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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2020

Hierarchical and scalable integration of nanostructures for energy and environmental applications: a review of processing, devices, and economic analyses

Hierarchical nanostructure, an engineered nanostructure with a higher assembly-level of constituents by low dimensional nano-building blocks, has received extensive attentions in the latest advancements in nanomaterial science and nanotechnology development. The ordered hierarchical nanostructures could offer merits such as more active sites, synergistic properties owing to their geometric complexity and building blocks variation, as well as the resultant multi-functional capabilities. In this review, we specifically focus on the integration approaches that may be feasible for large-scale production and manufacturing of engineered nanomaterials for various industrial applications, and the design criteria of hierarchical nanostructures targeted at various sustainable energy and environmental applications. In addition to chemical synthesis and integration methods, the development and application of hierarchical nanostructures are surveyed in energy conversion, generation, storage, utilization, and sensing devices. Meanwhile, a much-needed survey is also touched upon the techno-economic analyses of engineered nanomaterials, proposing the need of establishing various standard protocols on various factors and parameters that could be envisaged as a guide toward the viable transition to the practices in the future nano-industries.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1973

Welding at the Kennedy Space Center.

Brief description of the nature of the mechanical equipment at a space launch complex from a welding viewpoint. including an identification of the major welding applications used in the construction of this complex. The role played by welding in the ground support equipment is noted, including the welded structures and systems required in the vehicle assembly building, the mobile launchers, transporters, mobile service structure, launch pad and launch site, the propellants system, the pneumatics system, and the environmental control system. The welding processes used at the Kennedy Space Center are reviewed, and a particularly detailed account is given of the design and fabrication of the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen storage spheres and piping. Finally, the various methods of testing and inspecting the storage spheres are cited.

Clautice, W. E.↗

NASA NTRS1979

An expanded system simulation model for solar energy storage (technical report), volume 1

The simulation model for wind energy storage (SIMWEST) program now includes wind and/or photovoltaic systems utilizing any combination of five types of storage (pumped hydro, battery, thermal, flywheel and pneumatic) and is available for the UNIVAC 1100 series and the CDC 6000 series computers. The level of detail is consistent with a role of evaluating the economic feasibility as well as the general performance of wind and/or photovoltaic energy systems. The software package consists of two basic programs and a library of system, environmental, and load components. The first program is a precompiler which generates computer models (in FORTRAN) of complex wind and/or photovoltaic source/storage/application systems, from user specifications using the respective library components. The second program provides the techno-economic system analysis with the respective I/0, the integration of system dynamics, and the iteration for conveyance of variables.

Warren, A. W.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Data Management Systems (DMS): Complex data types study. Volume 1: Appendices A-B. Volume 2: Appendices C1-C5. Volume 3: Appendices D1-D3 and E

Two categories were chosen for study: the issue of using a preprocessor on Ada code of Application Programs which would interface with the Run-Time Object Data Base Standard Services (RODB STSV), the intent was to catch and correct any mis-registration errors of the program coder between the user declared Objects, their types, their addresses, and the corresponding RODB definitions; and RODB STSV Performance Issues and Identification of Problems with the planned methods for accessing Primitive Object Attributes, this included the study of an alternate storage scheme to the 'store objects by attribute' scheme in the current design of the RODB. The study resulted in essentially three separate documents, an interpretation of the system requirements, an assessment of the preliminary design, and a detailing of the components of a detailed design.

Leibfried, T. F., Jr.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Sim-Situ: A Framework for the Faithful Simulation of in situ Processing

