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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,297 records · Page 72
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Collaborative Project: An Integrated Parameterization of Boundary Layer and Convective Mixing: The Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux (EDMF) Approach

The key goal of this project was to reduce cloud modeling deficiencies and biases by developing and implementing a new unified boundary layer and convection parameterization based on the multi-plume Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux (EDMF) approach. This is a turbulence and convection parameterization that can be considered fully unified, in the sense that it is able to represent convective processes from boundary layer convection to deep moist convection with one single parameterization. This project will ultimately lead to more accurate climate predictions, which have a significant societal impact. In general, turbulence and convection in the atmosphere are at the core of key climate prediction problems. For example: i) to reduce uncertainties in climate projections, it is essential to improve predictions of cloud feedbacks (how clouds respond to, and influence, climate change), which are controlled by the interactions between a turbulent flow with water phase transitions and radiation; (ii) to improve extreme weather prediction under climate change, it is essential to improve our understanding of how moist convection responds to a warmer world. A fully unified boundary layer and convection parameterization, such as EDMF, will help better represent and predict boundary layer, cloud and convection processes in the atmosphere during present and future climate. The following are the specific tasks that were completed and addressed the project’s objectives: i) Implementation and evaluation of the multi-plume EDMF parameterization into the Single Column Model (SCM) version of CESM; ii) Development of a fully unified multi-plume (shallow to deep convection) EDMF parameterization – that is also scale-aware; iii) Implementation and evaluation of the moist multi-plume EDMF scheme in the global version of WRF; iv) Extension and evaluation of the LES model to deep moist convection regimes; v) Implementation of EDMF in the SCM version of the LBL dynamical core.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Pre-Project Planning for a Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion Pilot Plant (Final Technical Report)

The team of Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®), ITEA, Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI), GE Global Research (GE), Jacobs Engineering (Jacobs), and Peter Reineck Associates (PRA) are advancing Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion (FPO), a novel coal technology. This effort seeks to complete the preliminary engineering and planning of a 50-MWth Pilot Plant that produces electricity and steam for district heating. The technology, pioneered by ITEA at the 5-MWth scale, must be brought to a higher technology readiness level (TRL) to be viable at the commercial scale. This project builds upon extensive evaluation of the techno-economic performance of the FPO technology already performed by ITEA. This includes system improvements, such as the addition of a turbo-expander to the flue gas stream. Some of the performance-enhancing components are not as well defined as others. The primary goal of this project was to bring all of the core cycle components to the same level of design maturity. Extensive cycle modeling and evaluation explored various configurations of the process. Different coals, operating conditions, and heat recovery devices were considered and modeled using Aspen Plus. The results of the cycle modeling informed the pilot plant configuration and the planned configuration at the commercial scale. The system pressurization is maintained in the flue gas clean-up and water removal. This allows for efficient and cost-effective carbon dioxide compression and sequestration package. Once the cycle was optimized, preliminary drawings, layouts, and plans defined the pilot facility. Process flow diagrams (PFD) were used to describe the pilot configuration in greater detail. A heat and mass balance with stream data was created. A master equipment list specified the operating conditions for major pieces of equipment within the pilot using this heat and mass balance. A detailed cost estimate for the planned configuration was completed with an Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) Class IV level of cost analysis. A site selection effort evaluated a variety of potential candidate sites. The selection effort focused on three sites for an in-depth evaluation of the merits and viability of hosting a pilot demonstration. The ability of the host site to support the project with cost sharing was also assessed. The selection process chose the University of Wyoming (UW) as the host site, and cost estimates for the pilot capital estimate were made using local data. A preliminary test plan and operation plan, which creates figures of merit, control, and instrumentation was produced. An effort that outlines methods of pilot cost reduction was completed near the end of the project. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) evaluated the FPO technology at the commercial scale in comparison to the NETL baseline cases. The reference plants were used in combination with proprietary equipment estimates to build a plant capital cost and cost of electricity evaluation. FPO performed better than the sub-bituminous post-combustion capture cases. Further preliminary estimates of improvements to the FPO cycle show even further gains when compared to conventional carbon capture methods.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2019

A summary of the Advanced WEC Dynamics and Control project

This report serves as a comprehensive summary of the work completed by the "Advanced WEC Dynamics and Controls projecr during the period of 2013-2019. This project was first envisioned to simply consider the question of designing a controller for wave energy converters (WECs), without a complete recognition of the broader considerations that such a task must necessarily examine. This document describes both the evolution of the project scope and the key findings produced. The basic goal of the project has been to deliver tractable methodologies and work flows that WEC designers can use to improve the performance of their machines. Engineering solutions, which may offer 80% of the impact, but require 20% of the effort compared to a perfect result (which may be many years of development down the road) were preferred. With this doctrine, the work of the project often involved translating existing methods that have been successfully developed and applied for other fields, into the application area of wave energy.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2020

