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At least 1,315 records · Page 73

Power conditioning electronics for a 500 Wh inertial energy storage system

A description is given of a pulse-width-modulated buck-boost converter designed to interface a 500 Wh inertial energy storage system operating from 70 to 140 VDC to a constant bus of 150 VDC. Implementation of hysteresis feedback control provides excellent voltage regulation. The design is based on a 300-Wh, 94 percent Wh efficient prototype and is currently being optimized to yield 97 percent overall watt-hour efficiency.

Eakin, Vickie J.↗

Convergence of infinite dimensional sampled LQR problems - Theory and numerical results

A theory is developed for the convergence of the closed-loop solution to infinite-dimensional discrete-time linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) problems on the infinite time interval to the solution of a corresponding continuous-time LQR problem as the length of the sampling interval tends toward zero. Convergence of solutions to the operator algebraic Riccati equation and corresponding optimal feedback control gains is guaranteed under appropriate uniform stabilizability and detectability conditions and consistent sampling. Also presented are numerical results involving the optimal LQ control of a heat or diffusion equation, a hereditary or delay differential equation, and a hybrid system of ordinary and partial differential equations describing the transverse vibration of a cantilevered Voigt-Kelvin viscoelastic beam with tip mass.

Rosen, I. G.↗

The effect of additional design parameters on the LQR based design of a control/structural system

A multiobjective cost function that includes a form of the standard LQR regulator cost and its partial variation with respect to the additional design parameters is presented in connection with the design of an orbiting control/structural system. Simple models of uniform solid and tubular beams are demonstrated with two typical additional payload masses, i.e., symmetrically distributed and asymmetrically distributed, with respect to the center of the beam. By regarding the transient response of pitch angle and free-free beam deformations in the orbital plane, the optimal outer diameter of the beam and all feedback control can be determined by numerical analysis with this multicriterial approach. It is concluded that the multicriteria design approach should give better results from both the structural designer's and the control designer's standpoints.

Bainum, Peter M.↗

Microwave Levitation Of Small Objects

Microwave radiation in resonant cavities used to levitate small objects, according to proposal. Feedback control and atmosphere not needed. Technique conceived for use in experiments on processing of materials in low gravitation of outer space, also used in normal Earth gravitation, albeit under some limitations.

Watkins, John L.↗

Conical Euler simulation and active suppression of delta wing rocking motion

A conical Euler code was developed to study unsteady vortex-dominated flows about rolling highly-swept delta wings, undergoing either forced or free-to-roll motions including active roll suppression. The flow solver of the code involves a multistage Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme which uses a finite volume spatial discretization of the Euler equations on an unstructured grid of triangles. The code allows for the additional analysis of the free-to-roll case, by including the rigid-body equation of motion for its simultaneous time integration with the governing flow equations. Results are presented for a 75 deg swept sharp leading edge delta wing at a freestream Mach number of 1.2 and at alpha equal to 10 and 30 deg angle of attack. A forced harmonic analysis indicates that the rolling moment coefficient provides: (1) a positive damping at the lower angle of attack equal to 10 deg, which is verified in a free-to-roll calculation; (2) a negative damping at the higher angle of attack equal to 30 deg at the small roll amplitudes. A free-to-roll calculation for the latter case produces an initially divergent response, but as the amplitude of motion grows with time, the response transitions to a wing-rock type of limit cycle oscillation. The wing rocking motion may be actively suppressed, however, through the use of a rate-feedback control law and antisymmetrically deflected leading edge flaps. The descriptions of the conical Euler flow solver and the free-to-roll analysis are presented. Results are also presented which give insight into the flow physics associated with unsteady vortical flows about forced and free-to-roll delta wings, including the active roll suppression of this wing-rock phenomenon.

Lee, Elizabeth M.↗

Airborne water vapor DIAL system and measurements of water and aerosol profiles

The Lidar Applications Group at NASA Langley Research Center has developed a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system for the remote measurement of atmospheric water vapor (H2O) and aerosols from an aircraft. The airborne H2O DIAL system is designed for extended flights to perform mesoscale investigations of H2O and aerosol distributions. This DIAL system utilizes a Nd:YAG-laser-pumped dye laser as the off-line transmitter and a narrowband, tunable Alexandrite laser as the on-line transmitter. The dye laser has an oscillator/amplifier configuration which incorporates a grating and prism in the oscillator cavity to narrow the output linewidth to approximately 15 pm. This linewidth can be maintained over the wavelength range of 725 to 730 nm, and it is sufficiently narrow to satisfy the off-line spectral requirements. In the Alexandrite laser, three intracavity tuning elements combine to produce an output linewidth of 1.1 pm. These spectral devices include a five-plate birefringent tuner, a 1-mm thick solid etalon and a 1-cm air-spaced etalon. A wavelength stability of +/- 0.35 pm is achieved by active feedback control of the two Fabry-Perot etalons using a frequency stabilized He-Ne laser as a wavelength reference. The three tuning elements can be synchronously scanned over a 150 pm range with microprocessor-based scanning electronics. Other aspects of the DIAL system are discussed.

