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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,279 records · Page 71
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Results of the study of the vestibular apparatus and the functions of the perception of space in cosmonauts (pre- and post-flight observations)

The effect of the set of space flight factors caused a change in the activity of the vestibular apparatus and the spatial perception function. More significant and longer shifts were observed during expeditions of great duration. The detected disorders (increase in reactivity of the otolithic apparatus, decrease in sensitivity of the cupula receptor, deterioration in the perception accuracy, etc.) had a definite tendency to be restored. The primary damage to the otolithic reflex (changes were found in practically all the subjects) is probably caused by the specific effect of zero gravitation, and apparently, may be one of the trigger mechanisms for discrepancy in the activity of the sensory systems, disorders in the correcting function of the cerebellum, and central vestibular formations.

Yakovleva, I. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Corrosion of 310 stainless steel in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures: Studies at constant temperature and fixed oxygen potential

Corrosion of SAE 310 stainless steel in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures was studied at a constant temperature of 1150 K. Reactive gas mixtures were chosen to yield a constant oxygen potential of approximately 6 x 10 to the minus 13th power/cu Nm and sulfur potentials ranging from 0.19 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm to 33 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm. The kinetics of corrosion were determined using a thermobalance, and the scales were analyzed using metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Two corrosion regimes, which were dependent on sulfur potential, were identified. At high sulfur potentials (p sub S sub 2 less than or equal to 2.7 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm) the corrosion rates were high, the kinetics obeyed a linear rate equation, and the scales consisted mainly of sulfide phases similar to those observed from pure sulfication. At low sulfur potentials (P sub S sub 2 less than or equal to 0.19 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm) the corrosion rates were low, the kinetics obeyed a parabolic rate equation, and scales consisted mainly of oxide phases.

Rao, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Chemistry of peroxide compounds

The history of Soviet research from 1866 to 1967 on peroxide compounds is reviewed. This research dealt mainly with peroxide kinetics, reactivity and characteristics, peroxide production processes, and more recently with superoxides and ozonides and emphasis on the higher oxides of group 1 and 2 elements. Solid state fluidized bed synthesis and production of high purity products based on the relative solubilities of the initial, intermediate, and final compounds and elements in liquid ammonia are discussed.

Volnov, I. I.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Coal pump development phase 3

Techniques for achieving continuous coal sprays were studied. Coazial injection with gas and pressure atomization were studied. Coal particles, upon cooling, were found to be porous and fragile. Reactivity tests on the extruded coal showed overall conversion to gases and liquids unchanged from that of the raw coal. The potentials for applications of the coal pump to eight coal conversion processes were examined.

Kushida, R. O.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Tackifier for addition polyimides containing monoethylphthalate

An improvement of addition polyimides wherein an essentially solventless, high viscosity laminating resin is synthesized from low cost liquid monomers is disclosed. The improved process takes advantage of a reactive, liquid plasticizer such as monoethylphthalate (MEP) which is used in lieu of an alcohol solvent, and helps solve a major problem of maintaining good prepreg tack and drape, or the ability of the prepreg to adhere to adjacent plies and conform to a desired shape during the layup process. This improvement results in both longer life of the polymer prepreg and the processing of low void laminate and appears to be applicable to all addition polyimide systems.

St.clair, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Study of the effects of gaseous environmental on the hot corrosion of superalloy materials

Studies have been conducted to examine the effect of low concentrations of NaCl(g) on the high temperature oxidation behavior of complex superalloys and potential coating formulations modified by silicon and reactive element (i.e., yttrium and hafnium) additions. Depending on alloy composition, a variety of effects were thermogravimetrically produced. Aluminum free alloys such as MAR-M509 and Hastelloy X with molybdenum and tungsten in solid solution showed accelerated (or breakaway) kinetics similar to that observed for Ni-Cr alloys. For IN-792, an alloy high in chromium and low in aluminum, molybdenum and tungsten present in solid solution does not adversely affect oxidation kinetics in the presence of NaCl(g). On the other hand, nickel-base alloys high in aluminum and molybdenum are catastrophically attacked by NaCl-bearing atmospheres. Silicon additions were, in general, observed to slightly improve the oxidation resistance of Ni, Ni-40Cr and CoCrAlY compositions in NaCl(g)-bearing atmospheres. To the degree that processes responsible for Al2O3 whisker formation deleteriously affect protective scale adherence, the addition of yttrium or hafnium can inhibit such whisker growth.

