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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,333 records · Page 74
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Dynamical and Radiative Properties of X-Ray Pulsar Accretion Columns: Phase-averaged Spectra

The availability of the unprecedented spectral resolution provided by modern X-ray observatories is opening up new areas for study involving the coupled formation of the continuum emission and the cyclotron absorption features in accretion-powered X-ray pulsar spectra. Previous research focusing on the dynamics and the associated formation of the observed spectra has largely been confined to the single-fluid model, in which the super-Eddington luminosity inside the column decelerates the flow to rest at the stellar surface, while the dynamical effect of gas pressure is ignored. In a companion paper, we have presented a detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic structure of the accretion column obtained using a new self-consistent model that includes the effects of both gas and radiation pressures. In this paper, we explore the formation of the associated X-ray spectra using a rigorous photon transport equation that is consistent with the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic structure of the column. We use the new model to obtain phase-averaged spectra and partially occulted spectra for Her X-1, Cen X-3, and LMC X-4. We also use the new model to constrain the emission geometry, and compare the resulting parameters with those obtained using previously published models. Our model sheds new light on the structure of the column, the relationship between the ionized gas and the photons, the competition between diffusive and advective transport, and the magnitude of the energy-averaged cyclotron scattering cross-section.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Photocatalytic performances of BiFeO{sub 3} particles with the average size in nanometer, submicrometer, and micrometer

Highlights: • Three different synthesis routes have been taken to successfully prepare the BiFeO{sub 3} particles with the different morphologies and average size in 50, 500 nm, and 15 μm. • For photodegradation of dyes under visible irradiation in the presence of BiFeO{sub 3}, the photocatalytic efficiency increases quickly with the decrease in size. • The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of BiFeO{sub 3} nanoparticles may attribute to more surface active catalytic-sites and shorter distances carriers have to migrate to the surface reaction sites. - Abstract: Three different synthesis routes were taken to successfully prepare the BiFeO{sub 3} particles with the different morphologies and average size in 50, 500 nm, and 15 μm, respectively. The crystal structure was recognized to be a distorted rhombohedral one with the space group R3c. With the decrease in particle size, obvious decrease in peak intensity and redshift in peak position were observed for the Raman active bands. The narrow band gap was determined from the UV–vis absorption spectra, indicating the semiconducting nature of the BiFeO{sub 3}. For photodegradation of dyes under visible irradiation in the presence of BiFeO{sub 3}, the photocatalytic efficiency increased quickly with the decrease in size which may attribute to more surface active catalytic-sites and shorter distances carriers had to migrate to the surface reaction sites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Vacancy-Rich Monolayer BiO 2- x as a Highly Efficient UV, Visible, and Near-Infrared Responsive Photocatalyst

Here in this paper, a full-spectrum responsive vacancy-rich monolayer BiO 2-x has been synthesized. The increased density of states at the conduction band (CB) minimum in the monolayer BiO 2-x is responsible for the enhanced photon response and photo-absorption, which were confirmed by UV/Vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and photocurrent measurements. Compared to bulk BiO 2-x , monolayer BiO 2-x has exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B and phenol removal under UV, visible, and near-infrared light (NIR) irradiation, which can be attributed to the vacancy VBi-O"' as confirmed by the positron annihilation spectra. The presence of V Bi-O "' defects in monolayer BiO 2-x promoted the separation of electrons and holes. This finding provides an atomic level understanding for developing highly efficient UV, visible, and NIR light responsive photocatalysts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Optical properties of Y and Ti co-substituted BiFeO{sub 3} multiferroics

Pure and co substituted Bi{sub 1−x}Y{sub x}Fe{sub 1−x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 3} (x ≤ 0.24) ceramics were synthesized by solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns of Y and Ti codoped samples have shown single phase formation. Increasing Y and Ti concentration reveals structural transition from rhombohedral phase (R3c) for x ≤ 0.16 to orthorhombic phase (Pnma) for x = 0.24. FT-IR spectra exhibit broad absorption bands, which may be due to the overlapping of Fe-O and Bi-O vibrations. UV-visible spectroscopy results show strong absorption of light in the spectral range of 400-720 nm, indicating optical band gap in the visible region for these samples. These interesting optical properties of co-substituted BFO samples in visible region may find potential applications in optoelectronic devices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1982

