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At least 1,333 records · Page 74

Dual-Readout Calorimetry for Future Experiments Probing Fundamental Physics

In this White Paper for the 2021 Snowmass process, we detail the status and prospects for dual-readout calorimetry. While all calorimeters allow estimation of energy depositions in their active material, dual-readout calorimeters aim to provide additional information on the light produced in the sensitive media via, for example, wavelength and polarization, and/or a precision timing measurements, allowing an estimation of the shower-by-shower particle content. Utilizing this knowledge of the shower particle content may allow unprecedented energy resolution for hadronic particles and jets and new types of particle flow algorithms. We also discuss the impact continued development of this kind of calorimetry could have on precision on Higgs boson property measurements at future colliders.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Investigation into the event-activity dependence of $\Upsilon$(nS) relative production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 7 TeV

The ratios of the production cross sections between the excited ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) mesons and the ϒ(1S) ground state, detected via their decay into two muons, are studied as a function of the number of charged particles in the event. The data are from proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 fb$^{−1}$, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. Evidence of a decrease in these ratios as a function of the particle multiplicity is observed, more pronounced at low transverse momentum $ {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\upmu \upmu} $. For ϒ(nS) mesons with $ {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\upmu \upmu} $> 7 GeV, where most of the data were collected, the correlation with multiplicity is studied as a function of the underlying event transverse sphericity and the number of particles in a cone around the ϒ(nS) direction. The ratios are found to be multiplicity independent for jet-like events. The mean $ {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\upmu \upmu} $ values for the ϒ(nS) states as a function of particle multiplicity are also measured and found to grow more steeply as their mass increases.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Visualization of fast ion phase-space flow in plasmas well-below, near and well-above Alfvén eigenmode stability threshold in tokamak

Abstract Transport of fast ions along certain local phase space paths, referred to as fast ion phase-space flow, has been systematically measured by an imaging neutral particle analyzer (INPA) in three plasma regimes, which are well-below, near, and well-above the Alfvén eigenmode stability threshold (Du et al 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 235002). (1) In plasmas well-below the Alfvén eignenmodes (AE) stability threshold, fast ions are well-confined on passing particle orbits without noticeable transport over the phase space. The observed INPA images agree well with the synthetic INPA images, using the fast ion distribution predicted by neoclassical theory. (2) In plasmas near the AE stability threshold, INPA images in the presence of AE activity moderately deviate from those without AE activity. The image difference can be well interpreted by AE-driven, phase-space fast ion flow. Paths of this flow over the velocity space (or streamlines) are reconstructed by the intersection lines of curved E ʹ and µ surfaces, referred to as E ʹ and µ line (where E ′ ≡ E − ( ω / n ) P ζ ; E , P ζ and µ are the energy, canonical toroidal momentum and magnetic moment of ions; ω and n are the angular frequency and toroidal mode number of AEs, respectively). Resonant fast ions move radially inward by gaining energy and move radially outward by losing energy and the trajectory well aligns with the E ʹ and µ lines that pass through the mode resonances near the injection energy of neutral beams. (3) In plasmas well-above the AE stability threshold, fast ion phase-space dynamics shows additional features. Fast ions are transported out of the birth positions so promptly along the streamlines that the slowing-down process from the injection energy is not observable, exhibiting strong critical gradient behavior at local phase space. As a result, the increase of electron temperature is very small, in spite of an increase of beam power by ∼ 45 % . It should be emphasized that the directions of phase-space transport, induced by AEs with different frequencies, structures and mode numbers, do not largely differ.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Hadronic contributions to (g - 2) µ

The Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab, which recently started running, plans to reduce the uncertain- ties on the already very precisely measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon by a factor of four. The goal of this effort is to probe the observed difference of more than three standard deviations between Standard-Model theory and experiment, one of the few persistent hints for physics beyond the Standard Model. The Fermilab experiment collected data from their first run last year with statistics comparable to BNL E821. They expect to release the measurement result in 2019. On the theoretical side, because the muon g - 2 arises from quantum- mechanical loop contributions in the Standard Model, it is sensitive to virtual effects of new particles, and places important constraints on Standard-Model extensions. To leverage the anticipated reduction in experimental errors, and determine unambiguously whether or not new-physics effects contribute to this quantity, the theoretical errors must be made more reliable and reduced to a commensurate precision. The Muon g-2 Theory Initiative was created to facilitate this development. The dominant sources of uncertainty in the Standard-Model prediction of the muon g -2 are from the hadronic contributions. The hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) provides the leading correction followed by hadronic light-by-light (HLbL) scattering. There are a number of complementary theoretical efforts underway to better understand and quantify these contributions, including dispersive and data driven methods, lattice QCD, and effective field theories. Given the precision goals and the phenomenological importance, it is important to have more than one independent method for each of the two hadronic corrections, each with fully quantified uncertainties. Fostering the development of such methods is a prime goal of the initiative, as this will enable critical cross checks, and, upon combination, may yield gains in precision, to maximize the impact of E989. An important aspect of the Muon g-2 Theory Initiative’s activities are providing platforms that facilitate interactions between the different groups, as well as between the theoretical and experimental g - 2 communities. To this end, several workshops were organized in 2017 and 2018. The first meeting, held at Fermilab (June 3–6, 2017, St. Charles, IL, USA), served to kick-off the Initiative’s activities. Two meetings in early 2018 were focused respectively on the HVP and HLbL corrections. The HVP meeting was held at KEK (February 12–14, 2018, Tsukuba, Japan) and the HLbL meeting at the University of Connecticut (March 12–14, 2018, Storrs, CT, USA). The most recent workshop, which served as the second plenary meeting of the Initiative, was held at the University of Mainz (June 18–22, 2018, Mainz, Germany). An important outcome of these meetings are concrete plans for a first white paper, which is currently being written. We aim to post the white paper just prior to the release of the first E989 measurement, to present a clean theoretical prediction. The first white paper is focused on assessing and improving the reliability of the SM prediction. The purpose of the INT workshop in September 2019 is to start the next stage of the Initiative, focusing on the development of strategies to improve the theory uncertainties beyond the current level towards the E989 precision goal. We aim to accelerate theoretical developments on the hadronic contributions to the muon g - 2 so that the Standard-Model theory error can be brought to the needed precision, again in advance of the next release from E989. Hence the workshop will provide crucial theory support for a US experiment with broad impact. The Muon g-2 Theory Initiative relies on input from representatives of all the different communities that are engaged in this effort. It is therefore important that all these areas are properly represented. The funds from this grant will be used to enable more people, especially early-career scientists, to participate and make essential contributions to the workshop discussions. Since the workshop’s main goal is to kick-off the next stage of the theory initiative’s activities, support for this workshop from the DOE will help the theory community provide crucial theoretical support to the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Investigation of mode activity in NBI-heated experiments of Wendelstein 7-X

The 2018 operation phase (OP 1.2b) of the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) included, for the first time, neutral beam injection (NBI) to heat the plasma. Since the injection geometry at W7-X is not parallel, this generates both passing and trapped fast particles. During longer phases of NBI injection, with the primary purpose to study the heating efficiency of this system, Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) were observed by a number of diagnostics, including the phase contrast imaging (PCI) system, the magnetic pick-up coils (Mirnov coils), and the soft x-ray multi-camera tomography system (XMCTS). Alfvén eigenmodes are of great interest for future fusion reactors as it has been shown that the resonant interaction of fast ions with self-excited AEs can lead to enhanced transport of fast ions and potentially to energy losses. This is especially true for so-called gap-modes, Alfvén eigenmodes with frequencies in gaps of the continuous spectrum, since they lack continuum damping. These modes are commonly known to be excited by fast ions, but other destabilizing mechanisms, e.g. the electron-pressure gradient are also possible. In this article we present a first analysis of the experimentally observed frequencies from the theoretical side. The calculation of shear Alfvén wave continua for selected cases and the assignment of observed frequencies to the gaps of the continuous spectra are presented. Using the ideal-MHD code CKA (Könies A. 2007 10th IAEA TM on Energetic Particles in Magnetic Confinement System), we find gap modes that match the experimental measurements in terms of the observed frequencies. We emphasize the crucial roles played by the coupling of sound and Alfvén waves as well as of the Doppler shift arising as a consequence of the radial electric field in W7-X. We employ the perturbative gyrokinetic code CKA-EUTERPE (Feh´er 2013 Simulation of the interaction between Alfv´en waves and fast particles), using a slowing-down distribution function for the fast ions as calculated by the Monte-Carlo particle following code ASCOT (Hirvijoki et al 2014 Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 1310–21) to assess the fast-ion drive. Here we find that the fast-ion drive is insufficient to overcome the background-plasma damping. The fact that unstable modes were observed experimentally may point to problems with the modelling or indicate the existence of other destabilizing mechanisms, e.g. associated with the electron-pressure gradient (Windisch et al 2017 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 59 105002) that sensitively depend on the profiles of the background plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

