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At least 1,279 records · Page 71

Natural and Hydraulic Fracture Density Prediction and Identification of Controllers

Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN’s) incorporated into hydraulic fracture modeling and reservoir simulation are typically constructed and calibrated to all available high-quality natural fracture data from image logs and core, which generally results in an extremely limited calibration data set. To extrapolate these data over large areas, more broadly sampled data sets, such as discontinuity-related 3-D seismic attributes are often used. Broad spatial trending methodologies can potentially misrepresent natural fracture systems through over-reliance on seismic attributes that are commonly influenced by noise. The Hydraulic Fracture Test Site (HFTS) provides a rare insight of the subsurface natural fracture network and controlling factors on fracture distribution from a mechanical and lithological standpoint. The physical occurrence of hydraulic fractures and their interaction and relationship to preexisting natural fractures can be predicted using analytical models. Such model outputs can be applied to provide higher confidence when developing DFN’s.

Campbell, Whitney↗

Outlook on texture evolution in additively manufactured stainless steels: Prospects for hydrogen embrittlement resistance, overview of mechanical, and solidification behavior

Abstract Realizing application specific manufacture with fusion-based additive manufacturing (F-BAM) processes requires understanding of the physical phenomena that drive evolution of microstructural attributes, such as texture. Current approaches for understanding texture evolution in F-BAM are majorly considerate of the phenomena occurring only during solidification. This hinders the comprehensive understanding and control of texture during F-BAM. In this perspective article, we discuss several physical phenomena occurring during and after solidification that can determine texture in F-BAM processed stainless steels (SS). A crystal plasticity-coupled hydrogen adsorption-diffusion modeling framework is also leveraged to demonstrate the prospects of grain boundary engineering with F-BAM for enhanced hydrogen embrittlement resistance of SS. Implications of varying thermokinetics in F-BAM for solidification behavior of SS are discussed. Additionally, microstructural attributes that are key to high temperature mechanical performance of SS are highlighted. Considerations as outlined in this perspective article will enable grain boundary engineering and application specific microstructural design of SS with F-BAM. Graphical abstract

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Catalyst Deactivation Modes of PdO/γ-Al 2 O 3 Catalysts for Lean Methane Oxidation

PdO/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts are one of the most active catalytic components for the complete oxidation of methane. Under reaction conditions, especially in a wet feed, the catalysts suffer severe performance degradation. This study establishes a series of testing protocols to systematically investigate the causes of catalyst deactivation under methane oxidation reaction conditions. Four distinct catalyst deactivation modes are identified. Two of the deactivation modes are directly related to H 2 O, either from the feed gas or as a part of the reaction products, with one (Mode 2) being attributed to the formation of surface hydroxyl groups and the other (Mode 3) to the competitive adsorption of H 2 O on the catalysts. The impact of the two deactivation modes is acute and severe but reversible. In contrast, the other two deactivation modes are gradual and persistent but irreversible. Both modes are induced by CH 4 oxidation reaction, with the impact of a wet feed (Mode 4) being substantially more severe than that of a dry feed (Mode 1). The major cause of the irreversible catalyst deactivation is attributed to surface reconstruction of PdO nanoparticles, which behaves as a passivation layer lowering the number of coordinately unsaturated Pd sites for CH 4 activation. Although the passivation layer is relatively stable against thermal or hydrothermal treatment, it is not completely inert. Formation and partial regeneration of the passivation layer is a highly dynamic process and heavily depends on the reaction temperature: a lower reaction temperature (≤ 450 ℃) can lead to quicker catalyst deactivation; but a higher reaction temperature (between 500 – 550 ℃) can result in a greater extent of catalyst deactivation.