Observations of normal main-sequence and giant B stars

When interpreting the continuous and line spectra of B stars, it is helpful to think in terms of a model consisting of a photosphere and a mantle which is the outer part of the atmosphere where the effects of nonradiative heating are seen. A survey of the spectra of these stars shows that conditions in the photosphere determine most of what is seen, and in the case of most B stars, the presence of the mantle can be detected only by a special effort. The shape of the visible continuum spectrum and the shape and absolute value of the UV continuous spectrum as determined from low resolution spectra are discussed. Effective temperature for B stars in the main sequence, including corrections for interstellar extinction and bolometric corrections are explored. The major constituents of B-type spectra, variation of the strength of line along the main sequence band, the UV spectra, UV line blocking, intrinsic colors, and variations in light and spectra are also examined.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2014

Studies on L-citrulline doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate- A non linear crystal with significant nonlinear properties

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) single crystal is considered as one of the best representative of nonlinear optical crystals. Recently, amino acids having excellent nonlinear optical characteristics are being investigated as prospective dopants to improve the non linear optical characteristics of KDP. The present work is an attempt in this direction and L citrulline, one of the non essential amino acids showing good non linear optical characteristics is used as the dopant for KDP. Good quality crystals of L-citrulline doped KDP crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. From the powder X-ray diffraction studies of doped KDP crystal, the structure of the doped crystals was determined by direct method and refined by Pawley method employing Topaz version program using the single crystal X-ray data for pure KDP. The lattice parameters for L citrulline doped KDP are a=7.467A{sup 0}, b=7.467 A{sup 0}, c=6.977 A{sup 0}. The crystal falls into the tetragonal crystal system with space group I42 d. The presence of carbon and oxygen, which are primary components of amino acids, in the EDAX spectrum confirms the effectiveness of doping. The absorption spectra of the doped samples show that the crystals are transparent in the entire visible region. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the doped samples was determined by Kurtz powder technique using the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam and is found to be 2.2 times that of KDP. The nonlinear optical properties can be well studied by the open aperture Z scan technique. The open aperture curve exhibits a normalized transmittance valley. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β is obtained by theoretical fitting for two photon absorption. It is inferred that doping KDP with L citrulline has enhanced the nonlinearity considerably. This obviously suggests the potentiality of the crystal as an optical power limiter and also for various optical device applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of acidity on the energy level of curcumin dye extracted from Curcuma longa L

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of acidity on the energy level of curcumin dye. The natural dye, curcumin, was synthesized from Curcuma longa L. using a simple extraction technique. The purification of curcumin dye was conducted in a column of chromatography and its characteristics were studied. Next, the purified curcumin dye was added by benzoic acids until various acidities of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0. The absorbance spectra and the functionality groups found in the dyes were detected by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Meanwhile, the energy level of the dyes, E{sub HOMO} and E{sub LUMO} was measured by cyclic voltammetry. The best energy level of curcumin dye was achieved at pH 3.5 where E{sub red} = −0.37V, E{sub LUMO} = −4.28 eV, E{sub ox} = 1.15V, E{sub HOMO} = −5.83 eV, and E{sub band} {sub gap} = 1.55 eV. Therefore, the purified curcumin dye added by benzoic acid was promising for sensitizing the dye-sensitized solar cells.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Aging effects of the precursor solutions on the properties of spin coated Ga-doped ZnO thin films

In this study, gallium doped zinc oxide thin films (GZO) were grown on a glass substrate by a simple sol-gel process and spin coating technique using zinc acetate and gallium nitrate (3at%) as precursors for Zn and Ga ions respectively. The effects of aging time of the precursor solution on the structural and optical properties of the GZO films were investigated. The surface morphology, grain size, film thickness and optical properties of the GZO films were found to depend directly on the sol aging time. XRD studies reveal that the films are polycrystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and show the c-axis grain orientation. Optical transmittance spectra of all the films exhibited transmittance higher than about 82% within the visible wavelength region. A sharp fundamental absorption edge with a slight blue shifting was observed with an increase in sol aging time which can be explained by Burstein-Moss effect. The result indicates that an appropriate aging time of the sol is important for the improvement of the structural and optical properties of GZO thin films derived from sol-gel method.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of the host conduction band energy on the electronic band structure of ZnCdTeO dilute oxide alloys

