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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Rare Earth Elements (REE) and Critical Minerals (CM) in Middle Pennsylvanian-Age Coals and Associated Sediments in the Central Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A.

The Central Appalachian Basin (CAB) of Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia has a long history of coal mining and oil and gas extraction that has empowered the regional and national economies, the development of infrastructure, and a highly trained energy resources work force. As our societal demands for advanced technologies have rapidly increased in recent years, coal-related materials are viewed as an important new unconventional domestic source of critical minerals (CM) that are required for telecommunications, aerospace and transportation industries, electronics, the transition to low-carbon emissions energy production, and many consumer products. Coal-related materials encompass coal, associated sediments, coal mining waste materials, produced waters, and ash residues from coal-fired power plants. An important objective of the Evolve Central Appalachia Project (Evolve CAPP), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is to assess the quantity and distribution of CM resources in the CAB region. The rare earth elements (REE) are considered highest priority, although other important CM such as niobium, gallium, and zirconium are known to occur in the Middle Pennsylvanian-age coals and sediments. Working with coal industry partners who provided access to drill cores, coal-related sediments and waste materials, over 600 samples have been collected for laboratory analysis, and over 730 materials have been scanned using portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) equipment. The application of pXRF provides the means for real-time semiquantitative analysis of CM content at very close spacings (typically 2-3 inch intervals) along drill core and in-situ channel samples that span the roof, coal seam, and floor rock. The comparison of pXRF geochemical data with laboratory results, geologic data, and downhole spectral gamma logs can provide high resolution input to lithologic and depositional models for future CM resource evaluations. The preliminary findings show that pXRF is capable of accurately measuring low concentrations of many of the CM with a high level of confidence (Ba, Cr, Ga, K, Nb, Rb, Sr, Th, Y), whereas for others (La, Ce, Co, Mn, Nd, Ni, Sc, Ti, V) the detection limits are very high or spectral interferences increase the uncertainty. Notably, the mean abundances of Y (34 ppm), La (86 ppm), Ga (40 ppm), and V (146 ppm) in coal underclays in the CAB region are up to 7X enriched compared with the overlying coal. These values also exceed the reported concentrations in published reference materials for upper continental crustal rocks (Rudnick and Gao, 2003), North American Shale Composite (Gromet et al., 1984), and North American coal (Finkelman, 1993). The pXRF data are in part verified by laboratory results that indicate the mean Y abundance (36 ppm) is highly correlated (R2 = 0.807) with total REE (ΣREE). The correlation is even higher (R2 = 0.957) with heavy REE (ΣHREE). Applying these correlations to the pXRF data for the coal underclays, the mean estimated values for ΣREE+Y and ΣHREE+Y are 270 ppm and 58 ppm, respectively. Although these average values are not considered high, the range of Y measured by pXRF in the coal underclays extended as high as 114 ppm, which would suggest ΣREE+Y equal to 847 ppm. The mean abundances of Zr (192 ppm) and Th (21 ppm) in coal underclays are also enriched compared with the overlying coal and these results likely reflect the presence of resistant detrital heavy minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and zircon in the underclay matrix. Several of the profiled coal seams and associated wall rocks contained thin volcanic ash layers up to 4-5 inches in thickness. The extent to which these ash fall layers provided a source for CM under the paleoenvironmental conditions that resulted in coal deposits in the CAB remains to be fully studied. Continuing investigations in the Evolve CAPP study area will include laboratory determinations of mineralogic and clay compositions, and evaluations of CM geochemical mobility in the coal and coal underclays.

