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DOE OSTI2025

Terra-Populus v0.1: A Python Library for LandScan High-Definition Population Analysis and Modeling

The terra-populus library is designed for use by the LandScan HD technical team, offering a streamlined set of tools for generating and updating LandScan HD datasets from foundational building-level data, referred to as 'molecules,' provided by the building-level attribution team. This document serves as the primary technical documentation for terra-populus. Version 0.1 of the library includes the core modeling components necessary for LandScan HD production. It enables the generation of the LandScan HD Baseline dataset as well as corresponding confidence measures for the occupancy rates used. Parameters have been included for incorporating damaged building indicators and changes in population, to faciliate the creation of rapid updates for LandScan HD. Future iterations of terra-populus will introduce tools for creating a confidence index, and quantifying and propagating uncertainty, facilitating the creation of probabilistic LandScan HD outputs. This report provides an overview of the tools available in the library and the corresponding code implementations. One of the key advancements implemented in terra-populus is a redefinition of the atomic modeling unit for LandScan HD. Traditionally, the LandScan HD vector analytical framework has generated population estimates at the building sub-component (molecule) level. However, terra-populus adopts a building-level modeling approach. This shift is an operational decision aimed at aligning LandScan HD outputs with confidence measures, which are computed and validated at the building level (confidence measures are not included in this version of terra-populus, aside from those associated with the occupancy rates). Additional advancements to the LandScan HD modeling, as implemented by terra-populus, include a minimum population value parameter and an auto assignment of building floor counts. The population minimum value was implemented to prevent buildings and subsequent LandScan HD pixels that contained small values that may not rasterize in production. An 'auto' value has been included as a method for dealing with buildings lacking floor count information, where it is the average floor count of all other buildings with a residential building use type tag. The logic behind this is to remain consistent with the current logic employed for dealing with building use type null instances, where a null use type is defaulted to residential since it is the most common building type. The auto logic is intended to apply the most common building floor count of the most common type of buildings. The tools provided in terra-populus represent a significant step forward in improving the efficiency, reproducibility, and transparency of the LandScan HD modeling process. As the library evolves, it will continue to serve as a foundational resource for high-resolution population modeling.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2025

Performance Assurance Planning Guide for Utility Energy Service Contracts: 2025 Edition

Administered by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), the Utility Program has fostered collaboration among federal agencies and their serving utilities for more than 25 years. The Utility Program supports agencies using Utility Energy Service Contracts (UESCs), a well-developed, effective contracting vehicle that enable the latest approaches to cost-effective energy management at federal sites. Federal agencies have successfully used UESCs to award over 2,000 energy and water efficiency and renewable energy projects, investing approximately $\$$2.8 billion in furthering the Federal Government's efforts to reduce energy intensity. Authorized by 42 U.S. Code section 8256 (10 U.S. Code section 2913 for the Department of Defense), a UESC is a limited-source acquisition between a federal agency and an eligible serving utility for energy management services that generate savings from the implementation of energy- and water -conservation measures (collectively referred to as ECMs), with 42 U.S. Code section 8287 (Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, Part 241), providing the term of a UESC, which may extend up to 25 years. Through a UESC, the utility partner assesses designs, and implements the desired ECMs - which can range from lighting retrofits and renewable energy systems, to combined heat and power plants or other technologies and strategies, and may provide financing for the project. The agency may use any combination of appropriations and third-party financing to pay for the project, providing useful flexibility. There is no limit to the project size, big or small, that can be implemented using a UESC. To assist agencies implementing a UESC, FEMP has developed a Utility Energy Service Contract Guide and this companion guidance document to help agencies and their utility partners better understand the best practices for to ensure UESCs continue to perform and generate savings throughout their performance period. These best practices utilize a combination of effective project management, communication, documentation, and a detailed Performance Assurance Plan. This plan is a project specific set of actionable protocols that define important tasks and responsibilities throughout the contract term and reflects the site conditions, complexities, agency capabilities, and operating and maintaining planned ECMs.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Capability Building Progression of an Insider Threat Mitigation Program at International Nuclear Power Plant

With threats to nuclear facilities continuously evolving, the development and implementation of insider threat mitigation programs is increasingly important. The Office of International Nuclear Security within the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA’s) developed the “Insider Threat Mitigation Program: Facility Implementation Handbook” to assist organizations to be better positioned to minimize the risks posed by malicious insiders. The handbook identified eight elements that contribute to the development and implementation of insider threat mitigation programs. This report outlines the development of a capability building progression of an insider threat mitigation program at international nuclear power plants. This information can be stand-alone or be accompanied by a technical exchange with subject matter experts to support development and implementation of programs with interested international partners.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Frequency and time multiplexing for multiphoton state generation