Interband optical transitions in highly mismatched ZnTe1−xOx and Zn1−yCdyTe1−xOx alloys with Cd content y = 0.1 and 0.32 and oxygen content x < 0.016 grown on ZnTe substrates were studied by photoreflectance (PR) and photoluminescence (PL) in a broad temperature range. The incorporation of oxygen into a Zn(Cd)Te matrix results in a splitting of the conduction band (CB) into two E− and E+ subbands forming a semiconductor with an intermediate band. In ZnTeO, only the E− band could be probed by PR and there was no PL signal. An addition of Cd atoms to form a ZnCdTeO quaternary alloy significantly improves the optical quality as evidenced by an emergence of an E+ related transition in the PR spectra and the appearance of a PL emission related to the E− band visible up to 260 K. Moreover, for Cd content above 25%, a change in the E− band character is observed from localized O-like to CB-like. The analysis of a PR signal shows a strong reduction of the temperature dependence of the energy gap of Zn(Cd)TeO alloys compared to ZnTe. The temperature related reduction of the bandgap shift with increasing O content is well explained by the band anticrossing interaction between the temperature dependent conduction band of the host Zn(Cd)Te matrix and the temperature independent energy of highly localized O states.

Welna, M. (ORCID:0000000287471520)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Two-dimensional electronic–vibrational spectroscopy: Exploring the interplay of electrons and nuclei in excited state molecular dynamics

Two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy (2DEVS) is an emerging spectroscopic technique which exploits two different frequency ranges for the excitation (visible) and detection (infrared) axes of a 2D spectrum. In contrast to degenerate 2D techniques, such as 2D electronic or 2D infrared spectroscopy, the spectral features of a 2DEV spectrum report cross correlations between fluctuating electronic and vibrational energy gaps rather than autocorrelations as in the degenerate spectroscopies. The center line slope of the spectral features reports on this cross correlation function directly and can reveal specific electronic-vibrational couplings and rapid changes in the electronic structure, for example. The involvement of the two types of transition moments, visible and infrared, makes 2DEVS very sensitive to electronic and vibronic mixing. 2DEV spectra also feature improved spectral resolution, making the method valuable for unraveling the highly congested spectra of molecular complexes. The unique features of 2DEVS are illustrated in this paper with specific examples and their origin described at an intuitive level with references to formal derivations provided. Although early in its development and far from fully explored, 2DEVS has already proven to be a valuable addition to the tool box of ultrafast nonlinear optical spectroscopy and is of promising potential in future efforts to explore the intricate connection between electronic and vibrational nuclear degrees of freedom in energy and charge transport applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2018

A Spectrographic Receiver for Laser Spectrometers

Multiband LiDAR systems, which are typically single wavelength in transmission and reception, are becoming more applicable for scientific use. However, traditional LiDAR receivers do not scale well to tens or hundreds of received bands. We introduce the design for a spectrographic receiver using an array detector for laser spectrometers and present two of the many possible applications: fluorescence spectroscopy in the visible range and IR reflectance spectroscopy. Each laser pulse has the capability of exciting a target in various wavelengths, and a spectrographic receiver would be able to interpret this excitation, while a typical LiDAR consisting of single wavelength receiver would not. Using a spectrograph in a system with a pulsed laser in the visible or UV range is capable of the detection of fluorescent signal. These spectra reveal the presence of organics and is an applicable technology for planetary science. A spectrograph coupled with a pulsed laser in the IR range shows capability of detecting the presence of water in various forms also applicable technology for both Earth and planetary science. Both systems utilize a Czerny-Turner spectrograph design with a ZnSe prism for the dispersion of light onto an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD). This paper introduces the concept and design of a spectrographic receiver for laser spectrometers, as well as two possible applications.

