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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2000

SeaWinds Scatterometer on QuikSCAT Mission and the Emerging Land and Ocean Applications

Spaceborne scatterometers are active microwave radar instruments designed to acquire near-simultaneous, spatially collocated measurements of the normalized radar backscattering cross section (sigma0) of the global surface from several azimuth and/or incidence angles. The primary objective of the scatterometer mission is to measure the near-surface wind speed and direction over the global ocean using sigma0 measurements together with a wind geophysical model function. However, since sigma0 measurements are collected globally all the time, sigma0 data can also be used for global land and ice applications. In this paper, we will first present the objectives of the QSCAT mission, the instrument design, and the unique features of the Ku-band scatterometer currently in operation, called SeaWinds on QuikSCAT (QSCAT). We will then present some emerging land and ocean applications of the QSCAT data, which include (1) global snow detection and monitoring, (2) melt region mapping on the Greenland ice sheet, (3) Monsoon flood detection and monitoring, (4) soil wetness application at large scale, and (5) hurricane monitoring and tracking.

Tsai, W.-Y.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Observations of Arctic environmental change

This overview paper presents recent observations of anomalous change in Arctic environment using satellite scatterometer data together with in-situ and field measurements over land, snow, sea ice, and Greenland ice sheet.

snow↗
NASA NTRS2024

Quantifying Volumetric Scattering Bias in ICESat-2 and Operation IceBridge Altimetry Over Greenland Firn and Aged Snow

The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission has collected surface elevation measurements for over 5 years. ICESat-2 carries an instrument that emits laser light at 532 nm, and ice and snow absorb weakly at this wavelength. Previous modeling studies found that melting snow could induce significant bias to altimetry signals, but there is no formal assessment on ICESat-2 acquisitions during the melting season. We performed two case studies over the Greenland Ice Sheet to quantify bias in ICESat-2 signals over snow: one to validate Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) data against Next Generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) grain sizes, and a second to estimate ICESat-2 bias relative to ATM. We used snow optical grain sizes derived from ATM and AVIRIS-NG to attribute altimetry bias to snowpack properties. For the first case study, the mean and standard deviation of optical grain sizes were 340 ± 65 µm (AVIRIS-NG) and 670 ± 420 µm (ATM). A mean altimetry bias of 4.81 ± 1.76 cm was found for ATM, with larger biases linked to increases in grain size. In the second case study, we found a mean grain size of 910 ± 381 µm and biases of 6.42 ± 1.77 cm (ICESat-2) and 9.82 ± 0.97 cm (ATM). The grain sizes and densities needed to recreate biases with a model are uncommon in nature, so we propose that additional surface attributes must be considered to characterize ICESat-2 bias over snow. The altimetry biases are within the accuracy requirements of the ICESat-2 mission, but we cannot rule out more significant errors over coarse-grained snow.

Zachary Fair↗
DOE OSTI2011

New Limits on the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Neutrino Flux from the ANITA Experiment

We report initial results of the first flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA-1) 2006-2007 Long Duration Balloon flight, which searched for evidence of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos above energies of E{sub v} = 3 x 10{sup 18} eV. ANITA-1 flew for 35 days looking for radio impulses due to the Askaryan effect in neutrino-induced electromagnetic showers within the Antarctic ice sheets. We report here on our initial analysis, which was performed as a blind search of the data. No neutrino candidates are seen, with no detected physics background. We set model-independent limits based on this result. Upper limits derived from our analysis rule out the highest cosmogenic neutrino models. In a background horizontal-polarization channel, we also detect six events consistent with radio impulses from ultrahigh energy extensive air showers.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Inspection Technologies for Waste Containers at Canadian Nuclear Laboratories - 19429

To provide data for aging management programs, containers for different forms of nuclear waste, ranging from low-level waste to irradiated nuclear fuel, should be inspected. At Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, visual, ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and hybrid forms of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) are used for in situ inspection of carbon steel containers having various configurations, access issues, and material thickness. NDE applications tailored to the requirements of the task provide data for condition monitoring and operational assessments. The examples of fuel baskets stacked in concrete canisters and sheet metal containers arrayed in warehouses are illustrated here. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

The cementitious barriers partnership experimental programs and software advancing DOE's waste disposal/tank closure efforts - 15436

