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System and method for measuring fluid properties using magnetic field techniques via magnetic tracer

A method and apparatus for determining a property of a fluid in a vessel. The method uses magnetic tracer particles and an externally applied magnetic field which orients the particles. When the fluid moves, it changes the orientation of the tracer particles, thus changing the magnetic fields. These changes are detected by external magnetic field sensors. By using mathematical models, the property of the fluid in the vessel is determined from the detected magnetic field. In this manner, fluid vorticity, velocity, strain and stress may be estimated.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Iron nitride permanent magnet and technique for forming iron nitride permanent magnet

A bulk permanent magnetic material may include between about 5 volume percent and about 40 volume percent Fe16N2 phase domains, a plurality of nonmagnetic atoms or molecules forming domain wall pinning sites, and a balance soft magnetic material, wherein at least some of the soft magnetic material is magnetically coupled to the Fe16N2 phase domains via exchange spring coupling. In some examples, a bulk permanent magnetic material may be formed by implanting N+ ions in an iron workpiece using ion implantation to form an iron nitride workpiece, pre-annealing the iron nitride workpiece to attach the iron nitride workpiece to a substrate, and post-annealing the iron nitride workpiece to form Fe16N2 phase domains within the iron nitride workpiece.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