PdO/γ-Al2O3↗

Lung, Laryngeal and Other Respiratory Cancer Incidence among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors: An Updated Analysis from 1958 through 2009

The Life Span Study (LSS) of Japanese atomic bomb survivors is comprised of a large, population-based cohort offering one of the best opportunities to study the relationship between exposure to radiation and incidence of respiratory cancers. Risks of lung, laryngeal and other cancers of the respiratory system were evaluated among 105,444 LSS subjects followed from 1958 to 2009. During this period, we identified 2,446 lung, 180 laryngeal and 115 other respiratory (trachea, mediastinum and other ill-defined sites) first primary incident cancer cases. Ten additional years of follow-up, improved radiation dose estimates, revised smoking data, and updated migration information were then used to investigate the joint effects of radiation and smoking using Poisson regression methods. For nonsmokers, the sexaveraged excess relative risk per Gy (ERR/Gy) for lung cancer (at age 70 after radiation exposure at age 30) was estimated as 0.81 (95% CI: 0.51, 1.18) with a female-to-male ratio of 2.83. There was no evidence of curvature in the radiation dose-response relationship overall or by sex. Lung cancer risks increased with pack-years of smoking and decreased with time since quitting smoking at any level of radiation exposure. Similar to the previously reported study, which followed cohort members through 1999, the ERR/Gy for lung cancer was significantly higher for low-to-moderate smokers than for heavy smokers, with little evidence of any radiation-associated excess risk in heavy smokers. Of 2,446 lung cancer cases, 113 (5%) could be attributed to radiation exposure. Of the 1,165 lung cancer cases occurring among smokers, 886 (76%) could be attributed to smoking. While there was little evidence of a radiation effect for laryngeal cancer, a nonsignificantly elevated risk of other respiratory cancers was observed. However, significant smoking effects were observed for both laryngeal (ERR per 50 pack-years ¼ 23.57; 95% CI: 8.44, 71.05) and other respiratory cancers (ERR per 50 pack-years¼1.21; 95% CI: 0.10, 3.25)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Seismicity Monitoring in North-Central New Mexico by the Los Alamos Seismic Network

The initial seismic stations of the Los Alamos Seismic Network (LASN) were installed in 1973, as a part of research on monitoring of nuclear testing. The extent of the network rapidly expanded by the late 1970s. By the middle 1980s, spatial coverage of the network was drastically reduced, due to a loss of funding. Since then, however, it has been possible to expand the coverage of the network with additional stations and to slowly upgrade network equipment to match contemporary instrument standards. These improvements will make it possible to keep recording the network’s data and to initiate real-time exchange of data with other institutions to improve earthquake monitoring throughout New Mexico and neighboring states. During more than 40 yr of operation, the network has provided a slow but steady increase in the volume of earthquake seismograms available to study seismicity and tectonics in north-central New Mexico. The current network covers an area from the Valles Caldera on the west, to within the Rio Grande rift on the east. LASN has yielded locations for about 900 earthquakes in north-central New Mexico between 1973 and 2013 (the most recent locations available). Epicenters of these have a complex pattern, with some that can be attributed to the deformation of the rift, though most are spread in areas west of the rift. A lack of seismicity in and near the Valles Caldera reinforces an earlier observation, based on far fewer earthquakes, which first called attention to this paucity of seismicity and attributed it to ductile deformation resulting from elevated crustal temperatures.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Cumulative Spatial Impact Layers™

Cumulative Spatial Impact Layers™ (CSIL) is a GIS-based tool that summarizes spatio-temporal datasets based on overlapping features and attributes. Applying a recursive quadtree method and multiple additive frameworks, the CSIL tool allows users to analyze raster and vector datasets simultaneously by calculating data, record, or attribute density. The CSIL tool was designed based on the original approach (Bauer et al. 2015) and more information on the tool overall along with applications can be found in Romeo et al. 2019). Providing an efficient summary of disparate geospatial data, CSIL bridges the gap between understanding data and analysis. Bauer, J. R., Nelson, J., Romeo, L., Eynard, J., Sim, L., Halama, J., Rose, K., & Graham, J. (2015). A spatio-temporal approach to analyze broad risks and potential impacts associated with uncontrolled hydrocarbon release events in the offshore Gulf of Mexico (NETL-TRS-2-2015 EPAct Technical Report Series). U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory: Morgantown, WV; p 60. Romeo, L., Nelson, J., Wingo, P., Bauer, J., Justman, D., & Rose, K. (2019). Cumulative spatial impact layers: A novel multivariate spatio-temporal analytical summarization tool. Transactions in GIS.

