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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,297 records · Page 72
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

At-wavelength characterization of refractive x-ray lenses using a two-dimensional grating interferometer

We report on the application of a two-dimensional hard x-ray grating interferometer to x-ray optics metrology. The interferometer is sensitive to refraction angles in two perpendicular directions with a precision of 10 nrad. It is used to observe the wavefront changes induced by a single parabolic beryllium focusing lens of large radius of curvature. The lens shape is reconstructed and its residual aberrations are analyzed. Its profile differs from an ideal parabolic shape by less than 2 {mu}m or {lambda}/50 at {lambda} = 0.54 A wavelength.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

A 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance proton ion source and a dual-lens low energy beam transport

The structure and preliminary commissioning results of a new 2.45 GHz ECR proton ion source and a dual-lens low energy beam transport (LEBT) system are presented in this paper. The main magnetic field of the ion source is provided by a set of permanent magnets with two small electro-solenoid magnets at the injection and the extraction to fine tune the magnetic field for better microwave coupling. A 50 keV pulsed proton beam extracted by a three-electrode mechanism passes through the LEBT system of length of 1183 mm. This LEBT consists of a diagnosis chamber, two Glaser lenses, two steering magnets, and a final beam defining cone. A set of inner permanent magnetic rings is embedded in each of the two Glaser lenses to produce a flatter axial-field to reduce the lens aberrations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Absolute beam brightness detector

In generally accepted emittance measurement, main attention is concentrated on emittance areas {epsilon}{sub x}, {epsilon}{sub y} occupied by desired part of ion beam in transverse phase space and shape of these areas. The absolute beam phase density (brightness) as usually is not measured directly and the average beam brightness B is calculated from a beam intensity I and the transverse emittances. In the ion source and low energy beam transport (LEBT) optimization, it is important to preserve the beam brightness because some aberration of ion optic and beam instabilities can decrease the brightness of the central part of ion beam significantly. For these brightness measurements, it is convenient to use an absolute beam brightness detector with the brightness determination from one short considered in this article.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Ultrahigh resolution soft x-ray emission spectrometer at BL07LSU in SPring-8

An extremely high resolution flat field type slit less soft x-ray emission spectrometer has been designed and constructed for the long undulator beamline BL07LSU in SPring-8. By optimizing the ruling parameters of two cylindrical gratings, a high energy resolution {Delta}E < 100 meV and/or an E/{Delta}E{approx} 10 000 are expected for the energy range of 350 eV - 750 eV taking into account the broadening by the spatial resolution (25 {mu}m) of a CCD detector. A coma-free operation mode proposed by Strocov et al., is also applied to eliminate both defocus and coma aberrations. The spectrometer demonstrated experimentally that E/{Delta}E= 10 050 and 8046 for N 1s (402.1 eV) and Mn 2p (641.8 eV) edges, respectively.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Single atom identification by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy

Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, single, isolated impurity atoms of silicon and platinum in monolayer and multilayer graphene are identified. Simultaneously acquired electron energy loss spectra confirm the elemental identification. Contamination difficulties are overcome by employing near-UHV sample conditions. Signal intensities agree within a factor of two with standardless estimates.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Characterization of a one dimensional focusing compound refractive lens using the rotating shearing interferometer technique

A one dimensional (1D) compound refractive lens (CRL) has been characterized using the grating based rotating shearing interferometer technique. The method is based on the calculation of moire fringes orientation to sense wavefront information. The phase shift and the optical aberration introduced by the 1D CRL on an X-ray beam were retrieved from a single moire fringe image. The radius of curvature of the lens at the apex was derived. This physical radius of the CRL, which is also closely related to the focal length of the 1D CRL, was shown to vary with the incident angle of the incoming X-ray beam onto the CRL. The experimental measurement agreed very well with the theoretical expectations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Heavy-ion transfer reactions at large internuclear distance

The transfer reaction for the {sup 116}Sn+{sup 60}Ni system has been studied using the PRISMA magnetic spectrometer at different bombarding energies from above to well below the Coulomb barrier. The experiment has been done in inverse kinematics and light target-like ions have been detected with PRISMA placed at very forward angles. Good mass, nuclear charge and kinetic energy resolutions have been achieved. Sufficient statistics has been accumulated to extract angular distributions for different bombarding energies have been extracted and the response function of the spectrometer has been studied to correct for the aberration due to the transport of the ions in PRISMA. The comparison between the present case and the previously measured {sup 96}Zr+{sup 40}Ca system, superfluid and near closed shells nuclei, respectively, should significantly improve our understanding of nucleon-nucleon correlation properties in multinucleon transfer processes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Rapid HIFU autofocusing using the entire MR-ARFI image