Lassetter, Billy↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding and Harnessing the Robustness of Undomesticated Yarrowia lipolytica Strains for Biosynthesis of Designer Bioesters (Final Report)

This project seeks to elucidate and harness the exceptional robustness of novel and undomesticated Y. lipolytica isolates, which were identified from a genetic diversity screening for compatibility with bioenergy development. Bioenergy-relevant isolates were further developed as microbial platforms for efficient conversion of undetoxified biomass hydrolysates into designer bio-esters continuously recovered by solvent extraction. The project has three major goals. Goal 1. Elucidate and enhance the endogenous metabolism of Y. lipolytica for superior growth, sugar utilization, and lipid accumulation in undetoxified biomass hydrolysates under hypoxic conditions. Goal 2. Understand and enhance the underlying mechanism of exceptional tolerance of Y. lipolytica to organic solvents. Goal 3. Elucidate and rewire endogenous metabolism of the most robust Y. lipolytica strains for effective conversion of accumulating lipids to designer bio-esters. Significant progress has been made toward completing all research goals. We elucidated and optimized the robustness of Y. lipolytica by utilizing mixed C5 and C6 sugars in switchgrass hydrolysates (SGH) for lipid production (Aim 1). We conducted extensive omics analysis to investigate how genetic diversity among Yarrowia strains, derived from natural isolates or developed through adaptive laboratory evolution, influences lipid production when utilizing SGH. In Aim 2, novel mechanisms and underlying genetics were discovered that enabled Yarrowia strains to thrive in cultures containing high ionic liquid (IL) concentrations. Amongst other novel findings, it was found that sterols strengthened cell membranes to confer IL toxicity resistance, specifically via increased ergosterol content upon exposure to IL. In Aim 3, mechanistic studies elucidated how Y. lipolytica utilized intracellular lipids and alkanes/alkenes, leading to our discovery of novel enzymes and pathways for making short-chain esters. Most notably, thermostable chloramphenicol transferases were repurposed to function as alcohol acetyltransferases in Y. lipolytica, as well as the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and thermophile Clostridium thermocellum, respectively.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding Soil Microbial Sources of Nitrous Acid and their Effect on Carbon-Nitrogen Cycle Interactions

Descriptions of soil emissions of reactive nitrogen (NO y ) in climate models are underdeveloped or non-existent, due to the fact that details of the mechanisms leading to nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen di-oxide (NO 2 ) formation in soil are lacking. This represents a major gap in our understanding of a significant land-atmosphere interaction that prevents us from scaling these processes from the laboratory scale to the ecosystem and global scales. There is a critical need to include these mechanisms into climate models since NO y controls the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and the lifetime of greenhouse gases and the rate of secondary aerosol formation that directly and indirectly affect climate. The first objective of this proposal is to conduct laboratory and field measurements of NO y fluxes from diverse soil types and determine the mechanism of biogenic NO y formation. The working hypothesis based on preliminary data is that soil HONO and NO 2 is ultimately derived from ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) that are widespread, but whose abundance varies across ecosystems. In the case of NO 2 , reactive oxygen species derived from iron-containing minerals and heterotrophic bacteria drive NO-to-NO 2 conversion. The approach is to link soil fluxes of HONO and NO 2 to AOA, AOB, and other heterotrophs using a combination of laboratory and field experiments, isotopic analysis, and molecular techniques to address how variability in land surfaces and edaphic properties impact emissions. In addition, we will determine the effect of HONO and NO 2 on nitrogen immobilization and the photo-oxidative capacity of soil. The working hypothesis is that HONO uptake in soil will be a source of nitrosonium and hydroxyl radical that will lead to thermal- and photodegradation of soil organic matter to CO 2 and CO, and the incorporation of N in soil organic matter. We will use surface-sensitive mass spectrometry techniques and gas phase detection to study N-immobilization in soil and subsequent enhancements in reactivity that lead to decomposition of organic matter. The results will be used to reduce the uncertainty in projections from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) stemming from inaccurate representations of soil NO y emissions. The proposed research is significant because, in addition to demonstrating new mechanisms of NO y formation and loss, it will be a crucial first step towards modeling the land-atmosphere exchange of HONO and NO 2 in the CESM. Improved model treatment of land-air exchange of NO y is key for understanding feedbacks between human activity and climate, and addressing societal concerns about the fate of N and C emitted to the atmosphere.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Beam-energy dependence of the directed flow of deuterons in Au+Au collisions

