SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “ErS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,279 records · Page 71

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS2014

Weather Avoidance Guidelines for NASA Global Hawk High-Altitude Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

The current Global Hawk flight rules would probably not have been effective in the single event of greatest concern (the Emily encounter). The cloud top had not reached 50,000 ft until minutes before the encounter. The TOT and lightning data would not have been available until near the overflight time since this was a rapidly growing cell. This case would have required a last‐minute diversion when lightning became frequent. Avoiding such a cell probably requires continual monitoring of the forward camera and storm scope, whether or not cloud tops have been exceeding specific limits. However, the current overflight rules as strictly interpreted would have prohibited significant fractions of the successful Global Hawk overpasses of Karl and Matthew that proved not to be hazardous. Many other high altitude aircraft (ER‐2 and Global Hawk) flights in NASA tropical cyclone field programs have successfully overflown deep convective clouds without incident.The convective cell that caused serious concern about the safety of the ER‐2 in Emily was especially strong for a tropical cyclone environment, probably as strong or stronger than any that was overflown by the ER‐2 in 20 previous flights over tropical cyclones. Specifically, what made that cell a safety concern was the magnitude of the vertical velocity of the updraft, at least 20 m/s (4000 ft/minute) at the time the ER‐2 overflew it. Such a strong updraft can generate strong gravity waves at and above the tropopause, posing a potential danger to aircraft far above the maximum altitude of the updraft itself or its associated cloud top. Indeed, the ER‐2 was probably at least 9000 ft above that cloud top. Cloud‐top height, by itself, is not an especially good indicator of the intensity of convection and the likelihood of turbulence. Nor is overflying high cloud tops (i.e. > 50,000 ft) of particular concern unless there is other evidence of very strong convective updrafts beneath those tops in the path of the aircraft. center dot Lightning, especially lightning with a high flash rate, is well correlated with convective intensity. Lightning with a minimal flash rate (say 1‐3 flashes per minute) is indicative of updraft speeds of about 10 m/s in the mixed phase region where charge is being separated, generally at altitudes about 20‐25 kft in a hurricane. That is still stronger than typical updrafts (more like 5 m/s). An unresolved issue is whether there is a high and instantaneous correlation between vertical velocity in the middle troposphere (necessary for lightning generation) and near cloud top (more direct concern for overflights).

Cecil, Daniel J.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Optical Software Defined Radio Transmitter Extinction Ratio Enhancement with Differential Pulse Carving

A unique challenge in the development of a deep space optical software defined radio (SDR) transmitter is the optimization of the extinction ratio (ER). For a Mars to Earth optical link, an ER approaching 40dB may be necessary. However, a high ER can be difficult to achieve at the low PPM orders and narrow slot widths required for high data rates. The quality of the digital signal transmitted by the SDR does not meet the amplitude and timing characteristics needed by an analog optical modulator. The conflicting implementation constraints of these two fundamentally different systems, the digital SDR and analog optical modulator, can make achieving the required ER very difficult. In this paper, the causes of fidelity loss at the interface between the SDR and optical modulator are discussed. The SDR signal quality requirements are derived and explored. It is shown that increasing the SDR signal quality enough to meet these requirements is impractical to implement due to bandwidth limitations of electronic components as well as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) clock speed constraints. A novel optical modulation architecture based on low-voltage differential signaling and dual Mach-Zehnder modulators is presented which reduces the signal quality requirements on the SDR and increases the system ER.

