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At least 1,333 records · Page 74

An Iterative Machine Learning Framework for Event Classification and Monte Carlo Tuning in SpinQuest

The E1039/SpinQuest experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory uses a 120~GeV proton beam from the Main Injector incident on transversely polarized proton and deuteron targets, using $NH_3$ and $ND_3$, respectively. In addition to measuring the Sivers asymmetry in Drell--Yan $pp$ and $pd$ scattering from sea quarks, SpinQuest will study transverse-spin effects, particularly the transverse single-spin asymmetry (TSSA) in $J/\psi$ production. The angular distributions from the $J/\psi$ decay could play an important role in understanding the gluon contribution to the proton spin structure. However, before extracting these angular distributions, it is necessary to isolate signal events originating from the target from events produced by other sources and from the combinatorial background. To effectively and accurately classify the target events, it is important to ensure that the simulated events are properly tuned to the experimental physics channels. We have introduced an iterative technique to match simulated and experimental events and to classify the physics channels using deep neural networks and a generative model based on normalizing flows.

Hossain, Forhad [Virginia U. (main)] (ORCID:000000↗

Dynamics of quarks and gauge fields in the lowest-energy states in QCD and QED

The dynamics of quarks and gauge fields in the lowest energy states in QCD and QED interactions is studied by compactifying the (3+1)D space-time to the (1+1)D space-time with cylindrical symmetry and by combining Schwinger's longitudinal confinement in (1+1)D with Polyakov's transverse confinement in (2+1)D. Using the action integral, we separate out the transverse and longitudinal degrees of freedom. By solving the derived transverse and longitudinal equations, we study the QCD and QED collective excitations. In addition to the well known QCD low-energy states, we find stable collective QED excitations showing up as massive QED-confined mesons, in support of previous studies. In particular, the masses of the recently observed X17 particle at about 17 MeV and the E38 particle at about 38 MeV are calculated in the developed approach, in good agreement with experimental results.

Koshelkin, Andrew V.↗

Spin Physics at PHENIX

Situated at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the PHENIX experiment has for almost two decades been at the forefront of investigations into spin structure and dynamics in high-energy nuclear physics. Although decommissioned in 2016, the PHENIX collaboration has released a number of new results over the past several years that continue to inform the field. Recent longitudinal spin measurements uncover the role of gluon and sea quark polarization in the proton. Transverse spin measurements probe the transverse momentum-dependent (TMD) distributions and higher-twist multiparton correlators that are needed to fully explain partonic dynamics in the initial and final state. Additionally, the effects of heavy ions on spin have been studied by comparing transverse spin measurements between p+p and p+A collisions. These recent results and their wider implications are presented.

PHENIX↗

Voyager 1 and 2 Observations of a Change in the Nature of Magnetic Fluctuations in the VLISM with Increasing Distance from the Heliopause

Voyager 2 (V2) crossed the heliopause at 119.0 au on 2018 day 309, after which it observed compressive (longitudinal) magnetic field fluctuations along the average magnetic field direction in the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) at distances from 119.00 to 121.48 au and latitudes 32.°2 to 32.°4 S in heliographic inertial coordinates from 2018 day 309 to 2019 day 230. This result confirms the observations of longitudinal magnetic field fluctuations by Voyager 1 (V1) between 124.14 and 128.71 au at 34.°6N (∼2–7 au upwind of the heliopause) from 2013 day 133 to 2014 day 235. V1 crossed the heliopause at 121.58 au and 34.°5N on 2012 day 238. It came as a surprise to find it seemed that V1 observed transverse (Alfvénic) fluctuations of B between 131.40 and 135.98 au at latitude 34.°6–34.°7N (∼10–14 au upwind of the heliopause) from 2015 day 145 to 2016 day 248. The most recent V1 observations show the possible presence of transverse fluctuations of B in the VLISM from 141.44 to 146.01 au at 34.°7–34.°8N (∼20–24 au from the heliopause) between 2018 day 75 and 2019 day 178. Together, these observations show that longitudinal (compressive) magnetic field fluctuations are transmitted through the heliopause from the heliosheath into the VLISM, and are then converted into transverse (Alfvénic) fluctuations at ∼130 au (∼8 au from the heliopause) that are observed out at 146 au (∼24 au from the heliopause).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The shape of the F-region irregularities which produce satellite scintillations Evidence for axial asymmetry.