Smeggil, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The effect of elastomer chain length on properties of silicone-modified polyimide adhesives

A series of polyimides containing silicone elastomers was synthesized in order to study the effects of the elastomer chain length on polymer properties. The elastomer with repeat units varying from n=10 to 105 was chemically reacted into the backbone of an addition polyimide oligomer via reactive aromatic amine groups. Glass transition temperatures of the elastomer and polyimide phases were observed by torsional braid analysis. The elastomer-modified polyimides were tested as adhesives for bonding titanium in order to determine their potential for aerospace applications. Adhesive lap shear tests were performed before and after aging bonded specimens at elevated temperatures.

St.clair, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The effects of organosulfur compounds upon the storage stability of Jet A fuel

This study examined the effect of sulfur-containing compounds on the storage stability of Jet A turbine fuel. It was found that alkyl sulfides and disulfides increased the fuel's stability while all thiols and thiophene derivatives tested decreased fuel stability (increased deposit formation) at temperatures and sulfur concentrations selected. Linear Arrhenius plots of sulfur-spiked fuel samples demonstrated that deposit formation decreased with increased slope for all alkyl sulfides, alkyl disulfides, thiols, and thiophene derivatives. A plot of insoluble deposit vs. concentration of added alkyl sulfide produces a negative slope. It appears that the inhibiting mechanism for alkyl sulfides is a result of the compound's reactivity with intermediate soluble precursors to deposit in the fuel. A method of approximating the relative basicity of weak organosulfur bases was developed via measurement of their resonance chemical shifts in proton NMR. Linear plots of log gm. deposit vs. change in chemical shift (shift differences between sulfur bases neat and complexed with I2) were found for alkyl sulfides and alkyl thiols. This suggests the possibility that increased deposit formation is due to base catalysis with these compound classes.

Heneman, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Reactions of ground-state and metastable O/2+/ ions with He, O2, N2, and CO2 at thermal energies

Evidence is presented that some previous studies of reactions of O(2+) ions with various atoms and molecules referred to ion samples composed in part of ions in metastable (1D and/or 1S) states. This finding resolves the 3 orders of magnitude discrepancy between previous experimental and calculated rate coefficients for the O(2+)(3P) + He charge transfer process. Using a drift tube to distinguish, via arrival time differences, groundstate O(+)(3P) and metastable ions, a rate coefficient of (3.5 plus or minus 1.5) x 10 to the -11th cu cm/sec is obtained for the reaction, in good agreement with that obtained from ab initio theoretical calculations. Previous conclusions concerning reactions of O(2+) with O2 and N2, however, remain valid since the difference in reactivity of ground-state and metastable O(2+) ions appears to be negligible in this case. The rate coefficient for the reaction O(2+) + CO2 has been determined to be (2 plus or minus 0.5) x 10 to the -9th cu cm/sec for ions either in the ground-state or in metastable states.

Johnsen, R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Formate esters of 1,2-ethanediol - Major decomposition products of p-dioxane during storage

Research done on detecting the contaminants of p-dioxane that cause a positive response for highly reactive acyl groups is discussed. Attention is given to the fact that the positive hydroxamate response might indicate an unsuspected hazard. It is found that all acyl groups transferred are formyl groups, and the mono- and diformates of 1,2-ethanediol are identified as major sources of this activity. It is also found that the formate esters are formed by way of peroxide intermediates. Concentrations of the formate ester group as high as 1.8 M are found in partially consumed bottles of dioxane but not in other common ethers stored under similar conditions. Attention is called to the possibility that the exposure to the glycol formates is probably much wider than expected. It is noted that by purging containers of dioxane with nitrogen each time they are opened and storing them in the cold away from light can prevent both the economic loss and possible health hazard caused by contamination with peroxide and formate ester.

Jewett, D.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Asymmetrical ClO3 - Its possible formation from ClO and O2 and its possible reactions

An analysis of recent accurate experimental studies of Cl2-photosensitized O3 decomposition, in which O3 disappearance and OClO formation were directly monitored, suggests the possibility that the suppression of the quantum yield in the presence of O2 may be due to the formation of asymmetrical chlorine trioxide (ClO.O2). Other intermediaries, such as Cl2O2, which may also form in the system are not thought to explain the observations. In addition to its capacity to oxidize, which it shares with other peroxo compounds, asymmetrical ClO3 appears to undergo an interesting class of reactions in which the loosely bound O2 adduct is relatively easily displaced by reactive atoms and radicals such as chlorine.

Prasad, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Molybdenum-tin as a solar cell metallization system

The operations of solar cell manufacture are briefly examined. The formation of reliable, ohmic, low-loss, and low-cost metal contacts on solar cells is a critical process step in cell manufacturing. In a commonly used process, low-cost metallization is achieved by screen printing a metal powder-glass frit ink on the surface of the Si surface and the conductive metal powder. A technique utilizing a molybdenum-tin alloy for the metal contacts appears to lower the cost of materials and to reduce process complexity. The ink used in this system is formulated from MoO3 with Sn powder and a trace amount of titanium resonate. Resistive losses of the resulting contacts are low because the ink contains no frit. The MoO3 is finally melted and reduced in forming gas (N2+H2) to Mo metal. The resulting Mo is highly reactive which facilitates the Mo-Si bonding.