Higdon, Noah S.↗

Joule-Thomson Cooler Produces Nearly Constant Temperature

Improved Joule-Thomson cooler maintains nearly constant temperature. Absolute-pressure relief valve helps stabilize temperature of cold head despite variations in atmospheric pressure. Feedback-controlled electrical heater provides additional stabilization. Demand-flow Joule-Thomson valve requires less nitrogen than fixed-orifice Joule-Thomson valve providing same amount of cooling. Provides stable low temperatures required for operation of such devices as tunable diode lasers in laboratory and balloon-borne instruments detecting contaminants in atmosphere.

Bard, Steven↗

Using Derivatives Of Higher Order In Sensitivity Analysis

"What if" questions answered exactly, without using "increment-and-reevaluate" approach, and without finite differencing of system analysis, by use of sensitivity analysis to calculate first derivatives of behaviors of coupled systems with respect to design variables. If problem strongly nonlinear, efficiency improved by making derivatives of higher orders available to search algorithms. Extension effected by recursive application of same implicit function theorem that underlies previous method. Useful in design calculations for almost any system, including structures, machines, and distribution networks. Feedback control of processes improved by inclusion of derivative terms of higher order.

Sobieski, Jaroslaw↗

Modes of interconnected lattice trusses using continuum models, part 1

This represents a continuing systematic attempt to explore the use of continuum models--in contrast to the Finite Element Models currently universally in use--to develop feedback control laws for stability enhancement of structures, particularly large structures, for deployment in space. We shall show that for the control objective, continuum models do offer unique advantages. It must be admitted of course that developing continuum models for arbitrary structures is no easy task. In this paper we take advantage of the special nature of current Large Space Structures--typified by the NASA-LaRC Evolutionary Model which will be our main concern--which consists of interconnected orthogonal lattice trusses each with identical bays. Using an equivalent one-dimensional Timoshenko beam model, we develop an almost complete continuum model for the evolutionary structure. We do this in stages, beginning only with the main bus as flexible and then going on to make all the appendages also flexible-except for the antenna structure. Based on these models we proceed to develop formulas for mode frequencies and shapes. These are shown to be the roots of the determinant of a matrix of small dimension compared with mode calculations using Finite Element Models, even though the matrix involves transcendental functions. The formulas allow us to study asymptotic properties of the modes and how they evolve as we increase the number of bodies which are treated as flexible. The asymptotics, in fact, become simpler.

Balakrishnan, A. V.↗

Assessment of Intelligent Processing Equipment in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991

Summarized here is an assessment of intelligent processing equipment (IPE) within NASA. An attempt is made to determine the state of IPE development and research in specific areas where NASA might contribute to the national capability. Mechanisms to transfer NASA technology to the U.S. private sector in this critical area are discussed. It was concluded that intelligent processing equipment is finding extensive use in the manufacture of space hardware, especially in the propulsion components of the shuttle. The major benefits are found in improved process consistency, which lowers cost as it reduces rework. Advanced feedback controls are under development and being implemented gradually into shuttle manufacturing. Implementation is much more extensive in new programs, such as in the advanced solid rocket motor and the Space Station Freedom.

Jones, C. S.↗

Trajectory optimization for the National Aerospace Plane

The primary objective of this research is to develop an efficient and robust trajectory optimization tool for the optimal ascent problem of the National Aerospace Plane (NASP). This report is organized in the following order to summarize the complete work: Section two states the formulation and models of the trajectory optimization problem. An inverse dynamics approach to the problem is introduced in Section three. Optimal trajectories corresponding to various conditions and performance parameters are presented in Section four. A midcourse nonlinear feedback controller is developed in Section five. Section six demonstrates the performance of the inverse dynamics approach and midcourse controller during disturbances. Section seven discusses rocket assisted ascent which may be beneficial when orbital altitude is high. Finally, Section eight recommends areas of future research.