The amount of data generated by numerical simulations in various scientific domains led to a fundamental redesign of how the analysis and visualization of simulation outputs are performed. The throughput and capacity of storage subsystems have not evolved as fast as the computing power in extreme-scale supercomputers, making the classical post-hoc approach highly inefficient. In situ processing has then emerged as a solution in which simulation and data analysis/visualization are intertwined for better performance and greater interactivity.Determining the best allocation, i.e., how many resources to allocate to simulation and analysis respectively, mapping, i.e., where and at which frequency to run the analysis/visualization, and data transfer mode is a complex task whose performance assessment is crucial to the efficient execution of in situ processing. However, such a performance evaluation of different strategies usually relies either on directly running them on the targeted execution environments, which can rapidly become extremely time- and resource-consuming, or on resorting to simplified models of the components of an in situ application, which can lack of realism. In both cases, the validity of the performance evaluation is limited.In this paper, we present Sim-Situ, a simulation-based framework for the faithful performance evaluation of in situ processing strategies. We designed Sim-Situ to reflect the typical features of in situ processing systems. Thanks to its modular design, Sim-situ has the necessary flexibility to easily and faithfully evaluate the behavior and performance of various allocation, mapping, and data transfer strategies. We illustrate the simulation capabilities of Sim-Situ on a Molecular Dynamics use case. We study the impact of different strategies on performance and show how users can leverage Sim-Situ to determine interesting tradeoffs when adding analysis/visualization components to their application.

Honoré, Valentin↗

DOE OSTI2024

MLEC-Sim: A Simulator for Evaluating Multi-Level Erasure Coding

We present MLEC-Sim, a sophisticated simulator for Multi-Level Erasure Coding (MLEC), developed in approximately 13 KLOC. The simulator is engineered to analyze the impact of various system configurations and erasure coding policies on system durability and network overhead. It supports a comprehensive range of parameters including disk capacity, disk I/O bandwidth, failure rates, network bandwidth, and system scale, accommodating various erasure coding approaches such as Single-Level Erasure Coding (SLEC), Multi-Level Erasure Coding (MLEC), and Local Reconstruction Codes (LRC). MLEC-Sim provides support for multiple chunk placement policies, including clustered parity and declustered parity, and encompasses a variety of repair methods like Repair-ALL, Repair-FCO, Repair-HYB, and Repair-MIN. It is capable of simulating disk failures through a variety of means, including distribution-based or trace-based mechanisms, and can handle complex multi-level (de)clustered placements and repair processes. A key feature of MLEC-Sim is its adoption of the splitting simulation method for evaluating system durabilities at extremely high levels, which are challenging to assess with traditional simulation approaches. This feature allows for a detailed evaluation of system resilience under a range of conditions, aiding in the selection of appropriate erasure coding solutions for enhancing system durability. MLEC-Sim contributes to the field of data storage and reliability by providing a tool for the detailed evaluation of the durability and efficiency of erasure coding configurations, intended for use by researchers and practitioners in the design and optimization of storage systems.

Wang, Meng↗

DOE OSTI2022

Cloud-Control of Legacy Building Automation System: A case study

As Internet of Things devices and cloud-based platforms become more mature, Energy Management and Information Systems (EMIS) are increasingly gaining momentum in the building industry. In large commercial buildings, Fault-Detection and Diagnostic (FDD) and energy information systems (EIS) are now established technologies with tens of providers and thousands of deployment sites across North America. The new frontier for the EMIS technology is now represented by control systems that use advanced system optimization (ASO) methods to improve the operations of the HVAC system. Given the complexity of the integration of such systems with the existing building automation systems (BAS) and the higher risk involved with direct control of the HVAC, these systems are still emerging in the market. This paper presents the results of a project in which a start-up company partnered with a research institution to develop a cloud-based software EMIS solution and deployed it in a university campus in California. The software system included advanced sensing, data acquisition, storage and advanced control and analytics applications developed on top of the native BAS. The new platform controls ten buildings on the campus and the FDD and the ASO applications deployed on this platform were able to generate energy savings of up to 35% and 25% in certain buildings for each functionality respectively. Where the platform did not save energy, it improved building service (air quality). Lessons learned include the importance of collaborating with and training the building operators and evaluating whether the legacy system can work reliably with the new technology.