Phase aberrations and attenuations caused by bone can defocus HIFU in the brain and organs behind the ribcage. To refocus the beam, MR-ARFI can be used to measure tissue displacements created by each element in the transducer, and optimize driving signal delays and amplitudes. We introduce a new MR-ARFI-based autofocusing method that requires many fewer image acquisitions than current methods. The method is validated in simulations of bone and brain HIFU transducers, and compared to a conventional method.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

The impact of oxygen on the morphology of gas-phase prepared Au nanoparticles

We present an easy procedure for the synthesis of single crystalline gold nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 4 nm using a DC-sputtering in an argon-oxygen gas mixture. Morphology population statistics have been determined to quantify the influence of oxygen. It is found that the particles undergo a structural transition from predominantly icosahedral to single crystalline particles with increasing amount of oxygen. Aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy investigation proves that likewise prepared single crystalline nanoparticles are defect and oxygen free. In contrast, the icosahedral particles prepared with pure argon show the presence of edge dislocations pointing to an energetic disfavoring already at these relatively small particle sizes. This morphology control of clean and uncovered Au nanoparticles provides a high application potential, e.g., for studying the influence of the particle morphology on plasmonic and catalytic properties.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Experimental energy resolution of a paracentric hemispherical deflector analyzer for different entry positions and bias

A specially designed hemispherical deflector analyzer (HDA) with 5-element input lens having a movable entry position R{sub 0} suitable for electron energy analysis in atomic collisions was constructed and tested. The energy resolution of the HDA was experimentally determined for three different entry positions R{sub 0}= 84, 100, 112 mm as a function of the nominal entry potential V(R{sub 0}) under pre-retardation conditions. The resolution for the (conventional) entry at the mean radius R{sub 0}= 100 mm was found to be a factor of 1.6-2 times worse than the resolution for the two (paracentric) positions R{sub 0}= 84 and 112 mm at particular values of V(R{sub 0}). These results provide the first experimental verification and a proof of principle of the utility of such a paracentric HDA, while demonstrating its advantages over the conventional HDA: greater dispersion with reduced angular aberrations resulting in better energy resolution without the use of any additional fringing field correction electrodes. Supporting simulations of the entire lens plus HDA spectrometer are also provided and mostly found to be within 20%-30% of experimental values. The paracentric HDA is expected to provide a lower cost and/or more compact alternative to the conventional HDA particularly useful in modern applications utilizing a position sensitive detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Antisite Defects In La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and La0.7Sr0.3FeO3

Complex oxide thin films and superlattices with the perovskite ABO3 structure have been found to possess novel functional properties. Here, we present our discovery of antisite defects, La ions in Fe(Mn) sites (denoted as LaB), in a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/La0.7Sr0.3FeO3 superlattice. The antisite defect was directly characterized by atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging and the composition and electronic structure was analyzed by electron energy loss spectroscopy in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. Density functional theory was used to calculate the formation energy, showing that the formation of the detected antisite defects is a consequence of the slightly reducing conditions during sample growth.

Gu, Meng↗
DOE OSTI2013

Atomic-scale chemical quantification of oxide interfaces using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Atomic-scale quantification of chemical composition across oxide interfaces is important for understanding physical properties of epitaxial oxide nanostructures. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope was used to quantify chemical composition across the interface of ferromagnetic La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} and antiferromagnetic BiFeO{sub 3} quantum structure. This research demonstrates that chemical composition at atomic columns can be quantified by Gaussian peak-fitting of EDS compositional profiles across the interface. Cation diffusion was observed at both A- and B-sublattice sites; and asymmetric chemical profiles exist across the interface, consistent with the previous studies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Low-energy inverse photoemission spectroscopy using a high-resolution grating spectrometer in the near ultraviolet range

An inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) apparatus using a Czerny-Turner grating spectrometer is demonstrated. Previous IPES instruments based on grating spectrometers used a concave grating and operated in the vacuum ultraviolet range. The reflectance of such gratings is lower than 20% and the aberration cannot be finely corrected leading to an energy resolution of up to 0.1 eV. In the present study, employing the low energy IPES regime [H. Yoshida, Chem. Phys. Lett. 539–540, 180 (2012)], incident electrons with a kinetic energy below 5 eV are used, while photon emission in the range of between 250 and 370 nm is analyzed with a 10-cm Czerny-Turner grating spectrometer. The signal intensity is at least 30 times higher than the previous apparatus. The resolution of photon detection is set at 0.07 eV though the ultimate resolution is one order of magnitude higher. The experiment is performed both by sweeping the electron energy (isochromat mode) and by simultaneously analyzing the photon of whole wavelength range (tunable photon energy mode)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Research Updates: Epitaxial strain relaxation and associated interfacial reconstructions: The driving force for creating new structures with integrated functionality

Here, we report detailed strain mapping analysis at heterointerfaces of a new multiferroic complex oxide Bi{sub 3}Fe{sub 2}Mn{sub 2}O{sub x}(BFMO322) supercell and related layered structures. The state-of-the-art aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-corrected STEM) and the modified geometric phase analysis (GPA) have been used to characterize the self-assembled transitional layers, misfit defects, and, in particular, the biaxial lattice strain distributions. We found that not only a sufficient lattice misfit is required through substrate selection and to be preserved in initial coherent epilayer growth, but also an appropriate interfacial reconstruction is crucial for triggering the growth of the new BFMO322 supercell structure. The observation of new transitional interfacial phases behaving like coherent film layers within the critical thickness challenges the conventional understanding in existing epitaxial growth model.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The pristine atomic structure of MoS{sub 2} monolayer protected from electron radiation damage by graphene

Materials can, in principle, be imaged at the level of individual atoms with aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. However, such resolution can be attained only with very high electron doses. Consequently, radiation damage is often the limiting factor when characterizing sensitive materials. Here, we demonstrate a simple and an effective method to increase the electron radiation tolerance of materials by using graphene as protective coating. This leads to an improvement of three orders of magnitude in the radiation tolerance of monolayer MoS{sub 2}. Further on, we construct samples in different heterostructure configurations to separate the contributions of different radiation damage mechanisms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Compositional analysis of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures using quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy

We demonstrate a method for compositional mapping of Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1–x}As heterostructures with high accuracy and unit cell spatial resolution using quantitative high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The method is low dose relative to spectroscopic methods and insensitive to the effective source size and higher order lens aberrations. We apply the method to study the spatial variation in Al concentration in cross-sectioned GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowires and quantify the concentration in the Al-rich radial band and the AlGaAs shell segments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

The effect of strain induced by Ag underlayer on saturation magnetization of partially ordered Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} thin films

Partially ordered Fe-N thin films were grown by a facing target sputtering process on the surface of a (001) Ag underlayer on MgO substrates. It was confirmed by x-ray diffraction that the Ag layer enlarged the in-plane lattice of the Fe-N thin films. Domains of the ordered α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} phase within an epitaxial (001) α′-Fe{sub x}N phase were identified by electron diffraction and high-resolution aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods. STEM dark-field and bright-field images showed the fully ordered structure of the α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} at the atomic column level. High saturation magnetization(Ms) of 1890 emu/cc was obtained for α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} on the Ag underlayer, while only 1500 emu/cc was measured for Fe-N on the Fe underlayer. The results are likely due to a tensile strain induced in the α″-Fe{sub 16}N{sub 2} phase by the Ag structure at the interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Multiple species beam production on laser ion source for electron beam ion source in Brookhaven National Laboratory

Extracted ion beams from the test laser ion source (LIS) were transported through a test beam transport line which is almost identical to the actual primary beam transport in the current electron beam ion source apparatus. The tested species were C, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, and Au. The all measured beam currents fulfilled the requirements. However, in the case of light mass ions, the recorded emittance shapes have larger aberrations and the RMS values are higher than 0.06 π mm mrad, which is the design goal. Since we have margin to enhance the beam current, if we then allow some beam losses at the injection point, the number of the single charged ions within the acceptance can be supplied. For heaver ions like Ag, Ta, and Au, the LIS showed very good performance.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