Multivariate Visualization↗

ML-based Micro-CT SOFC Microstructure Models (from Kent 2026 Microstructural Augmentation paper)

Overview -------------------------- This repository contains datasets from the manuscript **"Enhanced Generalizability to Deep-Learning Quantification of 3D Microstructural Characteristics through Microstructurally Aware Augmentation of Scarce Data"** (*William F. Kent, Rochan Bajpai, Rachel C. Kurchin, William K. Epting, Harry W. Abernathy, Paul A. Salvador. Submitted 2026*). The methods are also described in the dissertation **Data Intensive Analysis of Solid Oxide Cell Microstructures** (*Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, 2025*). The datasets here are trained convolutional neural network (CNN) models for predicting key microstructural properties of solid oxide cell (SOC) electrodes from low-res, 2-channel 3D images, as well as some helpful code. The parameters for input images are provided in the paper. Sample data is provided in the file `Combined_anode_aug_dual_1k_examples` - that particular data was used to train `anode_all_aug.pth` and will work most accurately with that model. Please familiarize yourself with all caveats on accuracy and applicability, as detailed in the associated paper. Usage -------------------------- The basic usage is as follows, assuming `model_fn` is the path to the .pth file, and `X` is 2-channel input image(s) of the proper dimensions (either one image of shape `[2,12,24,24]`, or a batch of N input images of shape `[N,2,12,24,24]`): from CNN_inferencer import load_model_for_inference model = load_model_for_inference(model_fn) y_predicted = model(X) The model object automatically handles input scaling and output de-scaling based on the way the models were trained - in other words, pass in a 2-channel micro-CT image, and it will output microstructural property values in real units. ## Other model object attributes Note that model has useful attributes other than its forward pass model(X). * `model.output_descaler` - returns the output descaler object. Model does the de-scaling when generating inferences, but you may want to re-use this de-scaler on other values to e.g. compare predictions to ground truth from already-scaled training data. * `model.prop_names` - Gives the property names of the predicted y values, in order. Only exists if there's an output scaler as part of the model object, which there will be in the models provided here. ## Usage with sample data Here is a short script to use with the included sample data. from CNN_inferencer import display_predictions, load_model_for_inference, calculate_mape, parity_plot import h5py import numpy as np model_fn = 'anode_all_aug.pth' data_fn = 'Combined_anode_aug_dual_1k_examples.h5' N_samples = 200 figure_outdir = '.' model = load_model_for_inference(model_fn) with h5py.File(data_fn,'r') as f: XX = f['X'] #These are the 2-channel 3D images yy = f['y'] #These are the ground-truth microstructural properties, but they have been scaled for training - need to de-scale below N = XX.shape[0] #How many images total in the input data file #Run inferences on N_samples random samples from XX. #Run in a batch, much more efficient than one at a time. ii = np.random.choice(N,N_samples,replace=False) ii.sort() y_pred = model(XX[ii]) #Get the original/true (but normalized/scaled) values from the training dataset... #Because they were normalized, they are not in real units yet. So let's also de-scale them using model.output_scaler. y_true = model.output_scaler.transform(yy[ii]) #Let's display actual values for just 5 random ones for i in np.random.choice(N_samples,5,replace=False): display_predictions(y_true[i], y_pred[i], model.prop_names) #Make parity plots for each property (ground truth vs predicted values) #Also label each plot with the mean abs. percent error (MAPE) of the predicted values for i,key in enumerate(model.prop_names): mape = calculate_mape(y_true[:,i], y_pred[:,i]) parity_plot(y_true[:,i], y_pred[:,i], figure_outdir, key, extra_title=f' ({mape:.2f}% MAPE)')

3D microstructure↗

Development of Time Lapse VSP Integration Workflow: A Case Study at Farnsworth CO2-EOR Project