Electro-Optic Modulator↗

NASA NTRS2019

Optical Software Defined Radio Transmitter Extinction Ratio Enhancement with Differential Pulse Carving

Electro-Optic Modulator↗

DOE OSTI2024

Electrorefiner Speciation and Phase Model for Prediction of Operation Lifetime

The Mk IV electrorefiner (ER) at Idaho National Laboratory has recovered uranium metal from used nuclear fuels for 27 years. Thus, large quantities of fission product chlorides more electropositive than uranium have accumulated in the ER salt, increasing the complexity of phase equilibria and salt speciation. Importantly, the melt temperature of the salt increases with ER operation and will ultimately exceed design limits without intervention. Methods to remove fission products from molten chloride salt are known, but their implementation at scale is not yet demonstrated. In this work, historical ER composition and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are utilized to develop coupled speciation and chloride salt solution thermochemistry models, which enable accurate present-day analysis of ER salt as well as forecast its future disposition. The developed thermochemical models are applicable to chloride salts generally and have been made available in the Molten Salt Thermal Properties Database – Thermochemical.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Model-Based Approaches to Generate Knowledge from Data in a Plant Reliability Context

One challenge that nuclear power plant system engineers are facing is that the amount of equipment reliability (ER) data being continuously generated are extremely large. These data elements come in different forms: textual (e.g., condition reports) and numeric (e.g., generated by monitoring systems) and they provide system engineers with valuable insights and information regarding the discovery of anomalous behaviors or degradation trends, the identification of the possible causes behind such behaviors and trends, and the prediction of their direct consequences. This paper directly targets the generation of knowledge from ER data by putting “data into context”. Here, we employ model-based system engineering (MBSE) models of systems and assets to represent and capture their architecture and functional (i.e., cause-effect) relations. ER data elements are processed by identifying first which elements of the developed MBSE elements they are referring to. This task is much harder for textual data since the information contained in issue or maintenance reports needs to “be understood” by a computational tool. Here we called this process “knowledge extraction” where our methods to extract knowledge from textual data. Lastly, once numeric and textual ER data elements have been processed and “understood”, we discover possible cause-effect relations among them. This is performed by observing if a logical connection through the MBSE models exists, and if there is a temporal relation among them. The logic and temporal are the two main ingredients to perform “machine reasoning” from ER data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Model-Based Approaches to Generate Knowledge from Data in a Plant Reliability Context

One challenge that nuclear power plant system engineers are facing is continuous generation of an extremely large amount of equipment reliability (ER) data. These data elements come in textual (e.g., condition reports) and numeric (e.g., generated by monitoring systems) forms. They provide system engineers with valuable insights and information by discovering anomalous behaviors or degradation trends, identifying possible causes behind such behaviors and trends, and predicting their direct consequences. This paper directly targets the knowledge generation from ER data by putting “data into context.” We employ model-based system engineering (MBSE) of systems and assets to represent and capture their architecture and functional (i.e., cause-effect) relations. ER data elements are processed by first identifying which of the developed MBSE elements they are referring to. This task is harder for textual data since the information contained in issue or maintenance reports needs to be “understood” by a computational tool. We called this process “knowledge extraction” since our methods extract knowledge from textual data. Last, once numeric and textual ER data elements have been processed and “understood,” we discover possible cause-effect relations among them. This is performed by observing whether a logical connection through the MBSE models exists, and if there is a temporal relationship among them. The logic and temporal are the two main ingredients to perform “machine reasoning” from ER data.

97 - MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Rewiring the unfolded protein response for plant growth recovery after stress

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly coordinated signaling network that alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a condition induced by diverse environmental challenges in plants. Over the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ER stress sensing and signal transduction in plants, largely through studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . These advances have established the UPR as a central regulator of proteostasis and underscored its broader relevance to plant growth and development and crop productivity under stress conditions. Despite this progress, critical knowledge gaps remain, particularly concerning the downstream biological processes required for growth recovery once ER stress has subsided and how these processes are coordinated by UPR regulators. Recent systems-level and integrative studies have begun to reveal critical roles of UPR signaling in pathways governing growth re-establishment and homeostasis of nutrient allocation and energy metabolism. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the functional roles of the plant UPR in recovery from ER stress, with a focus on mechanisms mediated by UPR regulators and downstream biological pathways that enable the transition from stress mitigation to growth restoration. Although this research area is still emerging, accumulating evidence supports a model in which the UPR functions as a dynamic regulatory network that actively coordinates post-stress physiological recovery to support plant fitness.

