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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,261 records · Page 70
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2019

TESS Discoveries

TESS discoveries have already become fruitful targets for HST follow up, and this will undoubtedly continue through the JWST era. In addition to providing targets for atmospheric characterization, TESS' Level One Science Requirement is to measure masses for 50 transiting planets smaller than 4 Earth radii. A full suite of ground based facilities will be working together to optimize the TESS science yield. Somewhat surprisingly though, no study has quantified the accuracy of mass constraints required to yield robust atmospheric properties of small planets. Previous work showed that the mass of a transiting exoplanet could be inferred from its transmission spectrum alone. The method leverages the effect of the planet's surface gravity on the atmospheric scale height, which in turn influences the transmission spectrum. However, significant degeneracies exist between transmission spectra of planets with different masses and compositions, making difficult to unambiguously determine the planet's mass and composition in many cases. I will present the first quantitative answer to this pressing question. Our analysis places definitive limits on how accurate mass constraints need to be in order to unambiguously determine atmospheric composition for a diverse array of planets ranging from terrestrial-size (TRAPPIST-1-like) to mini-Neptunes and hot Jupiters. These results broadly impact the community of scientists working on exoplanets -- from the full breadth of ground based observers conducting TESS follow-up, to those studying planet populations, and finally to those planning atmospheric investigations. This is particularly timely as the STScI Director charged the HST-TESS Advisory committee to report to the Space Telescope Users Committee on how HST can best support follow-up observations of TESS exoplanet discoveries. The community needs to determine optimal strategies for maximizing the rapid scientific return from TESS targets.

Batalha, Natasha E.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Directing Polymorphism of Colloid Crystals Using Conformational Entropy of Polymer Chains

Controlling the polytypes of close-packed structures of spherical colloids is still a challenging problem despite their wide occurrence. Here, in this work, we show that systematic engineering of the polytype structures of close-packed colloids is possible by using the conformational entropy of polymer chains confined in the interstitial space of colloid crystals. Our interstitial space analysis shows that the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structures offer larger local interstitial space domains, and the structure director chains in favor of HCP counteract the entropic advantages of the face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices. Using model block copolymer colloids and the known lattice entropy of FCC, a proportionality parameter, β CP = 1.91 × 10 –3 ± 3.67 × 10 –4 , for quantifying the conformational entropy contribution toward HCP structures is extracted. This work demonstrates that the interstitial space of colloid crystals serves as a new structure engineering tool for the self-assembly of colloids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Topological Switching and Orbiting Dynamics of Colloidal Spheres Dressed with Chiral Nematic Solitons

Metastable configurations formed by defects, inclusions, elastic deformations and topological solitons in liquid crystals are a promising choice for building photonic crystals and metamaterials with a potential for new optical applications. Local optical modification of the director or introduction of colloidal inclusions into a moderately chiral nematic liquid crystal confined to a homeotropic cell creates localized multistable chiral solitons. Here we induce solitons that ‘‘dress’’ the dispersed spherical particles treated for tangential degenerate boundary conditions, and perform controlled switching of their state using focused optical beams. Two optically switchable distinct metastable states, toron and hopfion, bound to colloidal spheres into structures with different topological charges are investigated. Their structures are examined using Q-tensor based numerical simulations and compared to the profiles reconstructed from the experiments. A topological explanation of observed multistability is constructed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Azimuthal Anchoring Strength in Photopatterned Alignment of a Nematic

Spatially-varying director fields have become an important part of research and development in liquid crystals. Characterization of the anchoring strength associated with a spatially-varying director is difficult, since the methods developed for a uniform alignment are seldom applicable. Here we characterize the strength of azimuthal surface anchoring produced by the photoalignment technique based on plasmonic metamsaks. The measurements used photopatterned arrays of topological point defects of strength +1 and −1 in thin layers of a nematic liquid crystal. The integer-strength defects split into pairs of half-integer defects with lower elastic energy. The separation distance between the split pair is limited by the azimuthal surface anchoring, which allows one to determine the strength of the latter. The strength of the azimuthal anchoring is proportional to the UV exposure time during the photoalignment of the azobenzene layer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nematic director reorientation at solid and liquid interfaces under flow: SAXS studies in a microfluidic device