Abstract This study aims to develop a 4D Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) integration workflow to improve the prediction of subsurface stress changes. The selected study site is a 5-spot pattern within the ongoing CO2-EOR operations at the Farnsworth Field Unit FWU in Ochiltree County, Texas. The specific pattern has undergone extensive geological and geomechanical characterization through the acquisition of 3D seismic data, geophysical well logs, and core. This workflow constrains a numerical hydromechanical model by applying a penalty function formed between "modeled" versus "observed" time-lapse compressional and shear seismic velocity changes. Analyses of geophysical logs and ultra-sonic measurements on core exhibit measurable sensitivities to changes in both fluid saturation and mean effective stress. These data are used to develop a site-specific rock physics model and stress-velocity relationship, which inform the numerical models used to generate the "modeled" portion of the penalty function. The "observed" portion of the penalty function is provided by a novel elastic full-waveform inversion of the available 3D baseline and three monitor surveys to produce high-quality estimates of time-lapse compressional and shear seismic velocity changes. The modeling workflow accounts sequentially for fluid substitution and stress impacts. Hydrodynamic and geomechanical properties of the 3D coupled numerical model are estimated through geostatistical integration of well log and core data with 3D seismic inversion products. Changes in seismic velocities due to fluid substitution are computed using the Biot-Gassmann workflow and site-specific rock physics. Stress impacts on time-lapse seismic velocity changes are modeled from the effective stress output of the hydromechanical model and are initially based on the velocity versus effective stress relationship extracted from core mechanical testing. Based on the principle of superposition of seismic wavefields, seismic velocity changes attributed to fluid substitution and that due to changes in mean effective stress are treated as linearly additive. The modeled results are upscaled using Backus averaging to reconcile scale discrepancies between the modeled and measured datasets to formulate the penalty function. This manuscript presents the forward modeling process and concludes that for the base case, the seismic velocity changes due to mean effective stress dominates over the seismic velocity changes attributed to fluid substitution because of the extensive range of the pressure perturbations. Successful minimization of this penalty function calibrates the coupled hydrodynamic geomechanical numerical model and affirms the suitability of acoustic time-lapse measurements such as 4D-VSP for geomechanical calibration.

02 PETROLEUM↗

Phase, morphology, elemental composition, and formation mechanisms of biogenic and abiogenic Fe-Cu-sulfide nanoparticles: A comparative study on their occurrences under anoxic conditions

In this paper, we report on a systematic study on the physicochemical attributes of synthetic Fe-Cu-sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) precipitated under conditions similar to the anoxic, low temperature aqueous, sedimentary, soil and subsurface environments where these NPs have been repeatedly identified. Characterizing the basic attributes of these NPs is the first step in understanding their behaviors in various processes including in the bio-availability of essential and toxic metals, environmental remediation and resource recovery. All experiments are performed in the presence and absence of the sulfate-reducer Desulfovibrio vulgaris to elucidate biological controls on NP formation. First, the single-metal endmember NPs are determined by precipitation in solution containing either aqueous Fe(II) or Cu(II). Limited differences are observed between biogenic and abiogenic precipitates aged for up to one month; the Fe-only experiments resulted in 4-10 nm mackinawite (FeS) NPs that aggregate to form nanosheets up to ~1,000 nm in size, while the Cu-only experiments resulted in mixtures of covellite (CuS) NPs comprised of <10 nm fine nanocrystals, 20-40 x 6-9 nm nanorods and ~30 nm nanoplates. The crystal sizes of biogenic mackinawite and covellite are respectively larger and smaller than their abiogenic counterparts, indicating a mineral-specific response to biological presence. Structural defects are observable in the fine nanocrystals and nanorods of covellite in both biogenic and abiogenic experiments, indicative of intrinsic NP instability and formation mechanism via particle attachment. In contrast, covellite nanoplates are defect-free, indicating high stability and potentially rapid recrystallization following particle attachment. Next, mixed-metal sulfide NPs are precipitated at variable initial aqueous Fe-to-Cu ratios (2:1, 1:1 and 1:5). With increasing ratio of Fe-to-Cu, Fe-rich covellite, nukundamite (Cu 5.5 FeS 6.5 ), chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ), and Cu-rich mackinawite are formed. The Fe-rich covellite NPs are larger (100-200 nm) than covellite precipitated in the absence of Fe, indicating a role for Fe in promoting crystal growth. Chalcopyrite and nukundamite are formed through incorporation of Fe into precursor covellite NPs while retaining the original crystal morphology, as confirmed by doping a covellite suspension with aqueous Fe(II), resulting in the formation of chalcopyrite and nukundamite within days. Additionally, in the biological systems we observe the recrystallization of mackinawite to greigite (Fe 3 S 4 ) after six months of incubation in the absence of Cu, and the selective formation of chalcopyrite and nukundamite at lower initial Fe-to-Cu ratios compared to abiotic systems. These observations are consistent with NP precipitation that are influenced by the distinct (sub)micro-environments around bacterial cells compared to the bulk solution. Lastly, comparative TEM analyses indicate that the synthetic NPs are morphologically similar to NPs identified in natural environments, opening ways to studying behaviors of natural NPs using experimental approaches.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Pressure-induced velocity softening in natural orthopyroxene at mantle temperature