The impact of tillage row orientation on physical and chemical sediment enrichment

Abstract This study aimed to better understand how tillage row orientation with respect to dominant flow‐pathway along hillslope impacts runoff and the transport of different sediment size fractions. Experimental plots were constructed in contour ridge till (CRT) and parallel ridge till (PRT) sites to monitor runoff and sediment fluxes. Particle size fractions of the sediment, along with organic C and N contents were measured to quantify physical and chemical enrichment ratios for the two tillage orientations. In the CRT plot, tillage produced large oriented roughness elements along the contours, which acted as little check dams, while in the PRT site, the roughness elements helped confine and concentrate the runoff. In the CRT, the “check dams” resulted in a runoff coefficient of .03, while in the PRT, the flow confinement between rows produced a runoff coefficient of .82. Moreover, the erosion rates at the CRT site were 97% less than those in the PRT plot. Large contours produced finer sediment fractions due to the selective sorting in ponded furrows. More aggregate sediment fractions were present in the PRT site, which was dominated by rill erosion. Physical enrichment revealed selective entrainment of finer sediment particles during erosion. Finer‐grain particles with higher specific surface areas, attached more organic C resulting in chemical enrichment. Physical and chemical enrichment methods were found to be in good agreement. These findings suggest transport models that can simulate size fraction updates to the soil active layer can be used to estimate SOC redistribution and hence more accurate C budgets.

Wacha, Kenneth M.↗

The CLAS12 superconducting magnets

As part of the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade, the Hall B CLAS12 system requires two superconducting iron-free magnets — a torus and a solenoid. The physics requirements to maximize space for the detectors guided engineers toward particular coil designs for each of the magnets which, in turn, led to the choice of using conduction cooling. The torus consists of 6 trapezoidal NbTi coils connected in series with an operating current of 3770 A. The solenoid is an actively shielded 5 T magnet consisting of 5 NbTi coils connected in series operating at 2416 A. Within the hall, the two magnets are located in close proximity to each other and are completely covered both inside and outside by particle detectors. Stringent size limitations were imposed for both magnets and introduced particular design and fabrication challenges. This paper describes the design, construction, installation, commissioning, and operation of the two magnets.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Dispersal of high-burnup fuel fragment surrogate particles during and after loss-of-coolant accident tests

