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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Investigation of CCD-digicon detector system characteristics

The reported investigation was undertaken with the aim to develop state-of-the-art detector technology for use in astronomical observations. Basic properties of the Digicon concept are to be extended to the two-dimensional capabilities of CCDs. The basic CCD-Digicon tube configuration utilizes a thinned, backside-illuminated CCD in place of the linear, discrete diode array at the back end of a windowed space telescope (ST) design Digicon tube. It is pointed out that the detector system built around the considered device promises to exhibit high photometric accuracy in combination with large numbers of uniform independent resolution elements. Potential applications include space astronomy missions with capability for observations extending into the extreme ultraviolet spectral region. Attention is given to continuing investigations into the characteristics of CCD response to backside photoelectron bombardment, taking into account the development of charge pulse centroiding readout techniques in combination with magnetic deflection substepping.

Hier, R. G.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Universal control of a six-qubit quantum processor in silicon

Future quantum computers capable of solving relevant problems will require a large number of qubits that can be operated reliably. However, the requirements of having a large qubit count and operating with high fidelity are typically conflicting. Spins in semiconductor quantum dots show long-term promise but demonstrations so far use between one and four qubits and typically optimize the fidelity of either single- or two-qubit operations, or initialization and readout. Here, we increase the number of qubits and simultaneously achieve respectable fidelities for universal operation, state preparation and measurement. We design, fabricate and operate a six-qubit processor with a focus on careful Hamiltonian engineering, on a high level of abstraction to program the quantum circuits, and on efficient background calibration, all of which are essential to achieve high fidelities on this extended system. State preparation combines initialization by measurement and real-time feedback with quantum-non-demolition measurements. These advances will enable testing of increasingly meaningful quantum protocols and constitute a major stepping stone towards large-scale quantum computers.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

High quality superconducting Nb co-planar resonators on sapphire substrate

We present measurements and simulations of superconducting Nb co-planar waveguide resonators on sapphire substrate down to millikelvin temperature range with different readout powers. In the high temperature regime, we demonstrate that the Nb film residual surface resistance is comparable to that observed in the ultra-high quality, bulk Nb 3D superconducting radio frequency cavities while the resonator quality is dominated by the BCS thermally excited quasiparticles. At low temperature both the resonator quality factor and frequency can be well explained using the two-level system models. Through the energy participation ratio simulations, we find that the two-level system loss tangent is $\sim 10^{-2}$, which agrees quite well with similar studies performed on the Nb 3D cavities.

Zhu, S.↗
DOE OSTI2019

First Beam Test of UT Sensors with the SALT 3.0 Readout ASIC

This note presents the results of a beam test conducted at the Fermilab test beam facility in March 2019. The beam test represents the first such test of the UT readout ASIC, SALT 3.0, in a beam with production UT sensors. Two sensors were tested, one an unirradiated p-in-n sensor, and the second a n-in-p sensor irradiated to twice the maximum expected uence. The beam test demonstrates that the SALT 3.0 ASIC meets our specifications, and can be used for the production. Due to specific issues with the data acquisition system that will not be present in the system in LHCb, a higher threshold was used in the beam test, corresponding to about $6 \sigma$ on the noise. With this higher threshold, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and efficiency are measured. For the unirradiated sensor, a S/N of about 12 is achieved, with a single-hit effciency of at least 99.5%. For the irradiated sensor, a S/N of about 11 is obtained, with a single-hit effciency of about 94%. In the final system in LHCb with a proper threshold of about $3-4 \sigma$ of the noise, we expect to achieve a single-hit effciency of at least 99.5%.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS2009