In this study, we have measured the compressional and shear wave velocities of (Mg 1.77 Fe 0.22 Ca 0.01 )Si 2 O 6 natural orthopyroxene up to 13.5 GPa and 873 K using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and imaging techniques. Previous acoustic experiments on orthoenstatite (OEn) MgSiO 3 indicated that both compressional and shear velocities (V P and V S ) of OEn undergo continuous velocity softening above 9 GPa at room temperature, which has been attributed to the phase transition from OEn to the metastable, high-pressure clinoenstatite HPCEn2. For the first time, our results suggest that pressure-induced velocity softening can occur in natural orthopyroxene at high-temperature conditions relevant to the Earth's cold subduction zones. As a result, estimates of the impedance and velocity contrasts between orthopyroxene (Opx) and high-pressure clinopyroxene (HPCpx) have been calculated, and the possibility of this phase transformation being a plausible candidate for seismic X-discontinuities at depth around 250–350 km is re-evaluated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Raman spectroscopic investigation of ianthinite [U$_2^{4+}$(UO$_2$)$_4$O$_6$(OH)$_4$(H$_2$O)$_4$]·$5$H$_2$O, a rare mixed-valence uranium oxide hydrate

Ianthinite ([[U$_2^{4+}$(UO$_2$)$_4$O$_6$(OH)$_4$(H$_2$O)$_4$]·$5$H$_2$O) is an exotic mineral that possesses U in both tetravalent and hexavalent oxidation states and is structurally related to the U 3 O 8 polymorphs, which are commonly encountered technogenic materials in the nuclear fuel cycle. Despite the similarities between U 3 O 8 and ianthinite, and the importance of ianthinite in U paragenesis, no Raman spectra have been reported for this mineral. Here, to gain a more complete understanding of how structural attributes of ianthinite give rise to observable spectroscopic features and how these may relate to important materials in the nuclear fuel cycle, we provide, for the first time, Raman spectra of ianthinite. Ianthinite readily oxidizes at ambient conditions, complicating analysis of phase-pure material. Several analytical methods are employed herein to decouple the Raman features of ianthinite from its alteration product(s). First, a simple difference spectrum is presented, then results of Raman spectroscopic mapping are employed, and finally, we use a novel processing and analysis method. Each analysis method provides different insight into structural features that are unique to ianthinite, in particular, features that are attributable to U(IV) in distorted octahedral coordination in both ianthinite and U 3 O 8 phases.

Spano, Tyler L. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (OR↗

Schema for the LANL infrasound analysis tool, infrapy

The purpose of this document is to define the schema used for the operation of the infrasound analysis tool, infrapy. The tables described by this document extend the CSS3.0 or KB core schema to include information required for the operation of infrapy. This document is divided into three sections, the first being this introduction. Section two defines eight new, infrasonic data processing-specific database tables. Both internal (ORACLE) and external formats for the attributes are defined, along with a short description of each attribute. Section three of the document shows the relationships between the different tables by using entity-relationship diagrams.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Prototyping and Testing a New Volumetric Curvature Tool for Modeling Reservoir Compartments and Leakage Pathways in the Arbuckle Saline Aquifer: Reducing Uncertainty in CO 2 Storage and Permanence