Boyd, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Kinetics of the gas-phase reaction between hydroxyl and carbonyl sulfide over the temperature range 300-517 K

By use of a discharge-flow resonance-fluorescence method the rate constant for the title reaction has been measured at five temperatures in the range 300-520 K. The Arrhenius expression is k(OH + OCS) = (1.3 + or - 0.3) x 10 to the -12th exp/-(2300 + or - 100)/T/ cu cm/s. Mass spectrometry has been used to detect the product HS and to collect some information about its reactivity. This study has carefully avoided the pitfalls associated with possible photolysis of reactants and complications due to H2S impurity in carbonyl sulfide that may have marred previous studies. This study has confirmed that the rate constant for this reaction is so much lower than the value originally used in computer modeling of the upper and lower atmosphere that conclusions about the relative importance of photolysis of OCS and of the reaction OH + OCS in the stratosphere must now be reassessed. The reaction OH + OCS has little significance for atmospheric chemistry.

Leu, M.-T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Metal-semiconductor interfacial reactions - Ni/Si system

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and channeling measurements with MeV He-4(+) ions have been used to probe the structure of the interface in the Ni/Si system. It is found that reactions occur where Ni is deposited on Si at 10 to the -10th torr: Si atoms are displaced from lattice sites, the Ni atoms are in an Si-rich environment, and the Ni/Si interface is graded in composition. Composition gradients are present at both interfaces in the Si/Ni2/Si/Ni system. For the Ni-Si system, cooling the substrate to 100 K slows down the reaction rate. The temperature dependence of the interfacial reactivity indicates the kinetic nature of metal-semiconductor interfaces.

Cheung, N. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Metal and Bi/Pb microdistribution studies of an L3 chondrite - Their implications for a meteorite parent body

Strong localizations relative to bulk are reported of Bi, and to a lesser extent Pb, in some of the kamacite grains in Khohar, while other kamacite grains show no such enrichments. Distinctive and correlated differences in the Ni content are found in the two kamacite populations, with the Bi/Pb-rich kamacite grains having consistently lower Ni levels than the 6-7% typical of the Bi/Pb-poor kamacite. The Bi/Pb-rich kamacite grains also exhibit a highly reactive attack upon etching, which may be due to a finely polycrystaline microstructure. It is concluded that the trace element microdistributions were not established in the nebula, and that the enrichments were not likely to have occurred with slow cooling in the presence of a vapor phase during the kamacite-taenite phase transitions.

Woolum, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Distributed photovoltaic systems: Utility interface issues and their present status

Major technical issues involving the integration of distributed photovoltaics (PV) into electric utility systems are defined and their impacts are described quantitatively. An extensive literature search, interviews, and analysis yielded information about the work in progress and highlighted problem areas in which additional work and research are needed. The findings from the literature search were used to determine whether satisfactory solutions to the problems exist or whether satisfactory approaches to a solution are underway. It was discovered that very few standards, specifications, or guidelines currently exist that will aid industry in integrating PV into the utility system. Specific areas of concern identified are: (1) protection, (2) stability, (3) system unbalance, (4) voltage regulation and reactive power requirements, (5) harmonics, (6) utility operations, (7) safety, (8) metering, and (9) distribution system planning and design.

Hassan, M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Wireless, in-vessel neutron monitor for initial core-loading of advanced breeder reactors

An experimental wireless, in-vessel neutron monitor was developed to measure the reactivity of an advanced breeder reactor as the core is loaded for the first time to preclude an accidental critically incident. The environment is liquid sodium at a temperature of approx. 220 C, with negligible gamma or neutron radiation. With ultrasonic transmission of neutron data, no fundamental limitation was observed after tests at 230 C for 2000 h. The neutron sensitivity was approx. 1 count/s-nv, and the potential data transmission rate was approx. 10,000 counts/s.

Delorenzo, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Preparation and evaluation of advanced electrocatalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells

Two cooperative phenomena are required the development of highly efficient porous electrocatalysts: (1) is an increase in the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst particle; and (2) is the availability of that electrocatalyst particle for the electromechanical reaction. The two processes interact with each other so that improvements in the electrochemical activity must be coupled with improvements in the availability of the electrocatalyst for reaction. Cost effective and highly reactive electrocatalysts were developed. The utilization of the electrocatalyst particles in the porous electrode structures was analyzed. It is shown that a large percentage of the electrocatalyst in anode structures is not utilized. This low utilization translates directly into a noble metal cost penalty for the fuel cell.

Stonehart, P.↗