NASA Tech Briefs, March 2009

Topics covered include: Improved Instrument for Detecting Water and Ice in Soil; Real-Time Detection of Dust Devils from Pressure Readings; Determining Surface Roughness in Urban Areas Using Lidar Data; DSN Data Visualization Suite; Hamming and Accumulator Codes Concatenated with MPSK or QAM; Wide-Angle-Scanning Reflectarray Antennas Actuated by MEMS; Biasable Subharmonic Membrane Mixer for 520 to 600 GHz; Hardware Implementation of Serially Concatenated PPM Decoder; Symbolic Processing Combined with Model-Based Reasoning; Presentation Extensions of the SOAP; Spreadsheets for Analyzing and Optimizing Space Missions; Processing Ocean Images to Detect Large Drift Nets; Alternative Packaging for Back-Illuminated Imagers; Diamond Machining of an Off-Axis Biconic Aspherical Mirror; Laser Ablation Increases PEM/Catalyst Interfacial Area; Damage Detection and Self-Repair in Inflatable/Deployable Structures; Polyimide/Glass Composite High-Temperature Insulation; Nanocomposite Strain Gauges Having Small TCRs; Quick-Connect Windowed Non-Stick Penetrator Tips for Rapid Sampling; Modeling Unsteady Cavitation and Dynamic Loads in Turbopumps; Continuous-Flow System Produces Medical-Grade Water; Discrimination of Spore-Forming Bacilli Using spoIVA; nBn Infrared Detector Containing Graded Absorption Layer; Atomic References for Measuring Small Accelerations; Ultra-Broad-Band Optical Parametric Amplifier or Oscillator; Particle-Image Velocimeter Having Large Depth of Field; Enhancing SERS by Means of Supramolecular Charge Transfer; Improving 3D Wavelet-Based Compression of Hyperspectral Images; Improved Signal Chains for Readout of CMOS Imagers; SOI CMOS Imager with Suppression of Cross-Talk; Error-Rate Bounds for Coded PPM on a Poisson Channel; Biomorphic Multi-Agent Architecture for Persistent Computing; and Using Covariance Analysis to Assess Pointing Performance.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2022

The MU2E Experiment at FERMILAB: R&D, Design and Status

The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab 1) will search for coherent, neutrinoless conversion of negative muons into electrons in the field of an aluminum nucleus, µ - + N (A, Z) → e - + N (A, Z). This is an example of Charged Lepton Flavour Violation (CLFV) never observed experimentally. The dynamics of such a process is well modelled by a two-body decay, resulting in a mono-energetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass (~104.967 MeV). If no events are observed in three years of running, Mu2e will set an upper limit on the ratio between conversion and capture rate R µe ≤ 6 × 10 -17 (@ 90% C.L.). This will improve the current limit of a factor of 10 4 over previous experiments. The experiment complements and extends the current/planned searches (µ → eγdecay at MEG , mu3e) as well as the direct searches for new physics at the LHC. Indeed, such CLFV searches in the muon sector probe new physics at a mass scale inaccessible with direct searches at either present or planned high-energy colliders. To detect the muon conversion process, a very intense pulsed beam of negative muons is produced by means of a S-shape Superconducting Solenoid Magnet System that is organized into three subsystems: the Production Solenoid, the Transport Solenoid and the Detector Solenoid. The beam is stopped at 10 GHz on an Aluminum target inside the Detector Solenoid. The Mu2e detectors, also installed inside the Detector Solenoid, are a high-precision tracker made on ~20000 straw tubes, and a calorimeter composed of ~1500 pure CsI crystals organized in two disks and readout by two large area UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). The Detector Solenoid region is surrounded by a Cosmic Ray Veto based on scintillators readout by SiPMs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