The issue of fuel fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal is critical in the licensing and use of high-burnup (>62 GWd/MTU) nuclear fuel in light water reactors (LWRs). In this work, two test series are reported that examine the fragment dispersal during a burst event and an additional dispersal following the burst due to vibrations in the rod, such as those induced by accident recovery systems. To examine dispersal during the balloon and burst portion of a Loss-of-Coolant Accident event, HfO 2 fragments and yttria-stabilized zirconia pellets were filled into an as-fabricated cladding tube, which was then pressurized and subjected to loss-of-coolant accident testing in steam. Results from this test were found to be highly non-prototypic, and dispersal was both significantly more violent and significantly greater in magnitude than identified for actual fuel tests. These findings were attributed to the conservative (more dispersive) nature of the particles chosen for dispersal and to the details of the test conditions used that led to particularly wide bursts. Further, the second set of tests examined dispersal following the burst when vibrations were induced in the rod, primarily via recovery activities such as Emergency Core Cooling System actuation leading to rapid water addition. Post-burst dispersal testing was performed by inducing sinusoidal oscillations with 2–25 nm peak-to-peak amplitude and 2–5 Hz frequencies in pre-burst rods that had been refilled with HfO 2 fragments or high-burnup fragment surrogate mixture of HfO 2 fragments and yttria-stabilized zirconia sands. Testing revealed that rods with large burst openings (7 mm wide in this work) led to unmitigated dispersal from above the burst zone but that smaller bursts (5 mm wide), although still much larger than the mean fragment size of 3 mm, led to effectively no dispersal because of interparticle locking. Additionally, mixture and moisture were found to impact the amount of dispersal: mixtures increased dispersal, and moisture drastically reduced it. The implications of these findings on likely dispersal from actual fuel are discussed.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Defect-Driven Oxide Transformations and the Electrochemical Interphase

The redox reaction pathway is crucial to the sustainable production of the fuels and chemicals required for a carbon-neutral society. Our society is becoming increasingly dependent on devices using batteries and electrolyzers, all of which rely on a series of redox reactions. The overall properties of oxide materials make them very well suited for such electrochemical and catalytic applications due to their associated cationic redox properties and the static site-adsorbate interactions. As these technologies have matured, it has become apparent that defect-driven redox reactions, defect-coupled diffusion, and structural transformations that are both time- and rate-dependent are also critical materials processes. This change in focus, considering not only redox properties but also more complex, dynamic behaviors, represents a new research frontier in the molecular sciences as they are strongly linked to device operation and degradation and lie at the heart of various phenomena that take place at electrochemical interfaces. Fundamental studies of the structural, electronic, and chemical transformation mechanisms are key to the advancement of materials and technological innovations that could be implemented in various electrochemical systems. In this Account, we focus on recent studies and advances in characterizing and understanding the dynamic redox evolution and structural transformations that take place in model perovskites and layered oxides under reactive conditions and correlate them with degradation mechanisms and operations in electrolyzers and batteries. We show that the dynamic evolution of oxygen vacancies and cationic migration in the surface or bulk occurs at the solid-liquid interface, using a combination of different synchrotron-based Xray spectroscopies and scattering probes. Detailed redox-structure-reactivity correlation studies show how defects and diffusion processes can be tailored to drive various physical and chemical transformations in electrolyzers and batteries. We also highlight a strong correlation between oxygen redox reactivity and structural reorganization in both model thin films and particles, helping to bridge the gap between fundamental studies of the reaction mechanism and device applications. Finally, on the basis of these findings, we discuss strategies to probe and tune the redox reactivity and structural stability of the redox-active oxide interphase toward devising efficient pathways for energy and chemical harvesting.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Practical considerations for atomistic structure modeling with Cryo-EM maps

We present our experiences and opinions with selected software with respect to atomistic structure modeling with single particle analysis derived maps. These are atomistic model building and fitting method selection criteria and implementation procedures. Since we explain common concepts and caveats that we have explained to our collaborators, we hope that this short perspective will help facilitate active discussion between scientists at different levels and backgrounds.

Kim, Doo Nam↗

Emergent microrobotic oscillators via asymmetry-induced order

Abstract Spontaneous oscillations on the order of several hertz are the drivers of many crucial processes in nature. From bacterial swimming to mammal gaits, converting static energy inputs into slowly oscillating power is key to the autonomy of organisms across scales. However, the fabrication of slow micrometre-scale oscillators remains a major roadblock towards fully-autonomous microrobots. Here, we study a low-frequency oscillator that emerges from a collective of active microparticles at the air-liquid interface of a hydrogen peroxide drop. Their interactions transduce ambient chemical energy into periodic mechanical motion and on-board electrical currents. Surprisingly, these oscillations persist at larger ensemble sizes only when a particle with modified reactivity is added to intentionally break permutation symmetry. We explain such emergent order through the discovery of a thermodynamic mechanism for asymmetry-induced order. The on-board power harvested from the stabilised oscillations enables the use of electronic components, which we demonstrate by cyclically and synchronously driving a microrobotic arm. This work highlights a new strategy for achieving low-frequency oscillations at the microscale, paving the way for future microrobotic autonomy.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Mechanochemically responsive polymer enables shockwave visualization