One of the primary challenges with photonic quantum information processing is that single-photon states are created and heralded probabilistically, rather than being created on demand. One solution to this problem is multiplexing , which is attempting probabilistic generation of a single photon at multiple locations, times, or frequencies, and switching one successfully generated photon into an output mode. Motivated by the development of frequency-based photonic quantum information processing, we consider multiplexing using frequency and time as our options to use to get many photon generation opportunities. We devise an approach for generating multiphoton states, with photons populating multiple frequency modes in the same spatiotemporal mode. This method uses a variable-length optical delays to manipulate the temporal mode of the photons, and spaced fiber Bragg grating (FBG) reflectors to jointly manipulate the frequency and temporal modes of the photons. Experimental progress toward implementing this multiplexing scheme is proceeding along 2 fronts, each with different ways to achieve the variable-length optical delay. First, we will implement this scheme using a free-space optical quantum memory with multiple discretely adjustable free-space delays. For this implementation method, I calculate multiphoton generation rates, accounting for loss, that are realistically achievable with commercially available hardware. This work will appear in a theory paper, currently in preparation. Second, we will implement this multiplexing scheme in an integrated manner: the variable-length optical delay will happen on-chip using a long-lifetime Q-switchable Fabry-Perot cavity. The joint manipulation of the frequency and temporal modes of the photons will still happen off-chip in fiber with FBG reflectors. I report on experimental progress in constructing integrated Q-switchable Fabry-Perot cavities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Cross Section Generation Capability in Griffin

The Griffin code is a Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) based reactor multiphysics analysis application jointly developed by Idaho National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. The code includes a variety of steady-state solvers for fixed-source, k-eigenvalue, adjoint, and subcritical multiplication, as well as transient solvers for point-kinetics, improved quasi-static, and spatial dynamics. The code reads multigroup cross sections in the ISOXML format generated from external deterministic or Monte Carlo cross section generation codes. The implementation of the cross section generation capability in Griffin was initiated last year by plugging in the cross section application programming interface (CSAPI) and reviewing the methodologies for treating particulate fuels. The focus this year was on improving the CSAPI integration and implementing advanced self-shielding methods for applications to advanced reactor problems with TRISO fuels. First, the process for cross section library generation was updated to accurately and rigorously produce isotopic cross section data. Second, the on-the-fly slowing down method for the resonance treatment was implemented in CSAPI to improve the accuracy of effective multigroup cross sections in the resonance energy range. Among various on-the-fly slowing down methods, the equivalent Dancoff factor cell method was employed. Third, the iterative local spatial self-shielding method was implemented under the calculation framework of the equivalent Dancoff factor cell method to accurately deal with the double heterogeneity effect of particulate fuel. The updated CSAPI with the advanced self-shielding methods, together with the cross section libraries generated based on the improved process, were tested for the very high temperature reactor (VHTR), high temperature test reactor (HTTR), and Empire benchmark problems with various resonance self-shielding conditions, indicating that the updated CSAPI in Griffin is able to produce multigroup cross sections accurately and efficiently. We also show that the methodology works well for pebble bed fuel from HTR-10, but the capability still needs to be fully integrated into CSAPI. In the future, further benchmark tests will be performed for various thermal reactor core problems, including particulate fuel-based pebble bed reactors.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Graphical User Interface for a Biasing Board for the PSEC6

The PSEC6 is an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed for a readout system for a large area picosecond photodetector (LAPPD). The PSEC6 is currently in fabrication and pending testing. The testing system for the PSEC5, the previous iteration of the ASIC, required expensive and non-portable equipment, because the ASIC needs twelve adjustable reference voltages. The new testing system consists of an low-cost, open-source, cross-platform graphical user interface (GUI), a digital system, and a biasing board. The digital system is the interface between the GUI and biasing board, and can be implemented on a microcontroller or field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The biasing board contains twelve digital-to-analog converters (DACs) that are configurable via the GUI, which gives users the ability to write voltage values to all or specific DACs. The GUI was developed in C on Linux using the widget library GTK4 and cross-compiled for Windows compatibility. I2C and SPI protocols were implemented on an Adafruit Feather ESP32-S3 microcontroller to write commands to the DACs and PSEC6. A hardware implementation of the I2C protocol is in development on an FPGA. Since LAPPDs will be used by the Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) at Fermilab, the PSEC6 testing system in this internship project can potentially benefit future neutrino research. The project is relevant to the Department of Energy’s microelectronics mission, because the PSEC6 is an ASIC that will handle fast time signals arriving from the detector for readout. It also provided experience with building a cross-platform user interface, practicing digital design and implementation in hardware description language (HDL), and using simulations to inform new design iterations.