Prakash, Anand Krishnan↗

NASA NTRS2011

US Clean Energy Sector and the Opportunity for Modeling and Simulation

The following paper sets forth the current understanding of the US clean energy demand and opportunity. As clean energy systems come online and technology is developed, modeling and simulation of these complex energy programs provides an untapped business opportunity. The US Department of Defense provides a great venue for developing new technology in the energy sector because it is demanding lower fuel costs, more energy efficiencies in its buildings and bases, and overall improvements in its carbon footprint. These issues coupled with the security issues faced by foreign dependence on oil will soon bring more clean energy innovations to the forefront (lighter batteries for soldiers, alternative fuel for jets, energy storage systems for ships, etc).

Inge, Carole Cameron↗

DOE OSTI2022

Use of Systems Engineering in Repurposing Coal-Fired Power Plants with Malta Pumped Thermal Energy Storage System

he electric sector across North America is facing a transition. Both economics and policy decisions have pointed towards a broad retirement of fossil assets across markets. Owners are facing the problem of how to evolve the base of the electric sector from fossil asset to greener alternative. Coal-fired power plants built the modern electricity grid. Their rotating machinery are the beating heart of the grid, providing essential resiliency and reliability services. Power plant retirements are disruptive to plant workforces and cause outsized impacts on surrounding communities. The transition from thermal power plants that use rotating machinery to generate electricity (e.g., coal- and gas-fired plants) to variable, inverter-based generation (e.g., solar and wind) is affecting the reliability of the electric grid. Grid operators and national regulators have issued warnings about known and anticipated risk. In 2021, Malta Inc. was awarded a Department of Energy (DOE) grant to study how to integrate a Malta 100MW Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES) system with a retiring coal-fired power plant to meet emissions requirements, retain plant workforces, preserve communities, and maintain grid reliability. This presentation provides a summary of this study, focusing on how systems engineering approach was used to arrive at a proposed design concept that met multiple objectives and requirements. There will be three main parts for this presentation. The first part of the presentation will focus on how different systems engineering was applied for this work. In particular, the following areas: stakeholder engagement, site selection process, developing requirements and use cases for the integrated system, defining the system and its boundary, coming up with different system architecture/option, performing a techno-economic analysis to compare the different options and down selection of the preferred option, will be discusses. For these areas, discussion on the decisions on how much breadth and depth to go into each area will be provided. These discussions provide good insights into how to apply systems engineering. The second part of the presentation will provide a deeper dive into the two recommended integration options that repurpose coal-fired power plants with Malta PHES system. The comparison of the two options and general guidance of how to choose an option will be provided. This is particularly useful for utilities who are facing coal-plant retirements. The two options will be compared based on its performance (such as power output, efficiency), complexity, and cost. The social impact on local communities of the two options will also be discussed. The final part of the presentation will discuss the impact that this work has had, including Malta Inc. being invited to the White House to discuss progress and outcomes of this work with the Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization. In summary, this presentation aims to provide a showcase of how sy

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Interplay of intercalation dynamics and lithium plating in monolithic and architectured graphite anodes during fast charging

Fast charging of high-capacity anodes is challenging due to lithium plating reactions, which lead to poor cycling performance and safety concerns. Thus, accurate predictions of plating onset and an understanding of this electrochemical process are crucial for robust battery design. However, the most commonly used models, based on porous electrode theory (e.g., the pseudo-2D model), are notoriously difficult to calibrate due to their complexity, limiting their predictive power. This work studies the process of lithium plating during fast charging of (small-particle) graphite half-cells by measuring local reaction progression and plating behavior using optical operando techniques. These experiments employ a realistic 1D graphite electrode geometry with commercially-relevant mass loading charged at fast charge rates. It is demonstrated that the local reaction progression and plating onset can not only be predicted accurately with a p2D numerical model, but that these processes follow a simple scaling law. Remarkably, the entire reaction histories of different electrodes charged at different rates (e.g., 160 μm thickness at 0.5C, 111 μm at 1C or 66 μm at 4C) were observed to have self-similar intercalation profiles. It is demonstrated that plating onset is in turn governed by the reaction profile which explains why both processes exhibit the same scaling behavior. Finally, operando measurements of local reaction dynamics are conducted for the first time in electrodes with channeled architectures, quantitatively determining how channels affect reaction uniformity and plating onset. Together, these results reveal underlying simplicity in the complex electrochemical environment of fast charging and lithium plating, improving understanding of this process. These fundamental insights are broadly applicable for design processes, modeling and experimental evaluation of lithium ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Deployment of neural-network-based neutron microscopic cross sections in the Griffin reactor physics application