Here, we present a measurement of the first-order azimuthal anisotropy v 1 of deuterons from Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 , 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV recorded with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The energy dependence of the v 1 (y) slope, $dv_1/dy|_{y=0}$, for deuterons, where y is the rapidity, is extracted for semicentral collisions (10%–40% centrality) and compared with that of protons. While the v 1 (y) slopes of protons are generally negative for $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ > 10 GeV , those for deuterons are consistent with zero, a strong enhancement of the v 1 (y) slope of deuterons is seen at the lowest collision energy (the largest baryon density) at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 GeV . In addition, we report the transverse momentum dependence of v 1 for protons and deuterons. The experimental results are compared with transport and coalescence models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Search for the nonresonant and resonant production of a Higgs boson in association with an additional scalar boson in the $γγττ$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV

The results of a search for the production of two scalar bosons in final states with two photons and two tau leptons are presented. The search considers both nonresonant production of a Higgs boson pair, HH, and resonant production via a new boson X which decays either to HH or to H and a new scalar Y. The analysis uses up to 138 fb −1 of proton-proton collision data, recorded between 2016 and 2018 by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No evidence for signal is found in the data. For the nonresonant production, the observed (expected) upper limit at 95% confidence level (CL) on the HH production cross section is set at 930 (740) fb, corresponding to 33 (26) times the standard model prediction. At 95% CL, HH production is observed (expected) to be excluded for values of κ λ outside the range between −12 (−9.4) and 17 (15). Observed (expected) upper limits at 95% CL for the X → HH cross section are found to be within 160 to 2200 (200 to 1800) fb, depending on the mass of X. In the X → Y(ττ)H(γγ) search, the observed (expected) upper limits on the product of the production cross section and decay branching fractions vary between 0.059–1.2 fb (0.087–0.68 fb). For the X → Y(γγ)H(ττ) search the observed (expected) upper limits on the product of the production cross section and Y → γγ branching fraction vary between 0.69–15 fb (0.73–8.3 fb) in the low Y mass search, tightening constraints on the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model, and between 0.64–10 fb (0.70–7.6 fb) in the high Y mass search.

Beyond Standard Model↗
DOE OSTI2026

Search for heavy scalar resonances decaying to Lorentz-boosted Higgs and Higgs-like bosons in the $\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}4\mathrm{q}$ final state at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV

A search is performed for a heavy scalar resonance X decaying to a Higgs boson (H) and a Higgs-like scalar boson (Y) in the two bottom quark (H → $b\bar{b}$) and four quark (Y → VV → 4q) final state, where V denotes a W or Z boson. Masses of the X between 900 and 4000 GeV and the Y between 60 and 2800 GeV are considered. The search is performed in data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC from proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy, with a data set corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 . It targets the Lorentz-boosted regime, in which the products of the H → $b\bar{b}$ decay can be reconstructed as a single large-area jet, and those from the Y → VV → 4q decay as either one Y → 4q or two jets V → H → $q\bar{q}$. Jet identification and mass reconstruction exploit machine-learning tools, including a novel attention-based “particle transformer” for Y → 4q identification. No significant excess is observed in the data above the standard model background expectation. Upper limits on the product of production cross section and branching fraction as low as 0.2 fb are derived at 95% confidence level for various mass hypotheses. This is the first search at the LHC for scalar resonances in the all-hadronic H → $b\bar{b}$VV decay channel.