Upgrade fo the CMS Hadron Outer Calorimeter with SIPMs

The CMS Hadron Outer Calorimeter (HO) is undergoing an upgrade to replace the existing photodetectors (HPDs) with SIPMs. The chosen device is the Hamamatsu 3 x 3mm 50 {mu}m pitch MPPC. The system has been developed to be a 'drop-in' replacement of the HPDs. A complete control system of bias voltage generation, leakage current monitoring, temperature monitoring, and temperature control using solid state Peltier coolers has been developed and tested. 108 channels of the system have been installed into CMS and operated for more than 2 years. The complete system of about 2200 channels is in production and will be installed in the next LHC long shutdown scheduled for 2013. The CMS central calorimeter consists of a detector inside the solenoidal magnet, HB, and a component outside the magnet, the Outer Hadron Calorimeter, HO [1]. The HO is installed inside the magnet flux return yoke and provides for typically 3{lambda} of additional absorber to the calorimetric measurement. The outer calorimeter is composed of one or more layers of scintillator with wavelength shifting fiber readout into photodetectors. Figure 1 (a) shows the schematic layout of the calorimeters in CMS and shows the location of the HO scintillator layers. The front end electronics are placed inside the CMS detector, close to the scintillators. Figure 1(b) shows a photograph of the scintillators. Note the four wavelength shifting fibers per tile. The tile size creates a projective tower with the HB. Currently the photodetector used is the HPD but for performance and operational reasons it is desired to upgrade these with SIPMs. The CMS HCAL group has developed a drop-in replacement for the HPD using SIPMs. SIPMs are very suitable for this application because of several factors: The radiation levels are modest with a lifetime expected fluence of less than 5*10{sup 11} neutrons (E > 100 KeV) per cm{sup 2}. The energy flux into HO is small, the rate of larger energy depositions is low, and the required dynamic range is modest. The HO is in the return magnetic field of up to 2KG and the photodetector needs to operate in that environment. Finally, the available physical volume for the photodetectors is small.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cosmic axions revealed via amplified modulation of the ellipticity of a laser

We propose a new axion dark matter detection strategy that employs optical readout of laser beam ellipticity modulations caused by axion-induced electric fields in a microwave cavity, using electro-optic (EO) crystals, enhanced by externally injected radio-frequency (rf) power. Building upon the variance-based probing method [Phys. Rev. D 107, 103005 (2023).], we extend this concept to the optical domain: A weak probe laser interacts with an EO crystal coupled to the resonant microwave cavity field at cryogenic temperatures, and the axion-induced electric field is revealed through induced ellipticity. The injected rf signal coherently interferes with that of the axion field, amplifying the optical response and significantly improving sensitivity. While our EO-based method employs a Fabry-Pérot resonator, we do not require Michelson interferometers. Our method, hence, enables compact, high-frequency axion searches, across the 0.5–50 GHz range. Operating at cryogenic temperatures not only suppresses thermal backgrounds, but, critically, allows the probing method to mitigate the quantum noise. This approach offers a scalable path forward for axion detection over the ∼(few−200) μ⁢eV mass range—covering the preferred parameter space for the postinflationary Peccei-Quinn axion dark matter—using compact, tunable systems.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a new charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic for impurity transport experiments at Wendelstein 7-X

In this study, we present the design of a new charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) system for Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), which aims at measuring line radiation from highly ionized iron impurities after laser blow off injections over transport timescales. New fiber bundles with a core diameter of 600 µm have been added to one of the existing optical systems at W7-X used for CXRS. The fibers direct collected light to five newly developed single channel high frame rate F/2.8 spectrometers. The new custom-made spectrometers are built using entirely off-the-shelf and 3D printed components, and employ a round-to-linear fiber bundle, instead of an entrance slit, to maximize light throughput. The detector is an ultra-low readout noise EM-CCD camera capable of frame rates of up to 10 000 fps for about 500 consecutive frames when operated using a single readout channel. Such high frame rates will enable the study of inward convection of injected impurities. An initial sensitivity study is performed using a newly developed Markov chain Monte Carlo approach based on the pySTRAHL impurity transport code. This study indicates that, with the addition of the new CX diagnostic, impurity convection velocities can be inferred.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2012

Ethernet-based flash ADC for a plant PET detector system

We have developed a flash analog to digital (ADC) based read out system to be used for a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system. The custom designed 16 channel 12-bit Ethernet-based flash ADC (EFADC-16) unit operates at 250 MHzls/channel utilizing a gigabit Ethernet interface to parse time-stamped event signals. Each unit allows the user to define a custom coincidence table for triggering. Each EFADC-16 unit can digitize four H8500 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMT) equipped with a Jefferson Lab designed 4 channel resistive readout (a total of 16 channels). We present initial performance results of the EFADC-16 with four PET detector modules in a plant biology application to acquire tomographic images of the translocation of {sup 11}C within an oak seedling.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