The capability to utilize neural networks to predict macroscopic and microscopic cross section parametric spaces has been developed for the Griffin reactor physics application. The LibTorch interface enables Griffin's MOOSE-based materials to interact with LibTorch-trained models, allowing for the evaluation of complex macroscopic or microscopic cross section spaces, which are then used to evaluate the neutronic properties of the Griffin finite element model. This study benchmarks traditional ISOXML-formatted tabulation libraries against neural network-based models for 279 nuclides on 20,160 grid points for zero-dimensional and two-dimensional reactor models. Benchmark metrics include the fundamental mode eigenvalue, fission and absorption rates, and various temperature coefficients of reactivity (isothermal, fuel, and moderator). From the perspective of storage space, the complete set of LibTorch models uses 11 MB on disk, compared to the 10 GB for the ISOXML multigroup library that covers the same grid space. For the two-dimensional performance case considered in Griffin, the Torch model uses 97% less RAM than the reference ISOXML dataset while runtime increases by a factor of 3 when using the LibTorch model compared to the ISOXML dataset with multi-linear interpolation. The LibTorch model consistently yields errors within 0.01% for most analyzed quantities except for the temperature coefficients of reactivity where the maximum discrepancies are up to 0.3 $\frac{pcm}{K}$. Due to the neural network attempting to best predict quantities with no regard for a positive or negative bias for any given quantity, predictions may experience random fluctuations, resulting in both positive and negative errors. Future work will entail both depletion and coupled transient analysis to determine the predictive capabilities of Griffin with neural network-based cross sections.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Three-Dimensional Grid Visualization for Planning Activities: A Dubai Case Study

National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), in collaboration with the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) and Infra-X, has undertaken the Energy Visualization Analysis Project. The aim of this project is to enhance analytical and 3D visualization capabilities for distribution network planning and renewable energy integration. As modern grid continues to evolve with large-scale solar PV deployment and emerging distributed energy resources (DERs), the ability to effectively analyze, visualize, and communicate complex grid behaviors has become increasingly critical. The project focuses on developing empirical use cases based on real distribution feeder data and engineering workflows, ensuring the outcomes are directly aligned with operational environment. Through time-series power flow simulations and nodal hosting capacity analysis, the study quantifies the impacts of high PV penetration on voltage and thermal limits within representative 11 kV feeders. These analyses identify specific nodes and conditions where DER integration challenges arise. Furthermore, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) optimization algorithm was applied to determine the optimal size and placement of storage systems that can mitigate network constraints and enhance hosting capacity. The comparative results between base-case and BESS-augmented scenarios clearly demonstrate improvements in network stability and load management efficiency. In parallel, the NLR team developed an immersive 3D visualization framework, enabling interactive exploration of grid simulations using commodity head-mounted display (HMD) systems. This framework transforms conventional 2D simulation data into spatially intuitive visual environments - allowing engineers to analyze feeder conditions, PV hosting potential, and BESS effects in real time. This report represents the first foundational phase in establishing a visualization-driven analytical ecosystem. It provides a methodological foundation for data integration, visualization architecture, and simulation-based decision support, paving the way for large-scale adoption of immersive visualization across DEWA's Smart Grid Initiative, R&D activities, and future network resilience studies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