Correlation analysis of three-station observations of satellite amplitude scintillations, recorded at London, Canada during the summer of 1968, have been interpreted to give information on the height, size and shape of the ionospheric irregularities. The irregularities had a mean height of 390 km, and when interpreted in terms of the usual axially-symmetric, field-aligned model, had a mean axial ratio of 6.5, and a mean dimension transverse to the magnetic field of 0.7 km. None of these parameters showed any systematic trend with geomagnetic latitude. The data for one of the passes analyzed were inconsistent with axial symmetry, and when examined in terms of a more general model, 3 of 9 passes showed evidence of irregularities which were elongated both along and transverse to the earth's magnetic field, the elongation transverse to the field tending to lie in a north-south direction.

Moorcroft, D. R.↗

Numerical study of strong plasma shock waves produced in an electromagnetic shock tube.

A set of two-fluid Navier-Stokes equations with classical physical transport coefficients is used to compute the evolution and structure of collisional plasma shock waves in an electromagnetic shock tube. Shock speeds up to 200 cm/microsec and shocked-plasma temperatures of the order of kilovolts are studied. A strong transverse bias magnetic field is employed, which significantly alters the size and shape of the shock profiles, when compared with the zero bias field case. The wave structure is different from that of a two-fluid gasdynamic shock without transverse magnetic field. Especially significant is the effect of the small ion Larmor radius in reducing the gasdynamic shock thickness by at least an order of magnitude in the transverse shock case, which permits collisional shocks to have thicknesses much smaller than the post-shock mean free path. These collisional shock waves produce very hot ions, the ion temperature increasing with shock speed, although the formation time and distances also increase substantially with shock speed.

Schneider, S. H.↗

Three-dimensional plasma diffusion in a very strong magnetic field.

The thermal equilibrium coefficient of spatial diffusion transverse to a strong uniform dc magnetic field is calculated for a fully ionized plasma. The particles are assumed to move transverse to the field only as a consequence of the E x B drift, but to move freely parallel to it. The particles interact only electrostatically. The calculation is done at large, but fixed and finite, plasma volume. It is shown that, as magnetic field density approaches infinity, the leading term of the coefficient of transverse spatial diffusion falls off in a prescribed manner, but contains a multiplicative factor which goes to zero as the plasma volume becomes infinite. The method of calculation fails for unbounded plasmas.

Montgomery, D.↗

Fluctuating magnetic fields in the magnetosphere. II - ULF waves.

At the present time the existing satellite observations of ULF waves suggest that the level of geomagnetic activity controls the types of waves which occur within the magnetosphere. Consequently, we consider separately quiet times, times of magnetospheric substorms, and times of magnetic storms. Within each of these categories, there are distinctly different wave modes distinguished by their polarization: either transverse or parallel to the ambient field. In addition, these wave phenomena occur in distinct frequency bands. In terms of the standard nomenclature of ground micropulsation studies ULF wave types observed in the magnetosphere include quiet time transverse - Pc 1, Pc 3, Pc 4, Pc 5; quiet time compressional - Pc 1 and Pi 1; substorm compressional Pi 1 and Pi 2; storm transverse - Pc 1; storm compressional Pc 4, 5.

Mcpherron, R. L.↗

New plate and shell elements for NASTRAN

A new higher order triangular plate-bending finite element is presented which possesses high accuracy for practical mesh subdivisions and which uses only translations and rotations as grid point degrees of freedom. The element has 18 degrees of freedom, the transverse displacement and two rotations at the vertices and mid-side grid points of the triangle. The transverse displacement within the element is approximated by a quintic polynomial; the bending strains thus vary cubically within the element. Transverse shear flexibility is taken into account in the stiffness formulation. Two examples of static and dynamic analysis are included to show the behavior of the element.