ER stress↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ErIn5Co by Materials Project

ErCoIn5 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded to twelve In atoms to form ErIn12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent ErIn12 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent ErIn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent InEr4In8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (3.24 Å) and eight longer (3.25 Å) Er–In bond lengths. Co is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent In atoms. All Co–In bond lengths are 2.71 Å. There are two inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded to four equivalent Er and eight equivalent In atoms to form distorted InEr4In8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent InEr4In8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent ErIn12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent InEr4In8 cuboctahedra. All In–In bond lengths are 3.25 Å. In the second In site, In is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Er, two equivalent Co, and seven In atoms. There are one shorter (2.92 Å) and four longer (3.24 Å) In–In bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiErGe by Materials Project

LiErGe crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded to four Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing LiGe4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.67 Å) and two longer (2.75 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. Er is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.97 Å) and one longer (2.98 Å) Er–Ge bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Li and three equivalent Er atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Li and six equivalent Er atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba3Er4O9 by Materials Project

Ba3Er4O9 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-like structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. All Ba–O bond lengths are 2.79 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.79 Å) and three longer (2.83 Å) Ba–O bond lengths. In the third Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Ba–O bond lengths are 2.71 Å. There are four inequivalent Er3+ sites. In the first Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.20 Å) and three longer (2.39 Å) Er–O bond lengths. In the second Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ErO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 18°. There are three shorter (2.22 Å) and three longer (2.27 Å) Er–O bond lengths. In the third Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.20 Å) and three longer (2.42 Å) Er–O bond lengths. In the fourth Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ErO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 18°. There are three shorter (2.22 Å) and three longer (2.29 Å) Er–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Ba2+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ba2+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ba2+ and two Er3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er2SiSeO4 by Materials Project

Er2SiSeO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Er3+ sites. In the first Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Se2- and six O2- atoms. Both Er–Se bond lengths are 3.02 Å. There are a spread of Er–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.42 Å. In the second Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Se2- and six O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.85 Å) and one longer (2.94 Å) Er–Se bond lengths. There are a spread of Er–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.53 Å. Si4+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.64 Å) and two longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. Se2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Er3+ atoms. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Er3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Er3+ and one Si4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ErRh5 by Materials Project

ErRh5 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to eighteen Rh atoms. There are six shorter (3.02 Å) and twelve longer (3.40 Å) Er–Rh bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Rh sites. In the first Rh site, Rh is bonded to four equivalent Er and eight Rh atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing RhEr4Rh8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.61 Å) and four longer (2.64 Å) Rh–Rh bond lengths. In the second Rh site, Rh is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er and nine Rh atoms. All Rh–Rh bond lengths are 3.02 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er2CrS4 by Materials Project