In this work we investigate the interplay between flow and boundary condition effects on the orientation field of a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal under flow and confinement in a microfluidic device. Two types of experiments were performed using synchrotron small-angle X-ray-scattering (SAXS). In the first, a nematic liquid crystal flows through a square-channel cross section at varying flow rates, while the nematic director orientation projected onto the velocity/velocity gradient plane is measured using a 2D detector. At moderate-to-high flow rates, the nematic director is predominantly aligned in the flow direction, but with a small tilt angle of ~±11° in the velocity gradient direction. The director tilt angle is constant throughout most of the channel width but switches sign when crossing the center of the channel, in agreement with the Ericksen–Leslie–Parodi (ELP) theory. At low flow rates, boundary conditions begin to dominate, and a flow profile resembling the escaped radial director configuration is observed, where the director is seen to vary more smoothly from the edges (with homeotropic alignment) to the center of the channel. In the second experiment, hydrodynamic focusing is employed to confine the nematic phase into a sheet of liquid sandwiched between two layers of Triton X-100 aqueous solutions. The average nematic director orientation shifts to some extent from the flow direction toward the liquid boundaries, although it remains unclear if one tilt angle is dominant through most of the nematic sheet (with abrupt jumps near the boundaries) or if the tilt angle varies smoothly between two extreme values (~90 and 0°). Lastly, the technique presented here could be applied to perform high-throughput measurements for assessing the influence of different surfactants on the orientation of nematic phases and may lead to further improvements in areas such as boundary lubrication and clarifying the nature of defect structures in LC displays.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2005

Matlab GUI for a Fluid Mixer

The Test and Engineering Directorate at NASA John C. Stennis Space Center developed an interest to study the modeling, evaluation, and control of a liquid hydrogen (LH2) and gas hydrogen (GH2) mixer subsystem of a ground test facility. This facility carries out comprehensive ground-based testing and certification of liquid rocket engines including the Space Shuttle Main engine. A software simulation environment developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK (M/S) will allow NASA engineers to test rocket engine systems at relatively no cost. In the progress report submitted in February 2004, we described the development of two foundation programs, a reverse look-up application using various interpolation algorithms, a variety of search and return methods, and self-checking methods to reduce the error in returned search results to increase the functionality of the program. The results showed that these efforts were successful. To transfer this technology to engineers who are not familiar with the M/S environment, a four-module GUI was implemented allowing the user to evaluate the mixer model under open-loop and closed-loop conditions. The progress report was based on an udergraduate Honors Thesis by Ms. Jamie Granger Austin in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Tulane University, during January-May 2003, and her continued efforts during August-December 2003. In collaboration with Dr. Hanz Richter and Dr. Fernando Figueroa we published these results in a NASA Tech Brief due to appear this year. Although the original proposal in 2003 did not address other components of the test facility, we decided in the last few months to extend our research and consider a related pressurization tank component as well. This report summarizes the results obtained towards a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the evaluation and control of the hydrogen mixer subsystem model and for the pressurization tank each taken individually. Further research would combine the two components - mixer and tank, for a more realistic simulation tool.