LA17-V-InverseRadTransportProblem-PD2Kb. Final Project Report

In the inverse radiation transport problem, a radiation signal emanating from an unknown object is used to reconstruct geometric and material parameters of the object , e.g., the mass of special nuclear material (SNM), the isotopic composition of the SNM (e.g., the enrichment of 235U), the thickness of shielding, etc. The inverse radiation transport problem is one of the most fundamental and important in the emergency response mission, and has been addressed in previous NA-22 and NA-42/84 investments by using derivative-free optimization methods. Our project was aimed at (i) consolidating previous work by applying polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) for reducing significantly the number of forward model simulations required by derivative-free optimization methods; (ii) developing a general-purpose framework and stand-alone software for solving the inverse radiation transport problem by applying a new “predictive modeling” methodology (predictive modeling of coupled multi-physics systems, PM_CMPS) which enables the fusing of experimental and computational information; and (iii) developing several benchmarks (for unscattered gamma rays) for demonstrating the quantification of non-Gaussian features (e.g., skewness and kurtosis, which characterize asymmetries and long tails) of response distributions by deterministically and efficiently propagating parameter uncertainties (covariances and higher-order moments, where available) using high-order sensitivities computed by the recently developed comprehensive adjoint sensitivity analysis methodology (C-ASAM). With regard to (i), application of PCE, the most significant accomplishment of this project was an implementation of PCE into INVERSE that significantly reduced computation time for the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) and Differential Evolution (DE) methods. For inverse transport problems with measurements of neutron leakage, neutron multiplication, and neutron-induced gamma-rays, the solution times for the DREAM and DE methods were reduced by factors of 30-300, reducing run times from hours to minutes while maintaining the same accuracy as the standard (non-PCE) DREAM and DE. Speedups were further improved by exploring sparse grid quadrature sets using the Toolkit for Adaptive Stochastic Modeling and Non-Intrusive ApproximatioN (Tasmanian) toolset. An initial exploration of sparse grids indicated that further speedups factors of 5-10 are obtainable. The implementation of PCE in INVERSE is not in a form that users can easily access. With regard to (ii), solving the inverse problem using a predictive modeling paradigm, the most significant accomplishment of this project were the derivation and implementation of adjoint-based second derivatives in neutron and photon transport theory. There are two codes that compute these derivatives. SENSPG computes them for uncollided gamma rays and SENSMG computes them for neutron leakage. SENSMG is open-source code available on github. Other significant accomplishments included a stand-alone code, MULTI-PRED, that implements the predictive modeling paradigm, along with a detailed manual. The code was implemented in the existing INVERSE code for inverse problems, but a head-to-head comparison of inverse methods was not achieved. We also derived and implemented the capability to compute sensitivities for multiplicity measurements into the SENSMG code, and this capability was used in a data assimilation application, but it was not used for solving inverse problems. With regard to (iii), developing benchmarks to demonstrate the importance of high-order sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, the most significant accomplishment of this project were two test problems that showed how important second-order sensitivities are.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Project Plan: Salt in Situ Heater Test

This project plan gives a high-level description of the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition (SFWD) campaign in situ borehole heater test project planned for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site, titled the Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS). BATS is the first stage in a planned sequence of tests to bolster the technical basis for disposal of heat generating waste in salt. This plan provides an overview of the schedule and responsibilities of the parties involved. This project is a collaborative effort by Sandia, Los Alamos, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories to execute a series of small-diameter borehole heater tests in salt for the DOE-NE SFWD campaign. Design of a heater test in salt at WIPP has evolved over several years. The experiment has begun in January 2020 and the first phase will continue for several months with the possibility for follow on testing. BATS comprises a suite of modular tests, which consist of a group of adjacent horizontal boreholes in the wall of drifts at WIPP. Each test is centered around a packer-isolated heated borehole (12.2 cm [4.81 diameter) containing equipment for water-vapor collection and borehole closure monitoring, surrounded by smaller-diameter (up to 5.3 cm [2.11 diameter) satellite observation boreholes. Observation boreholes contain grouted-in temperature sensors, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) sensors, and fiber optics; packer-isolated tracer release and sampling intervals; and acoustic emission (AE) piezoelectric sensors. A larger-diameter (12.2 cm [4.81) satellite borehole includes sorel and salt cement plugs, as part of an engineered barrier sealing test. The first two tests, to be implemented in parallel, are heated (target borehole wall temperature of 120 °C) and unheated, with similar arrays of observation borehole monitoring changes. Follow-on tests will be designed using information gathered from the first two tests, and may be conducted at other borehole wall temperatures, use multiple observation boreholes, and may include different measurement types and test designs. This 2020 update of the original 2018 project plan satisfies DOE-NE Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) milestone M3SF-205N010303034, as part of the SNL "Salt Disposal R&D" work package.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Oneida Indian Nation Community-Scale Clean Energy Deployment Combined Heat and Power Project. Tribal Renewable Energy (Final Technical Report)