Beyond Standard Model↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y2(Al3Co)3 by Materials Project

Y2Co3Al9 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven Al atoms. There are a spread of Y–Al bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.08 Å. There are two inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Al atoms. There are four shorter (2.51 Å) and four longer (2.57 Å) Co–Al bond lengths. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Al atoms. There are a spread of Co–Al bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.57 Å. There are four inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, two equivalent Co, and six Al atoms. There are four shorter (2.74 Å) and two longer (2.76 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, three Co, and four Al atoms. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and two longer (2.89 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the third Al site, Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, two equivalent Co, and six Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.73 Å) and two longer (2.78 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the fourth Al site, Al is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y, three Co, and five Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.76 Å) and one longer (2.82 Å) Al–Al bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YTlPd by Materials Project

YPdTl crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Tl atoms. There are four shorter (3.07 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Y–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.23 Å) and four longer (3.38 Å) Y–Tl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and three equivalent Tl atoms. All Pd–Tl bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y and six equivalent Tl atoms. All Pd–Tl bond lengths are 2.84 Å. Tl is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and four Pd atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YAlPd by Materials Project

YPdAl crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Pd and six equivalent Al atoms. There are four shorter (2.97 Å) and one longer (2.98 Å) Y–Pd bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.22 Å) and four longer (3.30 Å) Y–Al bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and three equivalent Al atoms. All Pd–Al bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y and six equivalent Al atoms. All Pd–Al bond lengths are 2.66 Å. Al is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and four Pd atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YAlNi by Materials Project

YNiAl crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Ni and six equivalent Al atoms. There are four shorter (2.87 Å) and one longer (2.90 Å) Y–Ni bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.12 Å) and four longer (3.19 Å) Y–Al bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and three equivalent Al atoms. All Ni–Al bond lengths are 2.73 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y and six equivalent Al atoms. All Ni–Al bond lengths are 2.55 Å. Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y, four Ni, and two equivalent Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.83 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YMgCu by Materials Project

YCuMg crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and four Cu atoms. There are two shorter (3.25 Å) and four longer (3.35 Å) Mg–Y bond lengths. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and two longer (2.90 Å) Mg–Cu bond lengths. Y is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Mg and five Cu atoms. There are four shorter (3.00 Å) and one longer (3.10 Å) Y–Cu bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cu sites. In the first Cu site, Cu is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mg and six equivalent Y atoms. In the second Cu site, Cu is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Mg and three equivalent Y atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y3Si3O10F by Materials Project

Y3Si3O10F crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Y3+ sites. In the first Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six O2- and one F1- atom. There are a spread of Y–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.60 Å. The Y–F bond length is 2.27 Å. In the second Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded to six O2- and one F1- atom to form YO6F pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Y–O bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.49 Å. The Y–F bond length is 2.40 Å. In the third Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five O2- and one F1- atom. There are a spread of Y–O bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.42 Å. The Y–F bond length is 2.30 Å. There are three inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent YO6F pentagonal bipyramids and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.68 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent YO6F pentagonal bipyramids and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.63 Å) and two longer (1.66 Å) Si–O bond length. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent YO6F pentagonal bipyramids and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.67 Å. There are ten inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Si4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y3+ and one Si4+ atom. F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Y3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y5(Si7Os2)2 by Materials Project

Y5(Os2Si7)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Y3+ sites. In the first Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded to two equivalent Os+1.75- and ten Si+0.57- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing YSi10Os2 cuboctahedra. There are one shorter (3.16 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Y–Os bond lengths. There are a spread of Y–Si bond distances ranging from 2.99–3.20 Å. In the second Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded to two equivalent Os+1.75- and ten Si+0.57- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing YSi10Os2 cuboctahedra. There are one shorter (3.16 Å) and one longer (3.18 Å) Y–Os bond lengths. There are a spread of Y–Si bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.16 Å. In the third Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Os+1.75- and twelve Si+0.57- atoms. There are a spread of Y–Os bond distances ranging from 3.13–3.21 Å. There are a spread of Y–Si bond distances ranging from 2.99–3.20 Å. There are two inequivalent Os+1.75- sites. In the first Os+1.75- site, Os+1.75- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y3+ and seven Si+0.57- atoms. There are a spread of Os–Si bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.59 Å. In the second Os+1.75- site, Os+1.75- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Y3+ and five Si+0.57- atoms. There are a spread of Os–Si bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.44 Å. There are seven inequivalent Si+0.57- sites. In the first Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Y3+, two Os+1.75-, and three Si+0.57- atoms. There are a spread of Si–Si bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.69 Å. In the second Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Y3+, one Os+1.75-, and two Si+0.57- atoms. There are one shorter (2.44 Å) and one longer (2.46 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. In the third Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six Y3+ and two Si+0.57- atoms. The Si–Si bond length is 2.41 Å. In the fourth Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Y3+, two Os+1.75-, and three Si+0.57- atoms. There are one shorter (2.44 Å) and one longer (2.70 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. In the fifth Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Y3+, two Os+1.75-, and three Si+0.57- atoms. There are one shorter (2.56 Å) and one longer (2.69 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. In the sixth Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Y3+, two Os+1.75-, and three Si+0.57- atoms. The Si–Si bond length is 2.68 Å. In the seventh Si+0.57- site, Si+0.57- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y3+, three equivalent Os+1.75-, and four Si+0.57- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y2Zn17 by Materials Project