Sandford, Macey↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Analysis of "Stone" Samples from C-Type Asteroid Ryugu

As a part of activities of initial analysis, we analyzed eighteen Ryugu “stone” samples of 1 ~ 8mm in size: seven stones from the 1st touch down site and eleven from the 2nd touch down site. Ryugu stones were analyzed first using X-rays, UV, visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and muon probes for surface reflectance spectra, internal 3D structure and element distribution, crystal structures, and bulk composition of light elements such as C, N, and O. Measurements for magnetic, thermal, and physical properties using some stones were also performed. TOF-SIMS analysis of fluid inclusions as being continued. Small particles separated from some stones were analyzed by IR-CT. Based on 3D-CT images of individual stones, objects of interests were identified, separated by pFIB cutting, and exposed by polishing on the surface of epoxy disks. FE-EPMA/FE-SEM analysis was made on ~40 polished epoxy disks for chemical composition and textural observation. FIB sections and small (~15 μm in size) fragments were separated from polished surface and analyzed by TEM, STXM,XRF, and nano-CT.

T. Nakamura↗
DOE OSTI2024

Short-Wave Infrared Upconverting Nanoparticles

Optical technologies enable real-time, noninvasive analysis of complex systems but are limited to discrete regions of the optical spectrum. While wavelengths in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) window (typically, 1700-3000 nm) should enable deep subsurface penetration and reduced photodamage, there are few luminescent probes that can be excited in this region. Here, we report the discovery of lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) that efficiently convert 1740 or 1950 nm excitation to wavelengths compatible with conventional silicon detectors. Screening of Ln3+ ion combinations by differential rate equation modeling identifies Ho3+/Tm3+ or Tm3+ dopants with strong visible or NIR-I emission following SWIR excitation. Experimental upconverted photoluminescence excitation (U-PLE) spectra find that 10% Tm3+-doped NaYF4 core/shell UCNPs have the strongest 800 nm emission from SWIR wavelengths, while UCNPs with an added 2% or 10% Ho3+ show the strongest red emission when excited at 1740 or 1950 nm. Mechanistic modeling shows that addition of a low percentage of Ho3+ to Tm3+-doped UCNPs shifts their emission from 800 to 652 nm by acting as a hub of efficient SWIR energy acceptance and redistribution up to visible emission manifolds. Parallel experimental and computational analysis shows rate equation models are able to predict compositions for specific wavelengths of both excitation and emission. These SWIR-responsive probes open a new IR bioimaging window, and are responsive at wavelengths important for vision technologies.

Qi, Xiao↗
DOE OSTI2020

Optical fields in porous polylactide matrices

Optical fields induced by laser light inside porous polymer matrices (scaffolds) under stimulating effect on cells are investigated. The spectra of light scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors of porous polylactide scaffolds in the visible and near-IR ranges are determined by numerical simulation based on experimental data obtained using a double integrating sphere. Studies are conducted for dry and wet scaffolds fabricated by supercritical fluid foaming and surface-selective laser sintering. The Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the fluence rate distribution under the assumptions of the Henyey – Greenstein phase scattering function and the model phase function of scattering on spherical cavities. It is shown that th e fluence rate distribution mainly depends on the scattering coefficient and the mean cosine of the deflection angle (g-factor). The results obtained are of great practical importance for tissue engineering based on the use of polymeric porous scaffolds with cells to replace tissue defects; they can be used to determine the dose range for laser stimulation of cells. (paper)

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1980

Spectral evidence for a carbonaceous chondrite surface composition on Deimos

The surface compositions of Phobos and Deimos as determined by their UV-visible reflectance are compared in order to evaluate the hypothesis that the different surface morphologies of the two satellites are due to different mechanical properties. The UV-visible reflectance spectrum of Deimos is compiled from Mariner 9 UV spectrometry and Canopus star tracker photometry and ground-based colorimetry and polarimetry; the geometric albedo of Deimos is determined from Mariner 9 Canopus star tracker data. The reflectance spectra of Deimos and Phobos are found to be similar in a first approximation, exhibiting low, flat reflectivities in the visible and dropping off sharply in the UV, compatible with a probable carbonaceous chondrite nature for Deimos as well as Phobos and suggesting that their different surface morphologies are most likely due to different orbital histories.