NASA NTRS1999

Microgravity Two-Phase Flow Transition

Two-phase flows under microgravity condition find a large number of important applications in fluid handling and storage, and spacecraft thermal management. Specifically, under microgravity condition heat transfer between heat exchanger surfaces and fluids depend critically on the distribution and interaction between different fluid phases which are often qualitatively different from the gravity-based systems. Heat transfer and flow analysis in two-phase flows under these conditions require a clear understanding of the flow pattern transition and development of appropriate dimensionless scales for its modeling and prediction. The physics of this flow is however very complex and remains poorly understood. This has led to various inadequacies in flow and heat transfer modeling and has made prediction of flow transition difficult in engineering design of efficient thermal and flow systems. In the present study the available published data for flow transition under microgravity condition are considered for mapping. The transition from slug to annular flow and from bubbly to slug flow are mapped using dimensionless variable combination developed in a previous study by the authors. The result indicate that the new maps describe the flow transitions reasonably well over the range of the data available. The transition maps are examined and the results are discussed in relation to the presumed balance of forces and flow dynamics. It is suggested that further evaluation of the proposed flow and transition mapping will require a wider range of microgravity data expected to be made available in future studies.

Parang, M.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Anion Association Strength as a Unifying Descriptor for the Reversibility of Divalent Metal Deposition in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Developing next-generation battery chemistries that move beyond traditional Li-ion systems is critical to enabling transformative advances in electrified transportation and grid-level energy storage. Here, we provide the first evidence for common descriptors for improved reversibility of metal plating/stripping in nonaqueous electrolytes for multivalent ion batteries. Focusing first on the specific role of chloride (Cl – ) in promoting electrochemical reversibility in multivalent systems, rotating disk (RDE) and ring-disk electrode (RRDE) investigations were performed utilizing a variety of divalent cations (Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Cu 2+ ) and the bis-(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (TFSI – ) anion. By introducing varying concentrations of Cl – , a cooperative effect is observed between TFSI – and Cl – that yields the more reversible behavior of mixed electrolytes relative to electrolytes containing only TFSI – . This effect is shown to be general for Mg, Zn, and Cu electrodeposition, and mechanistic understanding of the role of Cl – in improving reversibility of TFSI-based electrolytes is obtained through the combination of R(R)DE experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) evaluation of the redox activity and thermodynamic stability of various TFSI- and Cl-based solution complexes of metal ions. The cooperative anion effect is further generalized to other mixed-anion systems, where systematic variations in anion association strength predicted from DFT (i.e., Cl – > OTf – ≈ TFSI – > BF 4 – > PF 6 – ) yield corresponding trends in redox potentials and improvements of ≥200 mV in the reversibility of metal deposition/dissolution. These results identify anion association strength as a common descriptor for the reversibility of divalent metal anodes and suggest a set of general design principles for developing new electrolytes with improved activity and stability.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Dynamic Wind Loading on CSP Collectors Caused by Turbulent Wind Fluctuations: Insights from a 2-Year Field Campaign

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a promising solar technology for electricity generation with thermal energy storage and with the additional benefit of industrial heat production. Wind loading on CSP collector structures, such as parabolic troughs or heliostats, is one of the primary drivers of their structural design costs. In particular, dynamic wind loading is a major source of uncertainty in the collector design process, which heavily relies on wind tunnel testing. In the field, the turbulent nature of the incoming wind creates fluctuating loads (support structure loads and resulting mirror deflections) on the collectors, with impacts on fatigue lifetime and optical performance. As is well known, wind tunnel tests cannot entirely reproduce the complex turbulent wind conditions typically observed at full-scale plants. To shed light on this topic, NREL initiated a field campaign at the operational Nevada Solar One (NSO) powerplant that uses parabolic troughs as solar collectors. The aim of the project is a detailed characterization of prevailing wind and turbulence conditions and resulting operational loads on parabolic troughs. We use the published 2-year dataset of high-resolution combined wind and structural loads measurements [1] to characterize the dynamic structural wind response. For quantifying dynamic wind loading, we apply the concept of admittance functions, which are spectral transfer functions that couple the turbulent wind to resulting structural loads (aerodynamic admittance), and to the structural response (mechanical admittance). In practice, aerodynamic admittance describes which turbulent eddy sizes are effective in creating structural loads. The mechanical admittance describes in which frequency ranges these loads are reinforced or dampened by the structure. While these functions are an established concept in civil engineering, their recent application to a single full-scale heliostat [2] proved their broader applicability to CSP collectors. Here, we present a characterization of admittance functions for full-scale parabolic trough collectors and show how wind characteristics (mean wind speed and direction, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent length scales), the sun-tracking trough angle, and row position alter the admittance functions. Further, we study to which extent the admittance functions are universal for a specific trough geometry and how our findings compare to reported heliostat results. References [1] https://data.openei.org/submissions/5938. [2] Blume, K., Roger, M., and Pitz-Paal, R. 2023b. "Simplified analytical model to describe wind loads and wind-induced tracking deviations of heliostats." Solar Energy, 256, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.03.055.