CrEr2S4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pca2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Er3+ sites. In the first Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form ErS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one CrS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent ErS6 octahedra, corners with four ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one ErS6 octahedra, edges with four CrS6 octahedra, and edges with three ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–53°. There are a spread of Er–S bond distances ranging from 2.65–2.72 Å. In the second Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form ErS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one CrS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent ErS6 octahedra, corners with four ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one ErS6 octahedra, edges with four CrS6 octahedra, and edges with three ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–53°. There are a spread of Er–S bond distances ranging from 2.64–2.74 Å. In the third Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to seven S2- atoms to form distorted ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with four ErS6 octahedra, corners with four CrS6 octahedra, edges with three ErS6 octahedra, edges with three CrS6 octahedra, and faces with two equivalent ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 15–71°. There are a spread of Er–S bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.98 Å. In the fourth Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded to seven S2- atoms to form distorted ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with four ErS6 octahedra, corners with four CrS6 octahedra, edges with three ErS6 octahedra, edges with three CrS6 octahedra, and faces with two equivalent ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 16–70°. There are a spread of Er–S bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.98 Å. There are two inequivalent Cr2+ sites. In the first Cr2+ site, Cr2+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form CrS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ErS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent CrS6 octahedra, corners with four ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one CrS6 octahedra, edges with four ErS6 octahedra, and edges with three ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–53°. There are a spread of Cr–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.74 Å. In the second Cr2+ site, Cr2+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form CrS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ErS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent CrS6 octahedra, corners with four ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids, an edgeedge with one CrS6 octahedra, edges with four ErS6 octahedra, and edges with three ErS7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–53°. There are a spread of Cr–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.86 Å. There are eight inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Er3+ and two Cr2+ atoms to form distorted SEr3Cr2 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, corners with eight SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with four SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, an edgeedge with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, and edges with two SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Er3+ and two Cr2+ atoms to form SEr3Cr2 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SEr4Cr square pyramids, a cornercorner with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, corners with six SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with three SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, an edgeedge with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, and edges with three SEr4Cr trigonal bipyramids. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to four Er3+ and one Cr2+ atom to form SEr4Cr square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent SEr4Cr trigonal bipyramids, edges with three SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, an edgeedge with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, and edges with five SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Er3+ and two Cr2+ atoms to form distorted SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with six SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with three SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, an edgeedge with one SEr3Cr tetrahedra, and edges with three SEr4Cr trigonal bipyramids. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Er3+ and one Cr2+ atom. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded to four Er3+ and one Cr2+ atom to form distorted SEr4Cr trigonal bipyramids that share corners with eight SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, corners with three equivalent SEr3Cr tetrahedra, edges with two SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, and edges with four SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids. In the seventh S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Er3+ and one Cr2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SEr3Cr tetrahedra. In the eighth S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Er3+ and two Cr2+ atoms to form distorted SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, corners with three equivalent SEr3Cr tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with five SEr3Cr2 square pyramids, and edges with three SEr3Cr2 trigonal bipyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ErCo5 by Materials Project

ErCo5 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to eighteen Co atoms. There are six shorter (2.83 Å) and twelve longer (3.14 Å) Er–Co bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er and six equivalent Co atoms. All Co–Co bond lengths are 2.43 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded to four equivalent Er and eight Co atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing CoEr4Co8 cuboctahedra. All Co–Co bond lengths are 2.45 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KEr2F7 by Materials Project

KEr2F7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pna2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to nine F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.60–3.29 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to seven F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.19 Å. There are four inequivalent Er3+ sites. In the first Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Er–F bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.38 Å. In the second Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine F1- atoms. There are a spread of Er–F bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.70 Å. In the third Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Er–F bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.37 Å. In the fourth Er3+ site, Er3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Er–F bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.43 Å. There are fourteen inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to one K1+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Er3+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to three Er3+ atoms. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one K1+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and three Er3+ atoms. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the thirteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and two Er3+ atoms. In the fourteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two Er3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ErCu5 by Materials Project

Cu5Er crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to sixteen Cu atoms. There are twelve shorter (2.90 Å) and four longer (3.03 Å) Er–Cu bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cu sites. In the first Cu site, Cu is bonded to three equivalent Er and nine Cu atoms to form distorted CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra, corners with three equivalent CuEr4Cu12 tetrahedra, edges with six equivalent CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra, faces with eighteen equivalent CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra, and faces with seven equivalent CuEr4Cu12 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Cu–Cu bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.90 Å. In the second Cu site, Cu is bonded to four equivalent Er and twelve equivalent Cu atoms to form distorted CuEr4Cu12 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra, faces with twenty-eight equivalent CuEr3Cu9 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent CuEr4Cu12 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ErSn2 by Materials Project

ErSn2 is Zirconium Disilicide structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Er–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.15–3.44 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.10 Å. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Er and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.02 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er3Ru2 by Materials Project

Er3Ru2 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Ru atoms. There are a spread of Er–Ru bond distances ranging from 2.90–3.11 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to six equivalent Er and two equivalent Ru atoms. Both Ru–Ru bond lengths are 2.36 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine equivalent Er atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