Y2Zn17 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to nineteen Zn atoms. There are a spread of Y–Zn bond distances ranging from 3.11–3.46 Å. There are four inequivalent Zn sites. In the first Zn site, Zn is bonded to three equivalent Y and nine Zn atoms to form distorted ZnY3Zn9 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-three ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, edges with ten ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, and faces with twenty ZnY3Zn9 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Zn–Zn bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.87 Å. In the second Zn site, Zn is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Y and thirteen Zn atoms. There are a spread of Zn–Zn bond distances ranging from 2.64–2.97 Å. In the third Zn site, Zn is bonded to two equivalent Y and ten Zn atoms to form ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-two ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, edges with ten ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen ZnY3Zn9 cuboctahedra. All Zn–Zn bond lengths are 2.59 Å. In the fourth Zn site, Zn is bonded to two equivalent Y and ten Zn atoms to form distorted ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra that share corners with twenty-four ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, edges with five ZnY2Zn10 cuboctahedra, and faces with twenty-one ZnY3Zn9 cuboctahedra. Both Zn–Zn bond lengths are 2.66 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YInPt by Materials Project

YPtIn crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to five Pt and six equivalent In atoms. There are four shorter (3.04 Å) and one longer (3.15 Å) Y–Pt bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.22 Å) and four longer (3.37 Å) Y–In bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pt sites. In the first Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y and six equivalent In atoms. All Pt–In bond lengths are 2.79 Å. In the second Pt site, Pt is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and three equivalent In atoms. All Pt–In bond lengths are 2.90 Å. In is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and four Pt atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YAgPb by Materials Project

YAgPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ag and five Pb atoms. There are two shorter (3.37 Å) and four longer (3.62 Å) Y–Ag bond lengths. There are four shorter (3.21 Å) and one longer (3.23 Å) Y–Pb bond lengths. Ag is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y, two equivalent Ag, and four Pb atoms. Both Ag–Ag bond lengths are 3.25 Å. There are two shorter (2.91 Å) and two longer (2.95 Å) Ag–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to three equivalent Y and six equivalent Ag atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and three equivalent Ag atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y2(Ga3Co)3 by Materials Project

Y2Co3Ga9 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Y–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.04 Å. There are two inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Ga atoms. There are a spread of Co–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.56 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Ga atoms. There are four shorter (2.53 Å) and four longer (2.55 Å) Co–Ga bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Y, three Co, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.74–2.82 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, three Co, and five Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and two longer (2.81 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, two equivalent Co, and six Ga atoms. Both Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.74 Å. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Y, two equivalent Co, and six Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.72 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on YAl2 by Materials Project

Al2Y is Cubic Laves structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Y and twelve equivalent Al atoms. All Y–Y bond lengths are 3.41 Å. All Y–Al bond lengths are 3.27 Å. Al is bonded to six equivalent Y and six equivalent Al atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing AlY6Al6 cuboctahedra. All Al–Al bond lengths are 2.79 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