Barbieri, Enrique↗
DOE OSTI2013

Support of US CLIVAR Project Office 2012

Director of JOSS, supervised the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office Director and helped direct the officer to enhance the goals and objectives of the U.S. CLIVAR Project and budget. Financial Manager of JOSS, worked to complete proposals and monitor compliance with award requirements and funding limitations and ensure the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office complied with UCAR policies and procedures. Project Coordinator administered the funding for the U.S. CLIVAR Project Office and was responsible for coordinating special projects that required additional support from JOSS technical staff. These projects included activities such as website updates, technology upgrades, production of printed reports, and development of graphic elements like logos. Web Developer worked both on web development and graphic work and the work consisted of the following: Maintaining the site ? installing updates to Drupal CMS (Content Management System). Creating new templates for webpages and styling them with CSS and JavaScript/jQuery code. Fixing the styling on webpages that the content contributor/manager (Jenn Mays) created and has had trouble with. Creating new web forms for abstract uploading, subscriptions, and meeting registrations. Created 4 webpages for the ?ASP: Key Uncertainties in the Global Carbon-Cycle? meeting. Developed a document review form, instruction webpages, login redirect, dynamic table with form submissions for the US CLIVAR SSC Science Plan Document Review. This was open to the public from June 12, 2013 until July 10, 2013. During this time the user accounts had to be checked (daily) that were created by the public, to delete any spam ones. Graphics work: preparing images for general use on webpages, webpage banners, and for meeting name badges, creating a US CLIVAR letterhead, redesigning the US AMOC logo. System Administrator spent time working on the migration of the US CLIVAR site from the USGCRP office to UCAR here Boulder. This was done to increase the general speed of the site & to allow the web developer to work in it more efficiently. Main tasks were to Archive the old Site, create new development site for web developer, and move web address to new website when web developer was finished with development. There are no patients or equipment related to this proposals

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dynamically morphing microchannels in liquid crystal elastomer coatings containing disclinations

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) hold a major promise as a versatile material platform for smart soft coatings, since their orientational order can be predesigned to program a desired dynamic profile. In this work, we introduce temperature-responsive dynamic coatings based on LCEs with arrays of singular defects-disclinations that run parallel to the surface. The disclinations form in response to antagonistic patterns of the molecular orientation at the top and bottom surfaces, imposed by the plasmonic mask photoalignment. Upon heating, an initially flat LCE coating develops linear microchannels located above each disclination. The stimulus that causes a non-flat profile of LCE coatings upon heating is the activation force induced by the gradients of molecular orientation around disclinations. To describe the formation of microchannels and their thermal response, we adopt a Frank-Oseen model of disclinations in patterned director field and propose a linear elasticity theory to connect the complex spatially-varying molecular orientation to the displacements of the LCE. The thermo-responsive surface profiles predicted by the theory and by the finite element modeling are in good agreement with the experimental data; in particular, higher gradients of molecular orientation produce a stronger modulation of the coating profile. The elastic theory and the finite element simulations allow us to estimate the material parameter that characterizes the elastomer coating’s response to the thermal activation. The disclinations containing LCEs show potential as soft dynamic coatings with a predesigned responsive surface profile.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore Site: 4200 Block Development Project Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (June 2023)

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Function Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed Maintenance Shop Facility in the 4200 Block (project). The purpose of the SAP is to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction. This SAP follows criteria established in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which was formalized in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006) and the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) guidance (U.S. NRC, U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE, and U.S. DOD 2000). The scope of this SAP is based on design information provided by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Experimental Test Site 300 (Site 300): Site 300 Roadway Improvements - 836 Complex Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (May 2023)

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Functional Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed Roadway Improvements Project at the 836 Complex (project). The purpose of the SAP is to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction. This SAP follows criteria established in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which was formalized in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006) and the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) guidance (U.S. NRC, U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE, and U.S. DOD 2000). The scope of this SAP is based on preliminary design information provided by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A new generation of uranium coincidence fast neutron collars for assay of LWR fresh fuel assemblies

