Supervisory Control System for Multi-Modular Advanced Reactors
The proposed supervisory control system (SCS) may provide considerable benefits to advanced small modular reactors, including reduced plant staffing, optimized maintenance activities, greater plant availability, and higher operating efficiency. The SCS makes risk-informed decisions based on (1) a probabilistic assessment of the likelihood of success given the status of the plant/systems and component health, and (2) a deterministic assessment between plant operating parameters and reactor protection parameters to prevent unnecessary trips and challenges to plant safety system—one measure of SCS success. The probabilistic portion of the decision-making engine of the SCS is based on the control actions associated with an advanced liquid-metal reactor (ALMR) Power Reactor, Innovative, Small Module (PRISM). Within the SCS, the probabilistic assessment provides a ranking of viable control actions; however, certain instructions generated by the probabilistic model only include an abstract notion of action without specifications. For instance, one instruction may be to reduce power without specifying how much reduction is needed. The prognostic/diagnostic models incorporate the health of components into the decision-making process. Once the control options are identified and ranked based on the likelihood of success, the SCS transmits the options to the deterministic portion of the platform. The performance-based system models assess and rank each of the probabilistically identified control actions by taking into account the physical behavior (current and projected) of the system. The performance-based decision making module receives inputs from the probabilistic decision-making module and the ERM module to generate a single solution. Interfaces to these modules are defined later in the section. A utility theory algorithm factors into the decision making by estimating the distance from and approach to a trip setpoint for each control option. If the magnitude of a negative utility value increases rapidly as the system approaches the trip setpoint, that option is not likely to be the preferred option. This can lead to a re-ranking of the control options. The SCS then transmits a control signal(s) to a component or system and informs the operator of actions taken based on the action chosen. The SCS successfully coupled probabilistic and performance-based system models to arrive at optimal control decisions based on the actual status of the plant and components. The automatic, autonomous, and real-time performance requirements for a control system were met by the SCS. The value of coupling probabilistic and performance-based system models was demonstrated by the re-ranking of control options based on the use of a utility algorithm. The use of ERM monitors provides added value to the SCS as demonstrated by the re-ranking of control options based on a components degraded state.