This DOE-funded project evaluates the utility of seismic volumetric curvature (VC) for predicting stratal and structural architecture diagnostic of paleokarst reservoirs. Of special interest are applications geared toward carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). VC has been championed for identifying faults (offset <¼ λ) that cannot be imaged by conventional 3-D seismic attributes such as coherence. The objective of this research was to evaluate VC-techniques for reducing uncertainties in reservoir compartmentalization studies and seal risk assessments especially for saline aquifers. A 2000-ft horizontal lateral was purposefully drilled across VC-imaged lineaments—interpreted to record a fractured and a fault-bounded doline—to physically confirm their presence. The 15-mi² study area is located in southeastern Bemis-Shutts Field, which is situated along the crest of the Central Kansas Uplift (CKU) in Ellis County, Kansas. The uppermost Arbuckle (200+ ft) has extensive paleokarst including collapsed paleocaverns and dolines related to exceedingly prolonged pre-Simpson (Sauk–Tippecanoe) and/or pre-Pennsylvanian subaerial exposure. A lateral borehole was successfully drilled across the full extent (~1100 ft) of a VC-inferred paleokarst doline. Triple combo (GR-neutron/density-resistivity), full-wave sonic, and borehole micro-imager logs were successfully run to TD on drill-pipe. Results from the formation evaluation reveal breccias (e.g., crackle, mosaic, chaotic), fractures, faults, vugs (1-6"), and unaffected host strata consistent with the pre-spud interpretation. Well-rounded pebbles were also observed on the image log. VC-inferred lineaments coincide with 20–80-ft wide intervals of high GR values (100+ API), matrix-rich breccias, and faults. To further demonstrate their utility, VC attributes are integrated into a geocellular modeling workflow: 1) to constrain the structural model; 2) to generate facies probability grids, and; 3) to collocate petrophysical models to separate-vug rock fabrics along solution-enlarged fault and fracture systems. Simulation-based studies demonstrate a potential alternative field development model for developing CO 2 storage sites that target carbonate reservoirs overprinted by paleokarst. Simulation results for this complex reservoir indicate that individual fault blocks could function as discrete containers for CO 2 storage thereby reducing the risk of plume migration outside the legally defined extent of the permitted storage site. Vertically extensive, anastomosing, solution-enlarged fault/fracture systems — infilled by clay-rich sediments — would operate as non-to-low permeability vertical "curtains" that restrict CO 2 movement beyond the confines of the CO 2 storage site. Such a location could be developed in a checker-board fashion with CO 2 injection operations occurring in one block and surveillance operations occurring in the adjacent block. Such naturally partitioned reservoirs may be ideal candidates for reducing risks associated with CO 2 plume breakthrough.

02 PETROLEUM↗

SDN Project

The SDN Project completed on time and on budget and successfully accomplished 100% of the scope of work outlined in the original Statement of Project Objective (SOPO). The SDN Project formed an alliance between Ameren Corporation, University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign (UIUC), Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL), and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. (SEL). The objective of the SDN Project is to address Topic Area of Interest 2: Sustain critical energy delivery functions while responding to a cyber-intrusion under Funding Opportunity Announcement DE-FOA-0000797. The goal of the project is to design and commercially release technology that provides a method to sustain critical energy delivery functions during a cyber intrusion and to do this control system operators need the ability to quickly identify and isolate the affected network areas, and re-route critical information and control flows around. The objective of the SDN Project is to develop a Flow Controller that monitors, configures, and maintains the safe, reliable network traffic flows of all the local area networks (LANs) on a control system in the Energy sector. The SDN team identified the core attributes of a control system and produced an SDN flow controller that has the same core attributes enabling networks to be designed, configured and deployed that maximize the whitelisted, deny-bydefault and purpose built networks. This project researched, developed and commercially released technology that: Enables all field networks be to configured and monitored as if they are a single asset to be protected; Enables greatly improved and even precalculated response actions to reliability and cyber events; Supports pre-configured localized response actions tailored to provide resilience against failures and centralized response to cyber-attacks that improve network reliability and availability; Architecturally enables the right subject matter experts, who are usually the information technology and operational technology engineers, to be the ones centrally administering the technology and responding to events; Simplifies network configuration, improving deterministic Ethernet transport times, and providing instant visualization on where the communication circuits are and how all circuits are impacted when changes (e.g., configuration changes, failures or intrusions) happen, allowing operators to minimize downtime; and Improves the ability to identify deviations in network behavior resulting in detection and analysis of potential cyber intrusions and faster response times Results: This project has forever changed the way critical infrastructure networks are designed, secured, deployed and maintained. The cybersecurity and performance advantages achieved are significant, simply put traditional networking has been obsoleted while the team maintained Ethernet interoperability avoiding any legacy concerns. The team commercially released technology that accomplished all the cybersecurity goals outlined in the SOPO and completed it by executing the project management plan approved in the initial contract. The resulting Energy sector SDN flow controller model number is SEL-5056 and can be freely downloaded from the www.SELinc.com website. This technology not only improves the cybersecurity of control systems but has measured results that it improves the performance and reliability of the control system as well. This means the system owners can confidently apply it to their systems knowing that it will, “first do no harm” but actually improve the system as well. Success of the project is best measured by the sales and deployment of the technology. System owners in industrial, electric, defense, and oil and gas only months after commercial release have approved plans for deployment.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Tailoring Cementitious Materials Towards Value-Added Use of Large CO 2 Volumes