CHRPR Operations Manual

The TSA Systems VM-250AGN portal monitor is a set of two pillars made to detect nuclear material in a vehicle. Each pillar contains two polyvinyl toluene (PVT) plastic gamma ray detectors and four 3 He neutron detectors, as well as a power supply and electronics to process the output from these detectors. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has designed and built a continuous high-resolution PVT readout (CHRPR) for the TSA portal to allow spectral readout from the gamma and neutron detectors. The CHRPR helps differentiate between different types of radioactive material through increased spectroscopic capability and associated developments. The TSA VM-250AGN continually monitors the levels of gamma ray and neutron radiation that occur around the pillars. A presence sensor records the passage of vehicles between the two pillars. An alarm is generated when radiation levels exceed a preset alarm threshold. The outputs of the radiation detectors inside each pillar are amplified and shaped by the SCA-775 single channel analyzer unit. Information from both SCA-775 units is passed to the SC-770 detector interface module and processor in the master pillar. This module analyzers count readings, triggers any appropriate alarms, and can output timestamped measurements to a serial connection.

CHRPR Operations Manual↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Chip-Scale Oscillation-Mode Optomechanical Inertial Sensor Near the Thermodynamical Limits

Modern navigation systems integrate the global positioning system (GPS) with an inertial navigation system (INS), which complement each other for correct attitude and velocity determination. Here, the core of the INS integrates accelerometers and gyroscopes used to measure forces and angular rate in the vehicular inertial reference frame. With the help of gyroscopes and by integrating the acceleration to compute velocity and distance, precision and compact accelerometers with sufficient accuracy can provide small–error location determination. Solid–state implementations, through coherent readout, can provide a platform for high performance acceleration detection. In contrast to prior accelerometers using piezoelectric or capacitive readout techniques, optical readout provides narrow–linewidth high–sensitivity laser detection along with low–noise resonant optomechanical transduction near the thermodynamical limits. Here an optomechanical inertial sensor with an 8.2 µg Hz –1/2 velocity random walk (VRW) at an acquisition rate of 100 Hz and 50.9 µg bias instability is demonstrated, suitable for applications, such as, inertial navigation, inclination sensing, platform stabilization, and/or wearable device motion detection. Driven into optomechanical sustained–oscillation, the slot photonic crystal cavity provides radio–frequency readout of the optically–driven transduction with an enhanced 625 µg Hz –1 sensitivity. Measuring the optomechanically–stiffened oscillation shift, instead of the optical transmission shift, provides a 220× VRW enhancement over pre–oscillation mode detection.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2023

Automated Fluidics Device for Extraction and Quantification of miRNA Biomarkers From Blood