admittance functions↗

DOE OSTI2022

Mitigating cerium migration for perfluorosulfonic acid membranes using organic ligands

Improving the electrochemical stability of proton exchange membranes is a pressing priority for heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles. The lifetime of the most widely used perfluorosulfonic acid membranes is limited by reactive free radicals generated inside the system. Cerium has been found to reduce the chemical degradation of the membranes. However, cerium migration during fuel cell operation limits the chemical durability enhancement effect expected from the radical scavenging activity of cerium. Here we investigate a wide range of organic immobilizers for cerium, measuring their suitability concerning cerium retention, radical scavenging activity, and fuel cell performance. Further, we report that partially fluorinated phosphonic acids enhance cerium retention up to 45 times and reduce fluoride emission rate by 38% compared to the commercial Nafion™ XL membrane pre-impregnated with cerium. The energetics of cerium-phosphonic acid complex systems by density functional theory calculations rationalizes effective cerium immobilization.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Nonequilibrium Physics of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media: Wettability and Disorder

Carbon capture and geologic storage, dissociation of methane hydrates in permafrost, enhanced oil recovery, and water dropout in low-temperature fuel cells, all have something in common: two or more fluids flow simultaneously through a porous medium; and the displacement of one fluid by another is often unstable (either due to gravity or viscous forces). Yet, our ability to model multiphase flow in porous media has remained a challenge. The traditional equations are unable to predict, explain, or even reproduce, the formation of the complex patterns observed in experiments. The overarching goal of the project is to develop new physical understanding of the role of wettability and disorder in multiphase flow through permeable media, and to develop new mathematical and computational models at the pore scale and at the continuum scale.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

(ODIN): An Open Source, Low-Latency Data Integration & Visualization Framework for the NASA System Wide Safety Project's Disaster Response Safety Demonstration Series

The Open Data Integration Framework (ODIN) is an open source, low latency data integration and visualization framework (https://github.com/NASARace/race-odin) developed under NASA’s System WideSafety Program to demonstrate new safety capabilities designed to improve US airspace operations. Safety demonstrations are a set of increasingly complex (from public safety perspective) disaster response scenarios under which air systems must operate with increased capacity and include: 1) Wildland fire response, 2) Hurricane relief and recovery, 4) Emergency medical delivery via UAS and 4) Urban disaster relief. To accommodate disaster response, ODIN is field deployable and can scale on one or more multi-core, commodity laptops operating with full to limited or intermittent internet connectivity, conditions likely encountered during operations. ODIN runs as webserver with local, persistent data storage to serve either public or a secured, ad hoc network (e.g., an incident command post). The current released ODIN, ODIN-Fire is tailored for wildland fire management incorporating information on satellite overpasses with links to the near real-time data and imagery from the respective agencies. Included are winds data, an important variable for emergency responders and airspace operations, and high-resolution wind forecasts generated by super-computing resources and ingested into ODIN. As an open-source project, ODIN has attracted interest from multiple entities. We will show how 1) a commercial field instrument and data provider uses ODIN to help users visualize, publish and integrate their in-situ sensor network data and 2) ODIN’s capabilities to ingest, integrate and display near-real time satellite data with air traffic and a USFS winds forecast model used in fire response and post-fire assessment. Within NASA ODIN demonstrated novel, near terminal airspace safety capabilities for a project close-out event and previously it monitored the national airspace in real-time to meet an agency milestone. ODIN is presently under development for the anticipated hurricane relief and response demonstration notionally scheduled for the 2025-27 time frame and is available from NASA's github at the above link.

Aeronautics↗