Narayanaswami, R.↗

Electron motion in a helically perturbed magnetic field

Exact solutions have been obtained for the equations of an electron subjected to a transverse rotating magnetic field superimposed on a homogeneous axial magnetic field. The solutions show that complete transfer of the axial energy into transverse energy is possible for a range of values of the injection velocity and the transverse magnetic field.

Singh, A.↗

Determination of cardiac size from chest roentgenograms following Skylab missions

Decreased cardiothoracic transverse diameter ratios following Mercury, Gemini and Apollo space flights have been reported previously. To evaluate further changes in cardiac size, standard posteroanterior chest films in systole and diastole were obtained before flight and within a few hours after recovery on each of the Skylab astronauts. Postflight chest X-rays were visually compared to the preflight roentgenograms for possible changes in pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, bony or soft tissue structures. From these roentgenograms the following measurements were obtained: cardiac and thoracic transverse diameters, cardiothoracic transverse diameter ratio, cardiac area from the product of both diagonal diameters, cardiac silhouette area by planimetry, thoracic cage area and cardiothoracic area ratio. The postflight frontal cardiac silhouette sizes were significantly decreased when compared with the respective preflight values (P0.05 or 0.01). The observed changes are thought to be related to postflight decrease in the intracardiac chamber volume.

Nicogossian, A. E.↗

Redshift differences of galaxies in nearby groups

It is reported that galaxies in nearby groups exhibit anomalous nonvelocity redshifts. In this discussion, (1) four classes of nearby groups of galacies are analyzed, and no significant nonvelocity redshift effect is found; and (2) it is pointed out that transverse velocities (i.e., velocities transverse to the line of sight of the main galaxy, or center of mass) contribute components to the redshift measurements of companion galaxies. The redshifts of galaxies in nearby groups of appreciable angular size are considerably affected by these velocity projection effects. The transverse velocity contributions average out in rich, isotropic groups, and also in large samples of irregular groups of low membership, as in the four classes referred to in (1), but can introduce apparent discrepancies in small samples (as studied by Arp) of nearby groups of low membership.

Harrison, E. R.↗

Super-hybrid composites - An emerging structural material

Specimens of super-hybrids and advanced fiber composites were subjected to extensive tests to determine their mechanical properties, including impact and thermal fatigue. The super-hybrids were fabricated by a procedure similar to that reported by Chamis et al., (1975). Super-hybrids subjected to 1000 cycles of thermal fatigue from -100 to 300 F retained over 90% of their longitudinal flexural strength and over 75% of their transverse flexural strength; their transverse flexural strength may be as high as 8 times that of a commercially supplied boron/1100-Al composite. The thin specimen Izod longitudinal impact resistance of the super-hybrids was twice that of the boron/110-Al material. Super-hybrids subjected to transverse tensile loads exhibited nonlinear stress-strain relationships. The experimentally determined initial membrane (in-plane) and bending elastic properties of super-hybrids were predicted adequately by linear laminate analysis.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Dynamics of spin stabilized spacecraft during deployment of telescoping appendages

The dynamics of a spin stabilized spacecraft with telescoping appendages are treated both analytically and numerically. Two types of telescoping appendages are considered: (a) where an end mass is mounted at the end of an (assumed) massless boom; and (b) where the appendage is assumed to consist of a uniformly distributed homogeneous mass throughout its length. For the telescoping system Eulerian equations of motion are developed. During all deployment sequences it is assumed that the transverse component of angular momentum is much smaller than the component along the major spin axis. Closed form analytical solutions for the time response of the transverse components of angular velocities are obtained when the spacecraft hub has a nearly spherical mass distribution. For the more general case, a series solution is obtained and this solution is limited by its radius of convergence. The comparison of the different approximate analytical methods with numerical integration results are studied and it is observed that the oscillatory nature of the responses of the transverse angular velocity components reduces rapidly with faster extension rates.