Pang, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Ultraviolet light curves of U Geminorum and VW Hydri

Ultraviolet light curves were obtained for the quiescent dwarf novae U Gem and VW Hyi. The amplitude of the hump associated with the accretion hot spot is much smaller in the UV than in the visible. This implies that the bright spot temperature is roughly 12000 K if it is optically thick. The flux distribution of U Gem in quiescence cannot be fitted by model spectra of steady state, viscous accretion disks. The absolute luminosity, the flux distribution, and the far UV spectrum suggest that the primary star is visible in the far UV. The optical UV flux distribution of VW Hyi can be matched roughly by the model accretion disks.

Wu, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Conductor-Dielectric Junctions in a Low Density Plasma

A conductor-dielectric junction exposed to the space environment is a frequent spacecraft design feature. Due to spacecraft charging and/or solar array operation, the conductor can acquire a high potential with respect to the surrounding plasma. If this potential is positive the insulators adjacent to exposed conductors can collect current as if they were conductors themselves. This phenomenon, called snapover, results in a substantial increase in current collection, and may even result in a glow discharge if the potential is high enough. If a conductor has a negative potential, arcing can occur at the site of a junction. Both of these phenomena negatively affect spacecraft operation. To prevent negative consequences, the physical mechanisms of snapover and arc inception require investigation. In this paper, results are presented of an experimental and theoretical study of snapover, glow discharge, and arc phenomena for different materials immersed in argon or xenon plasmas. The effect of snapover is investigated for several metal-dielectric junctions: copper-teflon, copper-Kapton, copper-glass, aluminum-teflon, aluminum-Kapton, steel-teflon, anodized aluminum with pinholes, and copper-ceramics. I-V curves are measured and snapover inception voltages, essential parameters (increase in current and collection area due to secondary electrons), and glow discharge inception thresholds are determined. Optical spectra are obtained for glow discharges in both argon and xenon plasmas. These spectra provide information regarding atomic species entrapped in the glow region. Some spectral lines can be used to estimate plasma parameters in the discharge area. A video-camera and linear array were used to confirm that snapover inception is accompanied by very low intensity visible light emission. This result seems to be important for the estimate of the light pollution around spacecraft. Optical spectra (wavelengths 380-650 nm) of arcs are also obtained on a negatively biased chromic acid anodized aluminum plate immersed in low density argon and xenon plasmas. Analysis of these spectra confirms our earlier findings that aluminum atoms are ejected from the arc site. Moreover, it is found that chromium atoms are also quite abundant in the arc plasma. It is believed that the latter results contribute considerably to the understanding of processes of plasma contamination caused by arcing.

Vayner, Boris↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effects of rapid thermal annealing on properties of Ga-doped Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films and Ga-doped Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O/AlGaN heterojunction diodes

This study investigated the thermal annealing effects of Ga-doped Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O (GMZO) films and GMZO/AlGaN heterojunction diodes. GMZO films were deposited using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system with a 4-in. ZnO/MgO/Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} target. In addition, the Hall results, X-ray diffraction, transparent performance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were measured. The as-grown GMZO film deposited in this study exhibited a high transparency with transmittances over 95% in the visible region (360–700 nm) and a sharp absorption edge in the UV region (275–350 nm). The phenomenon of phase separation in the GMZO films was investigated based on the XPS spectra, revealing that an increase in the O-Zn signal accompanied a decline in the O-Ga signal after the thermal annealing. Moreover, the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the GMZO/AlGaN n-p junction diodes were examined at different annealing temperatures. The light emission derived from the forward-biased junction and near-ultraviolet (near-UV) light emission was evident at all p-n junctions. The n-GMZO/p-AlGaN diode annealed at 800 °C exhibited a brighter near-UV emission compared with the other diodes. In addition, the spectrum of diode annealed at 800 °C exhibited a broad peak at 474 nm (2.62 eV) and a tail of the emission spectrum extending to 850 nm. Based on these findings, the GMZO films are suitable for forming transparent contact layers in optoelectronic devices, and the n-GMZO/p-AlGaN junction diode is a feasible alternative in near-UV light emission devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