A novel method was developed for the use of carbon dioxide as a raw material in production of hydraulic cements. The solid raw materials were selected to produce a chemistry that is amenable to the formation of alkali aluminosilicate hydrates and carbonates. These raw materials were first pelletized using a relatively low moisture content in the presence of carbon dioxide gas. The resulting pellets were then subjected to milling action in the presence of carbon dioxide in order to mechanochemically transform them into a hydraulic cement comprising largely of alkali aluminosilicates and metastable carbonates. Hydration of this hydraulic cement produces an integrated binder comprising largely of alkali aluminosilicate hydrates and finely dispersed crystalline carbonates. Analytical chemistry and physical test methods were employed in order to evaluate the composition and properties of pellets and the resultant hydraulic cement. The CO 2 uptake of the cement was measured at about 10 wt.%, which was raised with increasing milling duration in a carbon dioxide environment. The composition of the hydraulic cement was refined to further increase the use of abundant and market-limited industrial byproducts as raw materials, and to produce a balance of performance characteristics that meet standard requirements. Concrete materials were prepared with the hybrid hydraulic cement developed in the project, and were thoroughly characterized. The hydraulic cement formulation was further refined in order to produce concrete materials with desired deicer salt scaling resistance. The fresh mix attributes of the hybrid cement concrete were thoroughly characterize in order to evaluate its rheological characteristics, bleeding and plastic shrinkage cracking resistance. The resultant concrete was found to produce mechanical, physical and durability characteristics that were superior to those of conventional Portland cement concrete. The fresh mix rheology, bleeding and plastic shrinkage cracking resistance of the hybrid cement concrete were found to be compatible with the mainstream construction practices. Scalability and compatibility with industrial-scale practices are key to the commercial success of the new class of hydraulic cements developed in this project. These attributes cannot be easily assessed in laboratory-scale investigations. Energy-based models were developed to enable scale-up of the process. Pilot-scale implementation of the process in a power plant was successful. Theoretical analyses complemented with pilot-scale experimental investigations indicated that the transformation from laboratory- to pilot-scale mechanochemical processing can reduce the milling duration by up to 85%. The data produced in pilot-scale processing of the hydraulic cement was used to assess the net carbon footprint of the resultant binder, which was found to be negative due to uptake of carbon dioxide in the process. The energy content of the new hydraulic cement was significantly below that of Portland cement, and it also offered favorable economics. Significant support has been raised for industrial-scale demonstration and commercialization of the technology. A theoretical framework was established based on thermodynamic and diffusion principles to explain the mechanochemical capture and value-added use of carbon dioxide in hydraulic cement production.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Site Classification for Standard Modular Hydropower Development: Characterizing Stream Reaches by Module Need

The objective of site classification for Standard Modular Hydropower (SMH) development is to develop a framework for classifying potential SMH sites in terms useful for informing SMH development, such as module need and module design requirements. While the current vision for SMH has focused on applications for new stream-reach development, these site classifications are equally useful for other applications, such as modular development at non-powered dams and other hydropower co-development opportunities. We used K-means clustering to classify sites (i.e., stream reaches) into clusters (i.e., groups of sites with similar attributes) based on simultaneous consideration of physical and biological attributes of those sites. Stream reaches included were confined to those with mean annual flow > 50 cfs and < 25,000 cfs (~350,000 reaches). Site Classification was conducted separately for six modules: hydroelectric generation, water quality, sediment passage, fish passage, foundation support, and recreation. About 340,000 stream reaches across the contiguous US were classified into 10 groups for each of the 6 different module categories. For each module category, clusters are visualized on US maps and described based on the defining variables that differentiate clusters from each other.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Shear Heating of Explosives using the Crush Gun; FY2018 Report