This document reports on the Oneida Indian Nation's to upgrade and improve the operation of the Nation’s Central Utility Plant (CUP) so that previously wasted energy could be captured and utilized to produce electricity. The final technical report contains an overview of the project and the project objectives, which are increased energy efficiency, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, and lower energy costs while maintaining sound environmental stewardship of natural resources. The report describes the specific activities and milestones accomplished, a summary of the current status of the project, including objectives and results achieved, and a description of project management, challenges and lessons learned.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

New Measurements on the Neutrino Mass: KATRIN and Project 8 (Final Technical Report for DE-SC0014130)

The overarching goal of the funded research is to build experiments and develop techniques towards the major goal of measuring the mass of the neutrino, particularly by the method of high-resolution spectroscopy of the endpoint of tritium. The goals of this project were to make hardware and intellectual contributions towards the KATRIN experiment, an international project under construction in Germany, and towards the "Project 8" R&D program to develop new electron spectroscopy methods and apply them to tritium. A minor goal of the project was to support simulation work and R&D on future neutrino and dark matter detectors.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Basic Research Needs for Dark-Matter Small Projects New Initiatives: Report of the Department of Energy’s High Energy Physics Workshop on Dark Matter

Only one-sixth of the matter in our universe is made of the fundamental particles we understand. Understanding what the remaining “dark” matter is made of is one of the most important fundamental goals in modern science. It connects such disparate scientific areas as the formation of stars and galaxies, the earliest moments of our universe, and the constituents of matter at the smallest length scales. Astronomical evidence for dark matter has built steadily for eight decades, though the elementary particles or waves that constitute dark matter remain a mystery. Recent theoretical developments have highlighted the importance of searching for dark matter particles in the range from as heavy as a single hydrogen atom to the lightest mass consistent with galactic structure (30 orders of magnitude lighter). Remarkably, small projects at the $5M–$15M scale can explore key milestones throughout this range. By seizing these opportunities, we are now in a position to finally discover the nature of dark matter. The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) identified the search for dark matter as one of the five priority science drivers for the High-Energy Physics Program. The 2014 P5 report further recommended a portfolio of small projects to enable an uninterrupted flow of high-priority results. This Basic Research Needs (BRN) Report presents a program of small projects to lead to the discovery of the nature of dark matter. The program makes use of Department of Energy (DOE) facilities and infrastructure and is complementary to the ongoing Generation-2 (G2) dark matter program.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Guidance and Recommendations for Streamlining Reporting for Federal Energy and Water Efficiency Projects

Federal agencies are required to report on their progress in meeting various energy and water management requirements. These reporting requirements encompass energy and water projects at federal facilities, including projects that are alternatively financed, e.g., conducted through energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) or utility energy service contracts (UESCs). The purpose of this guidance is to provide recommendations to streamline federal agency reporting. The guidance recommends the use of eProject Builder (ePB), a project development and archiving tool for energy projects. ePB carries additional value in its simplification of federal agency reporting by dovetailing with the Federal Energy Management Program’s (FEMP’s) EISA 432 Compliance Tracking System (CTS).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

2009 National Biodiesel Foundation Biodiesel Infrastructure Project [Final Report]

The National Biodiesel Foundation (NBF) worked with industry partners to displace nearly 10 millions of gallons of petroleum-based diesel with biodiesel by installing or modifying terminals throughout the United States (US). The original grant was to install seven terminals, but with DOE’s approval and using existing grant funds, the project provided funds for an additional terminal. The primary goal of this project was to displace 86 million gallons of petroleum based diesel with biodiesel by installing seven terminals. Although the project installed eight terminals, it only resulted in displacing approximately 9.7 million gallon. However, the project (through the Harms Oil installation) enabled the state of Minnesota to increase its biodiesel mandate from 5% to 10%, increase biodiesel demand at other MN terminals by an addition 25 million. Further, this state mandate will grow demand to 120 million gallons annually by 2018, if the state’s biodiesel mandate is fully enforced. None of this would have been possible without the Harm’s Oil terminal funded under this grant.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Reduction of CO 2 Emissions Through Lightweight Body Panels (Project Final Report)