The U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Management (DOE-EM) Office of Tank Waste Management sponsored Cementitious Barriers Partnership (CBP) is chartered with providing the technical basis for implementing cement-based waste forms and radioactive waste containment structures for long-term disposal. DOE needs in this area include the following to support progress in final treatment and disposal of legacy waste and closure of High-Level Waste (HLW) tanks in the DOE complex: - Long-term performance predictions and - Flow sheet development and flow sheet enhancements - Conceptual designs for new disposal facilities The DOE-EM Cementitious Barriers Partnership is producing software and experimental programs resulting in new methods and data needed for end-users involved with environmental cleanup and waste disposal. Both the modeling tools and the experimental data have already benefited the DOE sites in the areas of performance assessments by increasing confidence backed up with modeling support, leaching methods, and transport properties developed for actual DOE materials. In 2014, the CBP Partnership released the CBP Software Toolbox - 'Version 2.0' which provides concrete degradation models for: 1) sulfate attack, 2) carbonation, 3) chloride initiated rebar corrosion, and includes constituent leaching. These models are applicable and can be used by both DOE and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for service life and long-term performance evaluations and predictions of nuclear and radioactive waste containment structures across the DOE complex (Figure 1) including Future SRS salt-stone and HLW tank performance assessments and special analyses - Hanford site HLW tank closure projects and other projects in which cementitious barriers are required - The Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management (ASCEM) project which requires source terms from cementitious containment structures as input to their flow simulations - Regulatory reviews of DOE performance assessments - Nuclear Regulatory Commission reviews of commercial nuclear power plant (NPP) structures which are part of the overall US Energy Security program to extend the service life of NPPs In addition, the CBP experimental programs have had a significant impact on the DOE complex by providing specific data unique to DOE sodium salt wastes at Hanford and SRS which are not readily available in the literature. Two recent experimental programs on cementitious phase characterization and on technetium (Tc) mobility have provided significant conclusions as summarized below: Recent mineralogy characterization discussed in this paper illustrates that sodium salt waste form matrices are somewhat similar to but not the same as those found in blended cement matrices which to date have been used in long-term thermodynamic modeling and contaminant sequestration as a first approximation. Utilizing the CBP generated data in long-term performance predictions provides for a more defensible technical basis in performance evaluations. - In addition, recent experimental studies related to technetium mobility indicate that conventional leaching protocols may not be conservative for direct disposal of Tc- containing waste forms in vadose zone environments. These results have the potential to influence the current Hanford supplemental waste treatment flow sheet and disposal conceptual design. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1990

The heliospheric current sheet and modulation of Galactic cosmic rays

The posssible effect of the heliospheric current sheet on the modulation of cosmic rays is examined by examining the number and the nature of coronal mass ejections on the basis of data collected on an abrupt onset of cosmic ray modulation observed in May 1987 on earth and in September 1987 by Pioneer 10 and 11 and in a previous study of modulation for the years 1976-1986. The measure used to examine the gradient-drift theory (according to which modulation is associated with solar cycle changes in the current sheet) is the value of the difference in the maximum latitudinal extents for the current sheet in the northern and the southern solar hemispheres. These were obtained from contours of the current sheet produced by extrapolating photospheric magnetic field measurements to a solar wind source surface. The observations are found to be consistent with the predictions of the gradient drift model.

Smith, Edward J.↗
DOE OSTI2013

DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMOIDS IN POST-CORONAL MASS EJECTION CURRENT SHEETS

Recently, the fragmentation of a current sheet in the high-Lundquist-number regime caused by the plasmoid instability has been proposed as a possible mechanism for fast reconnection. In this work, we investigate this scenario by comparing the distribution of plasmoids obtained from Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) observational data of a coronal mass ejection event with a resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a similar event. The LASCO/C2 data are analyzed using visual inspection, whereas the numerical data are analyzed using both visual inspection and a more precise topological method. Contrasting the observational data with numerical data analyzed with both methods, we identify a major limitation of the visual inspection method, due to the difficulty in resolving smaller plasmoids. This result raises questions about reports of log-normal distributions of plasmoids and other coherent features in the recent literature. Based on nonlinear scaling relations of the plasmoid instability, we infer a lower bound on the current sheet width, assuming the underlying mechanism of current sheet broadening is resistive diffusion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2011

Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and Fungal Disease Emergence and Spread

