and fiber optic data suggest that the stimulated fractures in Stages 3R–6 closely align with that generated during Stage 3, indicating that the new stimulations were likely reactivating the previously stimulated fracture. To better understand the underlying process, a comprehensive modeling approach that can accurately capture thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and seismic responses is essential. In this work, we propose and utilize a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical and earthquake (THM+E) simulation workflow to numerically investigate the stimulation activities on well 16A. The specific objective is to confirm whether the new stimulation stages (Stages 3R–6) reactivated fractures previously stimulated during Stage 3. For this purpose, we perform THM+E simulations individually for Stages 3, 3R, 4, and 5, incorporating the discrete fracture networks (DFNs) created by the plane-fitting technique based on the microseismic catalogs. The simulation workflow consists of two separate models: a THM model and an earthquake model, coupled in a one-way manner. Detailed descriptions of the workflow are provided in Section 3. Simulation results are presented in terms of injection pressure, permeability evolution, and predicted seismic catalogs, which are then compared with field data for further analyses. This report is structured as follows. In Section 2, we present detailed analyses of the field data and propose the hypothesis that the new stimulation stages (Stages 3R–6) were probably reactivating the previously stimulated fractures in Stage 3. In Section 3, we introduce the coupled THM+E workflow and the problem setup to validate our hypothesis, followed by the simulation results for each stage in Section 4. Meanwhile, discussions are included to analyze the model predictions and their comparison with field data. Lastly, we conclude the report and outline future plans in Section 5.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Hydraulic Performance of Funnel & Gate and Base Injection at the F-Area Seepage Basins

The SGW-Support Group Environmental Compliance and Area Completion Projects (EC&ACP) of Savannah River Nuclear Solutions (SRNS) operates a funnel and gate (F&G) passive groundwater remediation system in conjunction with base injection to restore the quality of groundwater migrating from the F-Area seepage basins to Fourmile Branch. Groundwater levels were monitored biweekly and continuously over a 15-month period to study the aerial and temporal effect of operating the F&G and base injection remediation systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