The active uranium neutron coincidence collar provides a means of non-destructively assaying the fissile linear density of Light Water Reactor fresh fuel assemblies containing low enriched uranium. These neutron collars can operate in two modes: a thermal and a fast mode. In fast mode, a neutron collar has an added cadmium (Cd) liner in the sample cavity of the detector to reduce the impact of the burnable poison (thermal neutron absorber) on the detector signal (doubles). The main advantage for operating in fast mode is a detected signal that is less dependent of the burnable neutron poison content and thus less dependent on facility operator declarations. The drawback is that operating in fast mode requires a longer measurement time (~hour vs tens of minutes for thermal mode) to achieve the statistically needed precision in the measurements. The trend in the modern reactor fuel assemblies is moving to higher burnup by using higher initial enrichment and, consequently, a higher number of burnable poison rods to compensate the initial neutron reactivity. The increase of the burnable poison loading has motivated the development of a new generation of high efficiency fast neutron collars to allow practical measurements in-field by nuclear inspectors. This paper describes the development and performance evaluation of a new generation of neutron collars, for both boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuels, jointly developed between the US Department of Energy, through Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Euratom Safeguards Directorate of the European Commission. In this work, we present here calibrations with reference fuel assemblies at Los Alamos National Laboratory as well as the results of in-field measurement campaigns in fuel fabrication plants with modern commercial fuel assemblies. The experimental results show that a typical PWR verification can be made in a total time of 30 min with an uncertainty in the measured mass of 2% at one standard deviation (1σ). A BWR verification can be made in 47 min with an uncertainty in the measured mass of 1.9% at 1σ, or a total time of 20 min with 1σ uncertainty in the measured mass of 2.5%.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Three-state nematicity in the triangular lattice antiferromagnet Fe 1/3 NbS 2

Nematic order is the breaking of rotational symmetry in the presence of translational invariance. While originally defined in the context of liquid crystals, the concept of nematic order has arisen in crystalline matter with discrete rotational symmetry, most prominently in the tetragonal Fe-based superconductors where the parent state is four-fold symmetric. In this case the nematic director takes on only two directions, and the order parameter in such 'Ising-nematic' systems is a simple scalar. In this study, using a spatially resolved optical polarimetry technique, we show that a qualitatively distinct nematic state arises in the triangular lattice antiferromagnet Fe 1/3 NbS 2 . The crucial difference is that the nematic order on the triangular lattice is a Z 3 or three-state Potts-nematic order parameter. As a consequence, the anisotropy axes of response functions such as the resistivity tensor can be continuously reoriented by external perturbations. This discovery lays the groundwork for devices that exploit analogies with nematic liquid crystals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Engineering Design Study of Laser Power Beaming for Applications on the Moon

Using a laser to send power to a photovoltaic receiver has been proposed to transmit electrical power on the moon, particularly for applications such as powering a rover in near-polar permanent-ly-shadowed regions (PSR) where solar power is not available, however detailed engineering design studies of the spacecraft for such applications has not previously been undertaken. In this work, we did an engineering design study of two applications of laser power beaming for near-term lunar ap-plications. In the first application studied, an application was studied to provide power during the lunar night for a global network of small landers spread across the lunar surface, at latitudes ranging from equatorial to near polar landing sites. We analyze a proposal to power such small landers from orbit, using a laser to beam power from an orbital power station to photovoltaic arrays on the landers that are tuned to the laser wavelength. A commercially-available high-power 1.07-µ diode-pumped fiber laser was chosen as the source. To minimize beam spread of the a spot at the required distance, a 1.5 meter optical element was provided, using a design based on the Kepler telescope. To provide power to landers at any location, three orbital stations (“beamcraft) are required, each carrying a 3-kW laser. (If the surface science platforms requiring power are only in polar locations, or converse-ly, only in near equatorial locations, only one orbital platform is needed.) The approach is seen to be feasible, and a systems analysis was completed, the concept of operations for the system out-lined and a design for the beamcraft put together. The second design study looked at surface-to-surface power beaming using the VSAT as the la-ser platform, for an application to provide power to the interior of a permanently shadowed lunar crater from a surface platform. To maximize the distance of beaming, taking into account possible surface irregularities and the short distance to the horizon of the moon, it is desirable to emplace the laser at an elevation above the surface. The Vertical Solar Array Technology (VSAT) is a NASA program developing a solar array mounted vertically on a 10-m tall mast, designed for emplacement on a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) lander to provide 10-kW (BOL) power near the south polar region of the moon, with a target readiness date of 2028. We used this design as the starting platform and the power source for a laser power beaming station. By mounting the laser beam director at the top of the solar array mast, a viewing distance to power receivers up to 10 km is possible. Requirements for the system were to be able to provide 300 W of continuous usable power to users including CLPS landers, VIPER class rovers, or the proposed Lunar Terrain Vehicle. The specified requirement was to be able to transmit power to a distance of up to 10 km, over a design lifetime of 5 years, and fitting within a total system landed mass under 625 kg. Again, a 1.07-µ fiber laser is mounted on the deck of the lander, with laser output sent to the laser beam director by a fiber-optic cable. A 7 square meter deployable radiator keeps the laser within operating temperature limits. The beam director is based on the design of a prototype unit developed by the University of California Santa Barbara. The system beams power for 57% of the time, with 44% of the time idle (accounting for the time when the VSAT array is itself in shadow). 1595 Watts of optical power are output in the beam. Accounting for receiver efficiency and beam losses, this results in an output onto the 1.5-meter receiving photovoltaic array of 542 watts. Of this, 300 watts is directly available to the user, while 242 watts is directed to the batteries for use while the beam is not available.

