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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,315 records · Page 73
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Measurement of hard double-parton interactions in W ( → l ν ) + 2 jet events at s =7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

CERN-LHC. The production of W bosons in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV has been analysed for the presence of double-parton interactions using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb^-1, collected in 2010 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The fraction of events arising from double-parton interactions, f_{DP}^{(D)}, has been measured through the momentum balance between the two jets and amounts to f_{DP}^{(D)} = 0.08 +- 0.01 (stat.) +- 0.02 (sys) for jets with transverse momentum pT > 20 GeV and rapidity |y| < 2.8. This corresponds to a measurement of the effective area parameter for hard double-parton interactions of sigma_{eff} = 15 +- 3 (stat.) +5,-3 (sys.) mb.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

AN OSCILLATOR CONFIGURATION FOR FULL REALIZATION OF HARD X-RAY FREE ELECTRON LASER*

An x-ray free electron laser oscillator (XFELO) is feasible by employing an X-ray cavity with Bragg mirrors such as diamond crystals. An XFELO at the 5th harmonic frequency may be implemented at the LCLS II using its 4 GeV superconducting linac, producing stable, fully coherent, high-spectral-purity hard x-rays. In addition, its output can be a coherent seed to the LCLS amplifier for stable, high-power, femto-second x-ray pulses. We summarize the recent progress in various R&D efforts addressing critical issues for realizing an XFELO at LCLS II.

Kim, K. -J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Architectural considerations for recirculated and energy recovered hard XFEL drivers

A confluence of events motivates discussion of design options for hard XFEL driver accelerators. Firstly, multiple superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) driven systems are now online (European XFEL), in construction (LCLS-II), or in design (MARIE); these provide increasing evidence of the transformational potential they offer for fundamental science with its concomitant benefits. Secondly, operation of 12 GeV CEBAF* validates use of recirculation in high energy SRF linacs. Thirdly, advances in the analysis and control of effects such as coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and the microbunching instability (uBI) have been recently achieved. Collectively, these developments offer insights providing extended facility science reach, reduced costs, multiplicity (i.e., support of numerous FELs operating over a range of wavelengths), and enhanced scalability and upgradability (to higher powers and energies). We will discuss the relationship amongst the various threads, and indicate how they inform design choices for the system architecture of an option for the UK-XFEL** - that of a staged multi-user X-ray FEL and nuclear physics facility based on a multi-pass recirculating SRF CW linac.

Benson, Stephen V.↗
DOE OSTI2026

AI-driven neutrino diagnostics and radiation-hard beam instrumentation for next-generation neutrino experiments

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at Fermilab will deliver a high-intensity, multi-megawatt neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), enabling precision tests of the three-neutrino paradigm, CP violation searches, neutrino mass ordering determination, and supernova neutrino studies. To accelerate DUNE’s physics reach and ensure robust beam operations, we propose an integrated AI-driven framework with real-time diagnostics and radiation-hardened instrumentation. At its core is a Real-Time Beam Integrity Monitor using a physics-informed Digital Twin. By reconstructing pion phase space from muon profiles and exploiting magnetic horn optic linearity, it enables spill-by-spill beam correction and flux stabilization. By using this approach, flux-related systematics could be reduced from 5% to 1%, potentially accelerating the discovery of CP violations by four to six years. Complementing this, a US–Japan R&D effort will deploy a LAPPD-based muon monitor in the NuMI beamline. ToF measurements can be acquired with picosecond precision using this radiation-hard system, enhancing sensitivity to horn chromatic effects. Simulations confirm strong response to these effects. ML models predict beam quality and horn current to sub-percent accuracy from muon data, enhancing anomaly detection and stability. This scalable, AI-enabled strategy improves beam fidelity, reduces systematics, and sets a new standard for high-power accelerator operations.