Empirical evidence from multiple sources show the Earth has been warming since the late 19th century. More recently, evidence for this warming trend is strongly supported by satellite data since the late 1970s from the cryosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and land that confirms increasing temperature trends and their consequences (e.g., reduced Arctic sea ice, rising sea level, ice sheet mass loss, etc.). At the same time, satellite observations of the Sun show remarkably stable solar cycles since the late 1970s, when direct observations of the Sun's total solar irradiance began. Numerical simulation models, driven in part by assimilated satellite data, suggest that future-warming trends will lead to not only a warmer planet, but also a wetter and drier climate depending upon location in a fashion consistent with large-scale atmospheric processes. Continued global warming poses new opportunities for the emergence and spread of fungal disease, as climate systems change at regional and global scales, and as animal and plant species move into new niches. Our contribution to this proceedings is organized thus: First, we review empirical evidence for a warming Earth. Second, we show the Sun is not responsible for the observed warming. Third, we review numerical simulation modeling results that project these trends into the future, describing the projected abiotic environment of our planet in the next 40 to 50 years. Fourth, we illustrate how Rift Valley fever outbreaks have been linked to climate, enabling a better understanding of the dynamics of these diseases, and how this has led to the development of an operational predictive outbreak model for this disease in Africa. Fifth, We project how this experience may be applicable to predicting outbreaks of fungal pathogens in a warming world. Lastly, we describe an example of changing species ranges due to climate change, resulting from recent warming in the Andes and associated glacier melt that has enabled amphibians to colonize higher elevation lakes, only to be followed shortly by the emergence of fungal disease in the new habitats.

Tucker, Compton J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Imaging the effect of dipole tilt on magetotail boundaries

Eight years of Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) 8, four years of International Sun Earth Explorer (ISEE) 2, and one year of IMP 7 magnetometer data have been combined to produce an 'image' of the average magnetic field for a YZ cross section (aberrated GSM) of the magnetotail at a downtail distance of 25 R(sub E). The shape of the neutral sheet and magnetopause boundaries can be observed directly from the images. A fitting function that qualitatively matches the observed boundary shape can then be chosen. This approach improves on previous fits to possible unsuitable functional forms specified independently of the data. In addition, as a refinement of previous studies, we have corrected for varying solar wind dynamic pressure and the effects of tail flaring. We find the magnetopause is displaced above the XY plane with increasing dipole tilt. The neutral sheet is found to curve slightly more than the model of Fairlfield (1980) during times of large dipole tilt and near the flanks appears to differ substantially from the neutral sheet shape given by the analytic model of Voigt (1984), the more recent neutral sheet model of Dandouras (1988) based on the Voigt model, and the semi-empirical model of Tsyganenko (1989).

Hammond, C. Max↗
NASA NTRS2017

Spacecraft and Instrument Photoelectrons Measured by the Dual Electron Spectrometers on MMS

Secondary electrons are continuously generated via photoemission from sunlit spacecraft and instrument surfaces. These particles can subsequently contaminate low-energy channels of electron sensors. Spacecraft photoelectrons are measured at energies below that of a positive spacecraft potential and can be removed at the expense of energy resolution. However, fluxes of photoelectrons generated inside electron instruments are independent of spacecraft potential and must be fully characterized in order to correct electron data. Here we present observations of spacecraft and instrument photoelectron populations measured with the Dual Electron Spectrometers (DES) on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We leverage observations from Earth's nightside plasma sheet taken during MMS commissioning and develop an empirical model of instrument photoelectrons. This model is used with DES velocity distribution functions to correct plasma moments and has been made publicly available on the MMS science data center for use by the scientific community.

photoelectrons↗
NASA NTRS2001

Seismoball: A Small Europa Orbiter Drop-Off Probe for Early Exploration of the Europan Surface

Recent magnetometry data received from Galileo indicate that the most likely explanation for the magnetic signature there is indeed a global conducting layer below the surface. This conducting layer is well matched by a salty, mineral rich strata beneath the Europan ice crust or a salt water ocean. Galileo imaging results show a variety of terrain types thought to contain young material; for example, lineaments, chaotic terrain, and eruption features. Additionally, Galileo images have shown indications of areas of up-welling where subsurface material periodically gets pushed to the surface due to the forces of fracturing, butting, and refreezing of the ice sheet. While Europa Orbiter will provide close-flyby high resolution images, as well as magnetometry, spectroscopy and other remote sensing data of the surface, it will not be able to provide essential engineering data like surface hardness and surface ice structure needed to support eventual landed missions. Additionally, ice chemical composition at microscopic scales can only be studied in detail through in situ instrumentation. Seismoball is a small probe designed to be injected into a surface intersect orbit around Europa. Using small reverse thrusters, the probe will be capable of nulling the high horizontal injection velocity as it approaches the 2 km surface injection altitude, thus allowing it to fall to the surface at an impact velocity of < 100m/sec (much less than the DS-2 impact velocities). The external breakaway thruster structure and crushable exterior shell absorb the impact energy while allowing the science instrument suite to remain intact. JPL has already started analyzing the entry dynamics and designing/building a small, low mass probe which will withstand the impact g-forces and fit as a 'carry-on' on board the Europa Orbiter. The probe will carry a suite of 5-6 micro-instruments for imaging the surface (both microscopic and far-field), surface and shallow subsurface ice temperatures, surface hardness, crustal dynamics and periodicity, and compositional chemistry. If selected, this flight development activity will provide a unique science opportunity and adjunct to the primary Orbiter science mission. The final flight system will be designed to accommodate orbiter mass, volume, and power interface constraints, as well as entry dynamics, g-load mitigation, and arbitrary landing orientation.