Radiation Assessment DuRing Exposure And long-Duration Spaceflight (RADREADS) demonstrates space-compatible point-of-care technology for quantitative biological monitoring of blood miRNA biomarkers in response to long-term low dose radiation exposure. This individualized monitoring approach will inform targeted treatment strategies to maximize medical resource utilization by accounting for individual susceptibility to radiation-related illnesses. As human spaceflight progresses beyond Earth’s magnetic shielding, radiation exposure poses a significant risk to astronaut health and safety. Extended operation in this environment comes with an increased risk of radiation exposure, leading to higher risks of radiation sickness, cancer, central nervous system effects, and degenerative diseases. While conventional physical dosimetry techniques capture radiation dose, individualistic susceptibility to radiation damage is varied. Multiple characteristics, including age, body weight, sex, genetics, and immune status, have been found to influence radiosensitivity (Liu et al. 2011, and Bouffler 2016). This differential response necessitates individualized monitoring and targeted treatment strategies to maximize medical resource utilization; however, a practical diagnostic platform for quantifying long-term, low dose radiation-induced tissue damage does not currently exist. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by mediating the degradation of messenger RNA. The levels of particular miRNAs are influenced by biological processes such as inflammation and serve as biomarkers for a variety of conditions including cancer (Singh et al. 2017). MicroRNAs are found in various bodily fluids and are amenable to collection via liquid biopsies, providing a minimally invasive and easily quantifiable readout for a variety of radiosensitive reporters. A preliminary signature of 15 spaceflight sensitive miRNA has been identified in rodent and human studies, including miR-21-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-92a-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-16a-3p, miR-34a-3p, and miR-223-3p. These targets generally increased expression with radiation dose and linear energy transfer, though variation between individuals is not yet described. Current gaps in the field include a lack of understanding of longitudinal biological responses to long-term, low dose radiation exposure and the absence of space-compatible point-of-care technology for quantitative biological monitoring. In this body of work, we aim to develop an automated bleed-to-read system to process whole blood for the detection of miRNA biomarkers in order to monitor individualistic responses to radiation exposure. This will be achieved via separating serum (or plasma) from whole blood, followed by extraction, amplification, and quantification of the miRNA using a RT-qPCR reaction. Previously, the WetLab-2 hardware enabled execution of a RT-qPCR reaction aboard ISS; however, it is a manual system that requires crew manipulation and bulky components (Parra et al. 2017). To address these issues, automated fluid handling hardware was developed for each stage of sample preparation. Extraction of total RNA is achieved by sequentially pumping reagents through an off-the-shelf nucleic acid binding column (miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Advanced Kit, Qiagen). This approach eliminates several manual pipetting and centrifuging steps and limits the use of toxic chemicals commonly found in other sample processing techniques. The resulting elution will then be automatically dispensed for RT-qPCR analysis using a compact rotary qPCR (Mic qPCR Cycler, Bio Molecular Systems) that will improve spaceflight compatibility by removing bubbles from the detection region, another challenge highlighted by WetLab-2 (Parra et al. 2017). Efforts are also being made to simplify the RT-qPCR reaction to a 1-step air-dryable mix to improve long-term reagent stability at room temperature and reduce system complexity. By automating the RT-qPCR processes via microfluidic manipulation, RADREADS will reduce crewmember hands-on time and enable the personalized detection of radiation-induced tissue damage during long duration missions. Minimally invasive, longitudinal monitoring of individual’s response to radiation exposure will inform how the physiological system responds to long-term low dose space radiation and enables development of targeted countermeasures by the medical team. Ultimately, this portable technology will require minimal technical expertise and can also be used to monitor miRNA biomarkers associated with other diseases.

Tristen Head↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preparation of metrological states in dipolar-interacting spin systems

Abstract Spin systems are an attractive candidate for quantum-enhanced metrology. Here we develop a variational method to generate metrological states in small dipolar-interacting spin ensembles with limited qubit control. For both regular and disordered spatial spin configurations the generated states enable sensing beyond the standard quantum limit (SQL) and, for small spin numbers, approach the Heisenberg limit (HL). Depending on the circuit depth and the level of readout noise, the resulting states resemble Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states or Spin Squeezed States (SSS). Sensing beyond the SQL holds in the presence of finite spin polarization and a non-Markovian noise environment. The developed black-box optimization techniques for small spin numbers ( N ≤ 10) are directly applicable to diamond-based nanoscale field sensing, where the sensor size limits N and conventional squeezing approaches fail.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Demonstration of a 1820 channel multiplexer for transition-edge sensor bolometers

The scalability of most transition-edge sensor arrays is limited by the multiplexing technology, which combines their signals over a reduced number of wires and amplifiers. Here, in this Letter, we present and demonstrate a multiplexer design optimized for transition-edge sensor bolometers with 1820 sensors per readout unit, a factor of two more than the previous state-of-the-art. The design is optimized for cosmic microwave background imaging applications, and it builds on previous microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers by doubling the available readout bandwidth to the full 4–8 GHz octave. Evaluating the key performance metrics of yield, sensitivity, and crosstalk through laboratory testing, we find an end-to-end operable detector yield of 78%, a typical nearest-neighbor crosstalk amplitude of ∼0.4%, and a median white noise level of 83 pA/$\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}$ due to the multiplexer, corresponding to an estimated contribution of 4% to the total system noise for a ground-based cosmic microwave background telescope. Additionally, we identify a possible path toward reducing resonator loss for future designs with reduced noise. We expect these developments to alleviate the system complexity, cryogenic requirements, and cost of future large arrays of low temperature detectors.

cosmic microwave background↗
NASA NTRS1973

Space application of SEC vidicons - The OSO 7 coronagraph.