Lu, Ping↗

Coarse-fine residual gravity cancellation system with magnetic levitation

Aircraft flight along parabolic trajectories have been proposed and executed in order to achieve low cost, near free fall conditions of moderate duration. This paper describes a six degree of freedom experiment isolation system designed to cancel out residual accelerations due to mechanical vibrations and errors in aircraft trajectory. The isolation system consists of a fine motion magnetic levitator whose stator is transported by a conventional coarse motion stage. The levitator uses wide gap voice coil actuators and has the dual purpose of isolating the experiment platform from aircraft vibrations and actively cancelling residual accelerations through feedback control. The course motion stage tracks the levitated platform in order to keep the levitator's coils centered within their matching magnetic gaps. Aspects of system design, an analysis of the proposed control strategy and simulation results are presented. Feasibility experiments are also discussed.

Salcudean, S. E.↗

Analytical guidance law development for aerocapture at Mars

During the first part of this reporting period research has concentrated on performing a detailed evaluation, to zero order, of the guidance algorithm developed in the first period taking the numerical approach developed in the third period. A zero order matched asymptotic expansion (MAE) solution that closely satisfies a set of 6 implicit equations in 6 unknowns to an accuracy of 10(exp -10), was evaluated. Guidance law implementation entails treating the current state as a new initial state and repetitively solving the MAE problem to obtain the feedback controls. A zero order guided solution was evaluated and compared with optimal solution that was obtained by numerical methods. Numerical experience shows that the zero order guided solution is close to optimal solution, and that the zero order MAE outer solution plays a critical role in accounting for the variations in Loh's term near the exit phase of the maneuver. However, the deficiency that remains in several of the critical variables indicates the need for a first order correction. During the second part of this period, methods for computing a first order correction were explored.

Calise, A. J.↗

A global nonlinear tracking problem

The tracking problem for a globally minimum phase nonlinear system is considered. It is assumed that the signal to be tracked is slowly varying and a priori bounds on its magnitude are known. It is shown that if the system has bounded derivatives and exponentially stable zero dynamics then the system admits an output feedback controller which solves the tracking problem.

Dayawansa, W. P.↗

Stochastic regulator theory for a class of abstract wave equations

A class of steady-state stochastic regulator problems for abstract wave equations in a Hilbert space - of relevance to the problem of feedback control of large space structures using co-located controls/sensors - is studied. Both the control operator, as well as the observation operator, are finite-dimensional. As a result, the usual condition of exponential stabilizability invoked for existence of solutions to the steady-state Riccati equations is not valid. Fortunately, for the problems considered it turns out that strong stabilizability suffices. In particular, a closed form expression is obtained for the minimal (asymptotic) performance criterion as the control effort is allowed to grow without bound.

Balakrishnan, A. V.↗

Second-order state estimation experiments using acceleration measurements

The estimation of dynamic states for feedback control of structural systems using second-order differential equations and acceleration measurements is described. The formulation of the observer model, and the design of the observer gains is discussed in detail. It is shown the second-order observer is highly stable because the stability constraints on the observer gains are model independent. The limitation of the proposed observer is the need for 'nearly' collocated actuators and accelerometers. Experimental results using a control-structure interaction testbed are presented that show the second-order observer provided more stability than a Kalman filter estimator without decreasing closed-loop performance.

Belvin, W. K.↗

Evaluation of an optimal guidance algorithm for aero-assisted orbit transfer

A detailed evaluation is performed of a guidance algorithm for aeroassisted orbit transfer that was developed earlier based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions. It is shown that, by exploiting the structure of the matched asymptotic expansion solution procedure, the original problem which requires the solution of a set of 20 implicit algebraic equations can be reduced to a problem of six implicit equations in six unknowns. The main contribution here is that it was possible to obtain a solution that is near optimal, requires a minimum of computation, and thus can be implemented in real time and on-board the vehicle. Guidance law implementation entails treating the current state as a new initial state and repetitively solving the matched asymptotic expansion problem to obtain the feedback controls.

Melamed, N.↗

Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Magnetic Vibration Isolator

Feedback control provides soft mount and damping of vibrations. Active magnetic suspension system centers inner structure in position and orientation with respect to principal Cartesian coordinate axes of base or outer structure, stationary with respect to building or vehicle. System helps to isolate suspended mass from vibrations of building or vehicle. Designed to isolate 500-kg experimental apparatus from vibrations of spacecraft, but also used on Earth, provided that its z axis vertical and system assisted by low-stiffness vertical spring that, in steady state, holds up inner structure at nominal vertical position.

Gerver, Michael J.↗