Tamppari, L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuH3C2NO4 by Materials Project

CuC2NH3O4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two CuC2NH3O4 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cu2+ is bonded to one N3- and five O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CuNO5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 57°. The Cu–N bond length is 1.99 Å. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.58 Å. There are two inequivalent C3+ sites. In the first C3+ site, C3+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both C–O bond lengths are 1.27 Å. In the second C3+ site, C3+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.26 Å) and one longer (1.28 Å) C–O bond length. N3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Cu2+ and three H1+ atoms. There is two shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. There are three inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Cu2+ and one C3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Cu2+ and one C3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Cu2+ and one C3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cu2+ and one C3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K2TeOF4 by Materials Project

K2TeOF4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two K2TeOF4 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to one O2- and four equivalent F1- atoms to form distorted KOF4 square pyramids that share corners with five equivalent TeOF4 square pyramids and faces with four equivalent KO4F8 cuboctahedra. The K–O bond length is 2.71 Å. All K–F bond lengths are 2.61 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- and eight equivalent F1- atoms to form distorted KO4F8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent KO4F8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent KO4F8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent KOF4 square pyramids, and faces with four equivalent TeOF4 square pyramids. There are two shorter (3.22 Å) and two longer (3.37 Å) K–O bond lengths. There are four shorter (2.99 Å) and four longer (3.12 Å) K–F bond lengths. Te4+ is bonded to one O2- and four equivalent F1- atoms to form TeOF4 square pyramids that share corners with five equivalent KOF4 square pyramids and faces with four equivalent KO4F8 cuboctahedra. The Te–O bond length is 1.82 Å. All Te–F bond lengths are 2.10 Å. O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to five K1+ and one Te4+ atom. F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Te4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Nd2Te5 by Materials Project

Nd2Te5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Nd2Te5 sheets oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Nd2+ sites. In the first Nd2+ site, Nd2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Te+0.80- atoms. There are five shorter (3.26 Å) and four longer (3.39 Å) Nd–Te bond lengths. In the second Nd2+ site, Nd2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Te+0.80- atoms. There are a spread of Nd–Te bond distances ranging from 3.29–3.37 Å. There are four inequivalent Te+0.80- sites. In the first Te+0.80- site, Te+0.80- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Nd2+ atoms. In the second Te+0.80- site, Te+0.80- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Nd2+ atoms. In the third Te+0.80- site, Te+0.80- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Nd2+ and four equivalent Te+0.80- atoms. All Te–Te bond lengths are 3.14 Å. In the fourth Te+0.80- site, Te+0.80- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Nd2+ and four equivalent Te+0.80- atoms. All Te–Te bond lengths are 3.14 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Hf2Pd by Materials Project

Hf2Pd crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two Hf2Pd sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Hf is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pd atoms. All Hf–Pd bond lengths are 2.89 Å. Pd is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Hf atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LuPb2 by Materials Project

LuPb2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two LuPb2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Lu is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Pb atoms. All Lu–Pb bond lengths are 3.30 Å. Pb is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Lu atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on NbTe2 by Materials Project

NbTe2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one NbTe2 sheet oriented in the (2, 0, -1) direction. there are two inequivalent Nb4+ sites. In the first Nb4+ site, Nb4+ is bonded to six Te2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing NbTe6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.85 Å) and two longer (2.92 Å) Nb–Te bond lengths. In the second Nb4+ site, Nb4+ is bonded to six Te2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing NbTe6 octahedra. There are a spread of Nb–Te bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.94 Å. There are three inequivalent Te2- sites. In the first Te2- site, Te2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Nb4+ atoms. In the second Te2- site, Te2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Nb4+ atoms. In the third Te2- site, Te2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Nb4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