Abstract Understanding the physical and chemical response of materials to impulsive deformation is crucial for applications ranging from soft robotic locomotion to space exploration to seismology. However, investigating material properties at extreme strain rates remains challenging due to temporal and spatial resolution limitations. Combining high-strain-rate testing with mechanochemistry encodes the molecular-level deformation within the material itself, thus enabling the direct quantification of the material response. Here, we demonstrate a mechanophore-functionalized block copolymer that self-reports energy dissipation mechanisms, such as bond rupture and acoustic wave dissipation, in response to high-strain-rate impacts. A microprojectile accelerated towards the polymer permanently deforms the material at a shallow depth. At intersonic velocities, the polymer reports significant subsurface energy absorption due to shockwave attenuation, a mechanism traditionally considered negligible compared to plasticity and not well explored in polymers. The acoustic wave velocity of the material is directly recovered from the mechanochemically-activated subsurface volume recorded in the material, which is validated by simulations, theory, and acoustic measurements. This integration of mechanochemistry with microballistic testing enables characterization of high-strain-rate mechanical properties and elucidates important insights applicable to nanomaterials, particle-reinforced composites, and biocompatible polymers.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and preparing to observe unexpected physics, it is also suitable for multi-messenger and multi-mission applications. Perfectly matched to CREDO capabilities, CRE could be formed both within classical models (e.g., as products of photon–photon interactions), and exotic scenarios (e.g., as results of decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter particles). Their fronts might be significantly extended in space and time, and they might include cosmic rays of energies spanning the whole cosmic-ray energy spectrum, with a footprint composed of at least two extensive air showers with correlated arrival directions and arrival times. As the CRE are predominantly expected to be spread over large areas and, due to the expected wide energy range of the contributing particles, such a CRE detection might only be feasible when using all available cosmic-ray infrastructure collectively, i.e., as a globally extended network of detectors. Thus, with this review article, the CREDO Collaboration invites the astroparticle physics community to actively join or to contribute to the research dedicated to CRE and, in particular, to pool together cosmic-ray data to support specific CRE detection strategies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Structure of human Frizzled5 by fiducial-assisted cryo-EM supports a heterodimeric mechanism of canonical Wnt signaling

Frizzleds (Fzd) are the primary receptors for Wnt morphogens, which are essential regulators of stem cell biology, yet the structural basis of Wnt signaling through Fzd remains poorly understood. Here we report the structure of an unliganded human Fzd5 determined by single-particle cryo-EM at 3.7 Å resolution, with the aid of an antibody chaperone acting as a fiducial marker. We also analyzed the topology of low-resolution XWnt8/Fzd5 complex particles, which revealed extreme flexibility between the Wnt/Fzd-CRD and the Fzd-TM regions. Analysis of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in response to Wnt3a versus a ‘surrogate agonist’ that cross-links Fzd to LRP6, revealed identical structure-activity relationships. Thus, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to be principally reliant on ligand-induced Fzd/LRP6 heterodimerization, versus the allosteric mechanisms seen in structurally analogous class A G protein-coupled receptors, and Smoothened. These findings deepen our mechanistic understanding of Wnt signal transduction, and have implications for harnessing Wnt agonism in regenerative medicine.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

A Garnet-Type Solid-Electrolyte-Based Molten Lithium–Molybdenum–Iron(II) Chloride Battery with Advanced Reaction Mechanism