Ganguly, Sudeshna [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000003163482↗
DOE OSTI2011

Combined Application of QEM-SEM and Hard X-ray Microscopy to Determine Mineralogical Associations and Chemcial Speciation of Trace Metals

We describe the application of quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy in combination with techniques commonly available at hard X-ray microprobes to define the mineralogical environment of a bauxite residue core segment with the more specific aim of determining the speciation of trace metals (e.g., Ti, V, Cr, and Mn) within the mineral matrix. Successful trace metal speciation in heterogeneous matrices, such as those encountered in soils or mineral residues, relies on a combination of techniques including spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction, and wet chemical and physical experiments. Of substantial interest is the ability to define the mineralogy of a sample to infer redox behavior, pH buffering, and mineral-water interfaces that are likely to interact with trace metals through adsorption, coprecipitation, dissolution, or electron transfer reactions. Quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy coupled with micro-focused X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray fluorescence, and micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (mXANES) spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the composition of mineral assemblages and their effect on trace metal speciation during this investigation. In the sample investigated, titanium occurs as poorly ordered ilmenite, as rutile, and is substituted in iron oxides. Manganese's spatial correlation to Ti is closely linked to ilmenite, where it appears to substitute for Fe and Ti in the ilmenite structure based on its mXANES signature. Vanadium is associated with ilmenite and goethite but always assumes the +4 oxidation state, whereas chromium is predominantly in the +3 oxidation state and solely associated with iron oxides (goethite and hematite) and appears to substitute for Fe in the goethite structure.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hard color-singlet exchange in dijet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

We present a measurement of events with two jets separated by a pseudorapidity gap (jet-gap-jet). The signature is expected from hard color-singlet exchange. The jets are reconstructed with the CMS detector. The highest p_\text{T} p T jets have p_\text{T}^\text{jet1,2} > 40 p T jet1,2 > 40 GeV, with 1.4 < |\eta^\text{jet1,2}| < 4.7 1.4 < | η jet1,2 | < 4.7 and \eta^\text{jet1} \eta^\text{jet2} < 0 η jet1 η jet2 < 0 . We measure the fraction of color-singlet exchange dijet events, f_\text{CSE} f CSE , and compare it to previous measurements and to predictions. We also study jet-gap-jet events where the colliding protons remain intact and are detected with the Roman pots of TOTEM. A larger fraction f_\text{CSE} f CSE is found in the latter subsample.

Baldenegro Barrera, Cristian↗
DOE OSTI2011

Final report for the initial solid phase characterization of the 2011 grab samples and composite for the C-109 hard heel study

On May 3, 2011, solid phase characterization subsamples were taken from six of the eight grab samples that had been collected from tank 241-C-109 in April, 2011 and delivered to the 222-S Laboratory. These subsamples were characterized in order to guide the creation of the composite for the C-109 hard heel study. Visual observation showed that there was a large variability in the physical characteristics of the eight individual grab samples. Several of the grab samples consisted of 'stone-like' cobbles (several > 25 mm in diameter) while the other grab samples were of a finer granular composition referred to as 'bulk material'. Half of the six subsamples taken for this initial SPC were of crushed cobbles and half were of the bulk material. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on all six subsamples, and X-ray diffraction was performed on all three of the 'bulk material' samples and one of the crushed cobble samples.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2011

Hard photo-disintegration of proton pairs in 3 He nuclei

Extensive studies of high-energy deuteron photodisintegration over the past two decades have probed the limits of meson-baryon descriptions of nuclei and nuclear reactions. At high energies, photodisintegration cross sections have been shown to scale as a power law in s (the total cm energy squared), which suggests that quarks are the relevant degrees of freedom. In an attempt to more clearly identify the underlying dynamics at play, JLab/Hall A experiment 03-101 measured the hard photodisintegration of 3 He into p-p and p-d pairs at θ c.m. = 90° and E γ = 0.8 - 4.7 GeV. The basic idea is that the measurement should be able to test theoretical predictions for the relative size of pp versus pn disintegrations. This document presents data for the energy dependence of the high energy 90°c.m. photodisintegration of 3 He: dσ/dt(γ + 3 He → p + p + n spectator ), and dσ/dt(γ + 3 He → p + d). The cross sections were observed to scale as a function of s -n where n was found to be 11.1±0.1 and 17.4±0.5 for the two reactions respectively. The degree of scaling found for d σ/dt (γ + 3 He → p + d) is the highest degree of scaling ever observed in a nuclear process. The onset of the observed scaling are at photon energy of 2.2 GeV for the pp breakup and 0.7 GeV for the pd breakup. The magnitude of the invariant cross section for pp pair breakup was found to be dramatically lower than for the breakup of pn pairs and theoretical predictions. At energies below the scaling region, the scaled cross section was found to present a strong energy-dependent structure not observed in the pn breakup. The data indicate a transition from three-nucleon hadronic photodisintegration processes at low energies to two-nucleon quark-dominated photodisintegration processes at high energies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