An externally occulted Lyot coronagraph employing a digitized SEC vidicon detection system is a prime experiment aboard the NASA Orbiting Solar Observatory 7 (OSO 7). Continuing daily operation since the 29 September 1971 launch has produced more than 2200 pictures of the solar white light corona covering the region between 3 R and 10 R. Important advantages of the SEC vidicon in this application are its ability to integrate an electron image and store it for long periods prior to readout. Special applications of digital techniques are employed in stepping and pulsing the readout electron beam, thereby realizing the detector's inherent qualities of high resolution and large dynamic range.

Brueckner, G.↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Baryon Mapping Experiment (BMX), a 21cm intensity mapping pathfinder

The Baryon Mapping eXperiment (BMX) is an interferometric array designed as a pathfinder for a future post- reionization 21 cm intensity mapping survey. It consists of four 4-meter parabolic reflectors each having offset pyramidal horn feed, quad-ridge orthomode transducer, temperature-stabilized RF amplification and filtering, and pulsed noise injection diode. An undersampling readout scheme uses 8-bit digitizers running at 1.1 Gsamples/sec to provide access to signals from 1.1 - 1.55 GHz (third Nyquist zone), corresponding to HI emission from sources at redshift 0 < z < 0.3. An FX correlator is implemented in GPU and generates 28 GB/day of time-ordered visibility data. About 7,000 hours of data were collected from Jan. 2019 - May 2020, and we will present results on system performance including sensitivity, beam mapping studies, observations of bright celestial targets, and system electronics upgrades. BMX is a pathfinder for the proposed PUMA intensity mapping survey in the 2030s.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Development of intelligent instruments with embedded HTTP servers for control and data acquisition in a cryogenic setup—The hardware, firmware, and software implementation

The power of Ethernet for control and automation technology is being largely understood by the automation industry in recent times. Ethernet with HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is one of the most widely accepted communication standards today. Ethernet is best known for being able to control through internet from anywhere in the globe. The Ethernet interface with built-in on-chip embedded servers ensures global connections for crate-less model of control and data acquisition systems which have several advantages over traditional crate-based control architectures for slow applications. This architecture will completely eliminate the use of any extra PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) or similar control hardware in any automation network as the control functions are firmware coded inside intelligent meters itself. Here, we describe the indigenously built project of a cryogenic control system built for linear accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, known as “CADS,” which stands for “Complete Automation of Distribution System.” CADS deals with complete hardware, firmware, and software implementation of the automated linac cryogenic distribution system using many Ethernet based embedded cryogenic instruments developed in-house. Each instrument works as an intelligent meter called device-server which has the control functions and control loops built inside the firmware itself. Dedicated meters with built-in servers were designed out of ARM (Acorn RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Machine) and ATMEL processors and COTS (Commercially Off-the-Shelf) SMD (Surface Mount Devices) components, with analog sensor front-end and a digital back-end web server implementing remote procedure call over HTTP for digital control and readout functions. At present, 24 instruments which run 58 embedded servers inside, each specific to a particular type of sensor-actuator combination for closed loop operations, are now deployed and distributed across control LAN (Local Area Network). A group of six categories of such instruments have been identified for all cryogenic applications required for linac operation which were designed to build this medium-scale cryogenic automation setup. These devices have special features like remote rebooters, daughter boards for PIDs (Proportional Integral Derivative), etc., to operate them remotely in radiation areas and also have emergency switches by which each device can be taken to emergency mode temporarily. Finally, all the data are monitored, logged, controlled, and analyzed online at a central control room which has a user-friendly control interface developed using LabVIEW{sup ®}. This paper discusses the overall hardware, firmware, software design, and implementation for the cryogenics setup.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