Lightweight construction is an integral part of Volkswagen’s overall strategy of reducing CO 2 emissions. Due to its low cost, steel is the most commonly used material for automotive exterior body panels today. Unfortunately, steel has a high density, resulting in a relatively low specific strength. Glass fiber based sheet molding compounds (SMC) provide high properties in combination with lower density. The high specific strength of SMC offers an enormous lightweight potential. To unlock the full potential of SMC materials in combination with cutting edge manufacturing processes, Volkswagen Group of America worked together with IACMI (Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation) and the academic partners: University of Tennessee Knoxville, Purdue University and Michigan State University; as well as the industry partners: Ashland, IDI, Owens Corning and Continental Structural Plastics. Leveraging the expertise of all project partners, reaching over the entire supply chain the project demonstrated the potential of these materials. This report will highlight the major steps in the development process on the way to technology readiness for SMC using the example of the Volkswagen Atlas Liftgate. Over the 36-month period of the project, the work focused on three R&D areas: material development, design and simulation, and development of the manufacturing process. Material selection included alternative fibers and resin systems, and accounted for material availability, properties, and cost-efficiency. The work undertaken in the field of design and simulation has pushed the envelope of short fiber reinforced thermoset molding compound process simulation. Design iterations were virtually tested, while the final design was used to validate the simulation software against physical parts. Manufacturing development used cutting-edge technology, while experts along the supply chain were working together to ensure the best possible results. In the final stage of the project, liftgates were molded, trimmed, bonded, painted and assembled before exhaustive testing. The result is an e-coat (electrophoretic dip coating) capable Class-A SMC liftgate, which is ready for high-volume production, and can be used as a technology demonstrator. The prototypes manufactured in the scope of this work have exhibited a mass reduction for the Volkswagen Atlas liftgate of up to 35% compared to the series production steel version, without a degradation of the functionalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Amended Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan: Water Line Project-Northern Portion

This Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) has been prepared for the Sandia National Laboratories Water Line Project – Northern Portion, in Livermore, CA. The project, located at 7011 East Avenue, and will entail the portion of the site north of the Arroyo Section. The project is comprised of 19,584 linear feet of water line improvements totaling approximately 9.0 acres. The property is owned by the U.S. Department of Energy, and managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC with this project being developed by NTESS for Sandia National Laboratories.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Assess and Benchmark Magneto-Inertial Fusion (MIF) Scaling. Final Technical Report for the SNL/Rochester ALPHA Follow-on Project

This project was a follow-on to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) ARPA-E ALPHA project entitled “Demonstrating Fuel Magnetization and Laser Heating Tools for Low-Cost Fusion Energy”. The primary purpose of this follow-on project was to obtain additional data at the OMEGA facility to help better understand how MagLIF, a platform that has already demonstrated the scientific viability of magneto-inertial fusion, scales across a factor of 1000 in driver energy. A secondary aspect of this project was to extend simulations and analysis at SNL to cover a wider magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) parameter space and test scaling of those models across this wide range of input energies and conditions of the target. This work was successful in improving understanding of how key physics elements of MIF scales and improves confidence in setting requirements for fusion gain with larger drivers. The OMEGA experiments at the smaller scale verified the hypothesis that preheating the fuel plays a significant role in introducing wall contaminants that mix into the fuel and significantly degrade fusion performance. This contamination not only impacts target performance but the optimal input conditions for the target. However, analysis at the Z-scale showed that target performance at high preheat levels is limited by the Nernst effect, which advects magnetic flux from the hot spot, reducing magnetic insulation and consequently reduces the temperature of the fuel. The combination of MagLIF experiments at the disparate scales of OMEGA and Z along with a multiscale 3D simulation analysis has led to new insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for limiting target performance and provides important benchmarks to assess target scaling more generally for MIF schemes. Finally, in addition to the MagLIF related work, a semi-analytic model of liner driven Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) was developed that predicts the fusion gain for such systems. This model was also validated with 2D radiation magneto-hydrodynamic simulations and predicts that fusion gains of near unity could be driven by the Z machine.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field, Mobile Co., AL: Project Assessment Report