laser power↗
DOE OSTI2026

Discovery of spontaneous mesoscopic strain waves in nematic domains using dark-field x-ray microscopy

Electronic nematic order arises when correlated electrons spontaneously break the rotational symmetry of a crystal lattice. When electronic nematic order couples bilinearly to symmetry-breaking lattice strain, both appear together at a single ferroelastic phase transition, producing structural twin domains with distinct orientations of the nematic director. While the effects of applied strain on these domains are well established, the intrinsic behavior of spontaneous subdomain strain fields has remained unexplored. Here, we report the discovery of spontaneous mesoscopic strain waves within individual nematic domains of an iron-based superconductor, observed using dark-field x-ray microscopy (DFXM). Using this advanced full-field imaging technique, we visualize subdomain strain modulations emerging concurrently with nematic order. Elastic compatibility relations governing inhomogeneous strains provide a natural mechanism for the strain waves. Our findings reveal a broadly relevant form of strain self-organization and position DFXM as a powerful probe of the local interplay between lattice strain and electronic order.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Site 300 Roadway Improvements - 834 Complex Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Functional Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed Roadway Improvements Project at the 834 Complex (project) (Figure 1). The purpose of the SAP is to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction. This SAP follows criteria established in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which was formalized in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006) and the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) guidance (U.S. NRC, U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE, and U.S. DOD 2000). The scope of this SAP is based on preliminary design information provided by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Building 871 and 874 Retaining Wall Project Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Functional Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed retaining wall near Buildings 871 and 874 (project) (Figure 1). The purpose of the SAP is to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction. This SAP follows criteria established in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which was formalized in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006) and the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) guidance (U.S. NRC, U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE, and U.S. DOD 2000). The scope of this SAP is based on preliminary design information provided by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Post-translational modifications: emerging directors of cell-fate decisions during endoplasmic reticulum stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical for growth, development, and stress responses. Perturbations causing an imbalance in ER proteostasis lead to a potentially lethal condition known as ER stress. In ER stress situations, cell-fate decisions either activate pro-life pathways that reestablish homeostasis or initiate pro-death pathways to prevent further damage to the organism. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning cell-fate decisions in ER stress is critical for crop development and has the potential to enable translation of conserved components to ER stress-related diseases in metazoans. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are emerging as key players in cell-fate decisions in situations of imbalanced ER proteostasis. In this review, we address PTMs orchestrating cell-fate decisions in ER stress in plants and provide evidence-based perspectives for where future studies may focus to identify additional PTMs involved in ER stress management.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Experimental Test Site 300 (Site 300): Site 300 Roadway Improvements - Chem Mag Loop Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (May 2023)

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Function Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed Roadway Improvements Project at the Chem Mag Loop (project). The purpose of the SAP is to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction. This SAP follows criteria established in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which was formalized in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006) and the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) guidance (U.S. NRC, U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE, and U.S. DOD 2000). The scope of this SAP is based on preliminary design information provided to EFA by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