In situ studies of nucleation and assembly at soft-hard interfaces

The overall goal of this project was the exploration of new ways to make organic and hybrid (organic-inorganic) materials for energy-related applications. Towards this end, our research focused on the structure and behavior of molecular monolayers at interfaces (including floating monolayers, transferred Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers, and self-assembled monolayers), as well as the biomimetic nucleation of inorganic crystals at soft-hard interfaces. The project resulted in a number of 'firsts' and other notable achievements, which are described in the report.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

22nd RD50 Workshop on Radiation Hard Semiconductor Devices for High Luminosity Colliders

The 22nd RD50 Workshop on Radiation Hard Semiconductor Devices for High Luminosity Colliders was held on the campus of the University of New Mexico from June 3 to 5, 2013. This was the first North American meeting of the series going back to 2001. The sessions covered Material and Defect Characterization, Detector Characterization, Full Detector Systems, and New Structures. A half-day mini-workshop was allocated to radiation damage at LHC experiments. All talks are archived permanently available to the public at rd50.web.cern.ch. Financial support was used for room rental audiovisual equipment rental, and document preparation services.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2015

A hard X-ray study of a manganese-terpyridine catalyst in a chromium-based Metal Organic Framework

Hydrogen produced from water splitting is a promising source of clean energy. However, a robust catalyst is necessary to carry out the water oxidation step of water splitting. In this study, the catalyst studied was [(terpy)Mn(μ-O)2Mn(terpy)] 3+ (MnTD) synthesized in the Metal Organic Framework (MOF) MIL-101(Cr), and the method used for analysis was hard X-ray powder diffraction. The diffraction data was used to detect the presence of MOF in different catalytic stages, and lattice parameters were assigned to the samples containing MOF. Fourier maps were constructed with GSAS II to determine the contents of the MOF as preliminary studies suggested that MnTD may not be present. Results showed that MOF is present before catalysis occurs but disappears by the time 45 minutes of catalysis has ensued. Changes in the MOF’s lattice parameters and location of electron density in the Fourier maps suggest attractions between the MOF and catalyst that may lead to MOF degradation. Fourier maps also revealed limited, if any, amounts of MnTD, even before catalysis occurred. Molecular manganese oxide may be the source of the high rate of water oxidation catalysis in the studied system.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Hard X-ray Study of a Manganese-Terpyridine Dimer Catalyst in a Chromium-based Metal Organic Framework - Oral Presentation [Slides]

Cleaner forms of energy are needed, and H 2 produced from water splitting is a possible source. However, a robust catalyst is necessary to carry out the water oxidation reaction. Plants utilize Photosystem II to catalyze water oxidation as a part of photosynthesis, and many synthetic water oxidation catalysts use Photosystem II as a model. In this study, the catalyst of interest was [(terpy)Mn(μ-O)2Mn(terpy)]3+ (MnTD), which was synthesized in a chromium-based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) to avoid degradation of MnTD molecules. Hard X-ray powder diffraction was the primary method of analysis. The diffraction data was used to detect the presence of MOF in samples at different catalytic stages, and lattice parameters were assigned to the samples containing MOF. Fourier maps were constructed to determine the contents of the MOF as preliminary studies suggested that MnTD may not be present. Results showed that MOF is present before catalysis occurs, but disappears in the initial stages of catalysis. Changes in the MOF’s lattice parameters suggest attractive interactions between the MOF and catalyst; these interactions may lead to the observed MOF degradation. Fourier maps also reveal limited, if any, amounts of MnTD in the system. Molecular manganese oxide may be the source of the high rate of water oxidation catalysis in the studied system.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

Distributed seeding for narrow-line width hard x-ray free-electron lasers

We describe a new FEL line-narrowing technique called distributed seeding (DS), using Si(111) Bragg crystal monochromators to enhance the spectral brightness of the MaRIE hard X-ray freeelectron laser. DS differs from self-seeding in three important aspects. First, DS relies on spectral filtering of the radiation at multiple locations along the undulator, with a monochromator located every few power gain lengths. Second, DS performs filtering early in the exponential gain region before SASE spikes start to appear in the radiation longitudinal profile. Third, DS provides the option to select a wavelength longer than the peak of the SASE gain curve, which leads to improved spectral contrast of the seeded FEL over the SASE background. Timedependent Genesis simulations show the power-vs-z growth curves for DS exhibit behaviors of a seeded FEL amplifier, such as exponential growth region immediately after the filters. Of the seeding approaches considered, the two-stage DS spectra produce the highest contrast of seeded FEL over the SASE background and that the three-stage DS provides the narrowest linewidth with a relative spectral FWHM of 8 X 10 -5 .