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field is the United States’ largest CO 2 capture and transportation, injection, storage and monitoring project using CO 2 derived from a coal-fired power station. The project represents a U.S. Department of Energy research and development initiative designed to demonstrate deep underground injection and containment of 100,000 tonnes or more of anthropogenic-source CO 2 . This report provides an assessment of the CO 2 injection at the Citronelle Anthropogenic Test site for the period August 23, 2012 to August 31, 2013. The purpose of the project assessment is to re-evaluate the AoR for the injection well. The AoR is defined as the region surrounding the geological sequestration project that may be impacted by the injection activity. The AoR is further defined as the farthest reach of the tangible CO 2 plume and/or the region of ‘significant’ reservoir pressure increase. An updated geologic model of the injection zones and storage reservoir sandstones incorporates geologic data obtained from the injection well and characterization wells drilled at the Phase III Anthropogenic Test site. The numerical modeling of the injection was conducted using the updated geologic model, plus the monitoring results obtained to August 31, 2013. The simulation demonstrates effective containment of CO 2 by the reservoir architecture of the upper Paluxy Formation, consisting of multiple, stacked, highly porous and permeable sandstones, separated by low permeability flow barriers. The CO 2 containment demonstrated in this report requires an AoR with a radius of 440 ft from the injection well. This revision reduces the radius of the AoR from the preinjection determination of 1,700 ft. With the revised AoR, the only well within the AoR is the injection well itself, the D 9-7 #2. The nearest well to the injector is the D 9-8 #2. The surface location is 870 ft away from the D 9-7 #2, placing the D 9-8 #2 outside the revised AoR.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

Project Management, Including Data Management Best Practices Framework (Best Management Practice; Work Product 12.3.b)

The Project Management documentation includes: (1) background on the RCSP Initiative and its best practices development process; (2) a historical perspective of best practices for project management; (3) a comparison of the roles of project managers, functional managers, and operations managers; (4) an overview of project management practices for field activities; and discussions of (5) managing change, (6) managing data, and (7) managing knowledge and information.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Land-Based Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling Project (FY2020)

The overall goal of the Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling (MMC) project is to improve coupling between mesoscale and microscale simulations via improved guidance and new strategies for setting up simulations and for the development of new tools that can be used across the community. Including the mesoscale forcing is critical to modeling the full energy transfer across scales in the atmosphere. The project-specific objectives include: 1) To apply rigorous verification and validation (V&V) techniques to the new modeling tools that are developed as part of the project to ensure the accuracy of our codes and results and to develop estimates of the relative uncertainty. 2) To improve computational performance of the coupled MMC models through the development of methods that can be used to reduce turbulence spin-up time and hence the size of computational domains. 3) To improve representation of the surface layer in microscale models to enhance simulations of hub-height wind speed. 4) To develop guidance for the community describing the best ways to couple mesoscale and microscale models, including specific spatial scales at which the handoff to the microscale model should occur. 5) To prepare documentation and a suite of software tools that can be used across the community. And 6) To transition MMC research to the offshore environment. Major progress was made in each of these areas during FY20. The land-based portion of the project is reported herein, while the offshore portion will be reported separately. The team continued to advance the MMC tools and methodologies as well as to document their performance in journal papers and conference presentations, although several planned conferences were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tailoring EVMS Tools for Projects under $50M

The Earned Value Management System (EVMS) Tailoring Guide for Projects Under $\$$50M is designed for U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cost-reimbursed projects less than $50M where full EVMS is not required per DOE Order 413.3B but is applicable to all projects below a mandated compliant EVMS requirement. The guide provides an inventory of tools and rules typically used as part of a fully compliant EVMS. The ranking employed in this guide identifies key foundational tools, as well as identifying opportunities for tailoring based upon project size or risk. The goal is to provide guidance for companies to establish enterprise level tools that provide meaningful performance data as efficiently as possible.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ute Mountain Ute Tribe Community-Scale Solar Project (Final Technical Report)

Deployment of Community-Scale solar power has been a goal of the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe (Tribe) for several years. The 1 MW AC photovoltaic power facility was built to power Tribal facilities in a manner that would allow the Tribe to credit residents’ electric bills and Tribal government electric bills with the dollar equivalent of the power generated. Other accomplished project objectives, in addition to learning the intricacies of such an endeavor, included strengthening the relationship with the local electric cooperative and their primary power provider, analysis of the generation and operations and maintenance during a one-year test phase, workforce development and training, and using the project to plan and drive future community scale solar projects. The Tribe’s vision of a net-zero electrical independence for its communities became a clearer reality with this project.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