Solid-electrolyte-based molten-metal batteries have attracted considerable attention for grid-scale energy storage. Although ZEBRA batteries are considered one of the promising candidates, they still have the potential concern of metal particle growth and ion exchange with the β”-Al 2 O 3 electrolyte. Herein, a Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 solid-electrolyte-based molten lithium–molybdenum–iron(II) chloride battery (denoted as Li–Mo–FeCl 2 ) operated at temperature of 250 °C, comprising a mixture of Fe and LiCl cathode materials, a Li anode, a garnet-type Li-ion ceramic electrolyte, and Mo additive, is designed to overcome these obstacles. Different from conventional battery reaction mechanisms, this battery revolutionarily synchronizes the reversible Fe–Mo alloying–dealloying reactions with the delithiation–lithiation processes, meaning that the porous Mo framework derived from Fe–Mo alloy simultaneously suppresses the growth of pure Fe particles. By adopting a Li anode and a Li-ion ceramic electrolyte, the corrosion problem between the cathode and the solid electrolyte is overcome. With similar battery cost ($12 kWh –1 ), the theoretical energy density of Li–Mo–FeCl 2 battery surpasses that of a Na–FeCl 2 ZEBRA battery over 25%, to 576 Wh kg –1 and 2216 Wh L –1 , respectively. Experimental results further prove this cell has excellent cycling performance (472 mAh g LiCl –1 after 300 cycles, 50 mg active material) and strong tolerance against the overcharge–overdischarge (3–1.6 V) and freezing–thawing (25–250 °C) incidents.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Diurnal Trends and Meteorological Factors Influencing the Variability of Fluorescent Bioaerosol in Mt. Crested Butte, Colorado During SAIL

Abstract Despite the crucial role of bioaerosol particles (BAP) in our climate system, local ecosystems, and human health, our grasp on their atmospheric interactions is hampered by a lack of high‐resolution and long‐term data, which is essential for understanding their abundance and variability in response to meteorological conditions. To discern these relationships in a high‐altitude mountainous terrain is even less well‐studied. Therefore, we deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS‐Neo) for three months during the first biologically active season of the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign in summer 2022 on Mt. Crested Butte in Colorado (elevation 3,140 m ASL). Here, we report real‐time fluorescent BAP (FBAP) data collected from 15 June to 13 September 2022, sampled from within the ARM Aerosol Observing System (AOS). To our knowledge, these are the first high altitude (>3,000 m ASL) continuous measurements of FBAP made in North America. During this deployment, we observed on average 21% and as many as 48% (hourly maximum) of particles within the detection size range ( to ) of the WIBS as FBAP. Our analysis presents the diurnal cycles for seven distinct types of FBAP, showing unique patterns and, in some cases, correlations with temperature and solar radiation cycles. Abundance and composition of FBAP varied with relative humidity and precipitation. Precipitation events appeared to both cause emission and removal of FBAP, whereas dust and smoke events had no significant effect, highlighting the critical role of meteorology on FBAP at high altitudes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Towards predictive control of reversible nanoparticle assembly with solid-binding proteins

Although a broad range of ligand-functionalized nanoparticles and physico-chemical triggers have been exploited to create stimuli-responsive colloidal systems, little attention has been paid to the reversible assembly of unmodified nanoparticles with non-covalently bound proteins. Previously, we reported that a derivative of green fluorescent protein engineered with oppositely located silica-binding peptides mediates the repeated assembly and disassembly of 10-nm silica nanoparticles when pH is toggled between 7.5 and 8.5. We captured the subtle interplay between interparticle electrostatic repulsion and their protein-mediated short-range attraction with a multiscale model energetically benchmarked to collective system behavior captured by scattering experiments. Here, in this work, we show that both solution conditions (pH and ionic strength) and protein engineering (sequence and position of engineered silica-binding peptides) provide pathways for reversible control over growth and fragmentation, leading to clusters ranging in size from 25 nm protein-coated particles to micrometer-size aggregate. We further find that the higher electrolyte environment associated with successive cycles of base addition eventually eliminates reversibility. Our model accurately predicts these multiple length scales phenomena. The underpinning concepts provide design principles for the dynamic control of other protein- and particle-based nanocomposites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