Explosives subject to rapid mechanical deformation can experience large internal velocity gradients; this is a dissipative process, causing internal temperature rise. If this internal frictional heating is sufficiently large and sufficiently localized it can cause ignition of the explosive. Modeling the heat deposition that arises from mechanical insult is an ongoing effort, and additional experimental data is required to develop the model [1]. Apneumatic gun apparatus was designed and built to deliver crushing impacts at velocities of 0-70 m/s. The apparatus is designed to halt the projectile approximately 1 mm before impacting the sapphire imaging surface, preventing a complete “pinch” condition from attaining. The primary diagnostics include high-speed visible videography and infrared imaging to determine spatial temperature rise of the sample during impact. Forty-seven tests were performed with the apparatus during FY18, on four different explosives: Comp-B, PBX 9501, LX-07, and LX-14.No measurable heating was observed with Comp-B at a nominal velocity of 58 m/s. A maximum temperature rise of 17 °C was recorded with PBX 9501 at an impact velocity of 59 m/s. A maximum temperature rise of 32 °C was observed with LX-07 at an impact velocity of 57 m/s. A maximum temperature rise of 15 °C was observed with LX-14 at an impact velocity of 59 m/s. In contrast to drop-weight tower sensitivity testing [2,3], no ignitions were observed in any of the impacts. The lack of appreciable heating is attributed to the arrest mechanism which prevents the projectile from completing the final ~2 mm of crush. Differences between the explosive compositions are attributed primarily to binder effects.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

COOLR: A New System for Dynamic Thermal-Aware Computing

Extreme-scale systems need to walk a fine line between the amount of cooling they receive and the thermal-induced performance and reliability degradation they can sustain. System managers are extremely motivated to battle cooling-energy cost: the largest line item in their total operating cost. On the other hand, pushing the nodes to peak performance in tightened cooling regimes places the burden on the dynamic thermal management (DTM) to protect the hardware. DTM schemes throttle performance to relieve heat accumulation within nodes when cooling cannot mitigate the problem. These interventions prevent fatal failures but introduce inevitable performance degradations and variations. Such variations can have drastic consequences on the performance of extreme-scale systems. Furthermore, distribution of heat across different system nodes depends not only on the amount of workload. Even if a strictly equal share of computational load is assigned to all nodes, there are physical attributes and topological features of each system that inherently cause uneven accumulation of heat. These can cause one subcomponent to trigger DTM prematurely and penalize the overall system. Our goal in this project is to create a holistic thermal-aware view of the system, capturing both inherent physical attributes and dynamic system state. We developed COOLR, a dynamic system with the ability to evaluate the interplay between management of computation, data, power dissipation, and thermal state. Thereby, COOLR will achieve higher overall performance at the same energy and cooling cost. First, we performed a systematic power and thermal modeling and of high performance computing architectures. Analytical and empirical techniques were blended to generate a light-weight thermal model of target systems. Second, we developed a thermal-aware OS and runtime system. Policies for managing resources and schedules for processes has been designed to co-optimize the thermal state and performance of the system. The main outcome of our proposed thermal-aware dynamic computing system are scheduling and allocation of processes and memory accesses leading to an appropriately “skewed” distribution of activity across the system. The ultimate result of this new arrangement resulted in reduced occurrences of hotspots and reduced episodes of DTM intervention, leading to improvements in performance. The overall thermal characterization and modeling methodology (thermal instrumentation techniques, model building, and systematic model reduction) resulting from this project can be applied to systems beyond our immediate scope and will be applicable to future scaling. The thermal-aware dynamic computing paradigm will impact the efficiency of extreme-scale systems. The gained “thermal slack” can be given back to further tighten the cooling budget, benefiting the management cost of next generation extreme-scale systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