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Annual Report - Compatibility of ZDDP and ionic liquid anti-wear additives with hard coatings for engine lubrications

The objectives for this considerations described here are to; investigate the compatibility of engine lubricant antiwear (AW) additives, specifically conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and newly developed ionic liquids (ILs), with selected commercial hard coatings, and provide fundamental understanding to guide future development of engine lubricants.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Heavy-Quark Associated Production with One Hard Photon at Hadron Colliders

We present the calculation of heavy-quark associated production with a hard photon at hadron colliders, namely $pp(p\bar p) → Q\bar Q +X$γ (for $Q=t,b$), at Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). We study the impact of NLO QCD corrections on the total cross section and several differential distributions at both the Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). For $t\bar t$γ production we observe a sizeable reduction of the renormalization and factorization scale dependence when the NLO QCD corrections are included, while for $b\bar b$γ production a considerable scale dependence still persists at NLO in QCD. This is consistent with what emerges in similar processes involving $b$ quarks and vector bosons and we explain its origin in detail. For $b\bar b$γ production we study both the case in which at least one $b$ jet and the case in which at least two $b$ jets are observed. We perform the $b\bar b$γ calculation using the Four Flavor Number Scheme (4FNS) and compare the case where at least one $b$ jet is observed with the corresponding results from the Five Flavor Number Scheme (5FNS) calculation. Finally we compare our results for $p\bar p →+b+X$γ with the Tevatron data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Radiation Hard CMOS Sensors for Detector at High Energy Colliders

In this project we developed a radiation hard CMOS sensor architecture for High Energy Colliders. The key accomplishments were: 1. Developed a sensor architecture to support very high occupancy rate and hit rates 2. Developed, simulated (TCAD), and fabricated 20 different types of pixelated test structures for the quadruple well high resistivity substrate process. Measured performance of these pixel test structures; Dark currents were found to be close to physical limits; and Quantum efficiency were found to be close to ideal as well 3. Defined the scope for the PDK for the quadruple well process on high resistivity silicon Highlights of the new architecture are: Readout of pixel arrays with reconstruction efficiency >99% at hit rates of 500 MHits/cm 2 and array occupancy of 0.2%; Minimization of in-pixel signal storage requirement (data will be read out at frame rates of 1MHz); Low power dissipation through integration of fragmented projection architecture (Minimum analog power dissipation); Pixel array level data reduction (Hit location is encoded through shape of sub-block projections); Programmable resolution and frame rate (Pixels can be binned to increase frame rate); Minimum data overhead, encoded projection results for all sub-blocks are read out without location information

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development and Operation of a High Throughput Computer Hard Disk Drive Recycling Enterprise (CRADA NFE-16-05989)

The aim of this collaborative effort is to develop, construct and operate a high throughput computer hard disc drive (HDD) recycling system. Research conducted as part of the Critical Materials Institute (CMI), a Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Innovation Hub, has revealed the economic rationale and the necessary technology for a potentially viable HDD recycling enterprise. Moreover, the very notion of CMI is the development of replacement sources of rare earth critical materials that enable the U.S. to become less dependent on single source supplies. Focused on end-of-life (EOL) consumer products containing rare earth permanent magnets, this cooperative endeavor will develop, construct and operate a highly automated recycling process. Demonstrating economically viable recycling of high value products is largely an untapped resource in the U.S. Recycling HDDs to recover rare earth magnets and other valuable materials (e.g. aluminum, steel, printed circuit boards, copper, etc.) presents a new opportunity to satisfy U.S. demand for highly desirable commodities. The goal of this cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) project is to create a commercial HDD recycling enterprise that changes the landscape of rare earth magnet material and magnet availability for U.S. manufacturers. Underpinning this primary goal is the development and demonstration of an economic HDD recycling process that provides a significant and alternative supply of rare earth magnets that is not dependent upon foreign sourcing. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has researched the technology options and down selected specific sub-process technologies based upon throughput and economic potential. The participant, however, brings significant process design, development and operational experience that may result in process improvement or optimization strategies that will be explored in collaboration with the contractor. The final outcome of this CRADA is a system/process for recycling large quantities of HDDs. The technology is available for commercial scale-up.

42 ENGINEERING↗