Sellappan, R.↗

Modeling of three-dimensional mixing and reacting ducted flows

A computer code based on a finite-element solution algorithm is developed to perform an analytical investigation on the turbulent mixing and reaction of hydrogen jets injected from multiple orifices transverse and parallel to a supersonic airstream. A laser optical cavity flow field was also analyzed to demonstrate the generality of the proposed model. Computational results provide a three-dimensional description of velocity, temperature, and species-concentration fields downstream of injection. Major conclusions are that the analysis has immediate utility in evaluating the mixing effectiveness of transverse H2 injection data since it has been tested in its ability to model this type of data and that turbulent mixing length theory, constant effective Prandtl number, and a Lewis number of unity provide reasonable agreement with transverse H2 injection data downstream of the near-injection region. Efforts are presently being directed toward using the code in modeling laser and scramjet data for a wide range of flow conditions.

Zelazny, S. W.↗

A minimax technique for time-domain design of preset digital equalizers using linear programming

A linear programming technique is presented for the design of a preset finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filter to equalize the intersymbol interference (ISI) present in a baseband channel with known impulse response. A minimax technique is used which minimizes the maximum absolute error between the actual received waveform and a specified raised-cosine waveform. Transversal and frequency-sampling FIR digital filters are compared as to the accuracy of the approximation, the resultant ISI and the transmitted energy required. The transversal designs typically have slightly better waveform accuracy for a given distortion; however, the frequency-sampling equalizer uses fewer multipliers and requires less transmitted energy. A restricted transversal design is shown to use the least number of multipliers at the cost of a significant increase in energy and loss of waveform accuracy at the receiver.

Vaughn, G. L.↗

The stress corrosion resistance and the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of annealed Nitronic 60 bar material

Ambient and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties and the ambient temperature stress corrosion properties of annealed, straightened, and centerless ground Nitronic 60 stainless steel alloy bar material are presented. The mechanical properties of longitudinal specimens were evaluated at test temperatures from ambient to liquid hydrogen. The tensile test data indicated increasing strength with decreasing temperature to -196 C. Below liquid nitrogen temperature the smooth tensile and notched tensile strengths decreased slightly while the elongation and reduction of area decreased drastically. The Charpy V-notched impact energy decreased steadily with decreasing test temperature. Stress corrosion tests were performed on longitudinal tensile specimens and transverse C-ring specimens exposed to: alternate immersion in a 3.5% NaCl bath; humidity cabinet; and a 5% salt spray atmosphere. The longitudinal tensile specimens experienced no corrosive attack. Approximately 3/4 of the transverse C-rings exposed to alternate immersion and to salt spray experienced a pitting attack on the top and bottom ends. Additional stress corrosion tests were performed on transverse tensile specimens. No failures occurred in the 90% stressed specimens exposed for 90 days in the alternate immersion and salt spray environments

Montano, J. W. L.↗

Environmental effects on aluminum fracture

The sustained load stress corrosion cracking (SCC) threshold for aluminum alloy 214 was determined using smooth (sigma sub TH) and precracked (K sub ISCC) specimens, and cyclic load growth behavior in 3.5% NaCl salt solution was studied. The relationship between K sub ISCC and sigma sub TH was also studied. The work showed that 2124-T851 aluminum alloy in plate gage has a moderately high resistance to stress corrosion attack. Experimental results showed that no SCC occurred in the longitudinal and long transverse directions in any of the tests. Some SCC was found by smooth tests in the short transverse direction, and the data were confirmed by two test methods-sigma sub TH = 275 MN/sq m (40 ksi). No SCC was found from compact specimen tests in any direction: surface flaw and center notch specimens evaluated in the short transverse direction exhibited SCC. The data indicate that stress corrosion behavior is defect, size, and stress dependent, but not entirely in accordance with a stress intensity controlled mechanism.

Schwartzberg, F. R.↗