Guerrero, Sasha Camila [North Central Coll.]↗

DOE OSTI2024

Automated Manufacturing of Grid Stiffened Panels with Radically Reduced Tooling

Grid stiffened continuous fiber reinforced composite panels are an attractive option for creating lightweight structures due to the tailorability for various applications and the resulting high specific properties. However, the panel stiffeners and stiffener intersections result in high tooling complexity and correspondingly high cost of implementation. These factors have limited the impact of such structures in the composites industry. Previous research has demonstrated the ability to produce high quality, high aspect ratio beams, representative of individual grid stiffeners, using E-glass/PET comingled tow via direct digital manufacturing. Further, prior preliminary efforts have demonstrated the potential to use the same approach to manufacture grid intersections that have continuous fiber in both directions. To expand on the previous efforts in grid stiffeners produced by direct digital manufacture with radically reduced tooling requirements, this effort compares two methods of providing positioning and consolidation, nozzle vs. roller. Both processes are based on a commingled yarn feedstock. The extrusion through a nozzle has been shown to enable grid intersection control through local variations in applied consolidation and serves as the baseline process. However, this approach requires a continuous placement path to create the complete grid stiffened panel as no mechanism for cutting and restarting has been implemented. Alternatively, a newly developed placement head incorporating cut and refeed, mounted to a 6-axis robot, offers the potential of improved path placement efficiency. The two techniques are used to produce similar grid composite stiffeners to evaluate the effectiveness of producing the grid intersections. Rate of deposition of the two end effectors are compared and the quality of the associated grid stiffeners, and intersections, are determined through measurement of geometry, fiber volume fraction and void fraction.

Engineering↗

DOE OSTI2021

Fast GPU-Based Generation of Large Graph Networks From Degree Distributions

Synthetically generated, large graph networks serve as useful proxies to real-world networks for many graph-based applications. The ability to generate such networks helps overcome several limitations of real-world networks regarding their number, availability, and access. Here, we present the design, implementation, and performance study of a novel network generator that can produce very large graph networks conforming to any desired degree distribution. The generator is designed and implemented for efficient execution on modern graphics processing units (GPUs). Given an array of desired vertex degrees and number of vertices for each desired degree, our algorithm generates the edges of a random graph that satisfies the input degree distribution. Multiple runtime variants are implemented and tested: 1) a uniform static work assignment using a fixed thread launch scheme, 2) a load-balanced static work assignment also with fixed thread launch but with cost-aware task-to-thread mapping, and 3) a dynamic scheme with multiple GPU kernels asynchronously launched from the CPU. The generation is tested on a range of popular networks such as Twitter and Facebook, representing different scales and skews in degree distributions. Results show that, using our algorithm on a single modern GPU (NVIDIA Volta V100), it is possible to generate large-scale graph networks at rates exceeding 50 billion edges per second for a 69 billion-edge network. GPU profiling confirms high utilization and low branching divergence of our implementation from small to large network sizes. For networks with scattered distributions, we provide a coarsening method that further increases the GPU-based generation speed by up to a factor of 4 on tested input networks with over 45 billion edges.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Opening Up Transactive Systems: Introducing TESS and Specification in a Field Deployment

Transactive energy systems (TS) use automated device bidding to access (residential) demand flexibility and coordinate supply and demand on the distribution system level through market processes. In this work, we present TESS, a modularized platform for the implementation of TS, which enables the deployment of adjusted market mechanisms, economic bidding, and the potential entry of third parties. TESS thereby opens up current integrated closed-system TS, allows for the better adaptation of TS to power systems with high shares of renewable energies, and lays the foundations for a smart grid with a variety of stakeholders. Furthermore, despite positive experiences in various pilot projects, one hurdle in introducing TS is their integration with existing tariff structures and (legal) requirements. In this paper, we therefore describe TESS as we have modified it for a field implementation within the service territory of Holy Cross Energy in Colorado. Importantly, our specification addresses challenges of implementing TS in existing electric retail systems, for instance, the design of bidding strategies when a (non-transactive) tariff system is already in place. We conclude with a general discussion of the challenges associated with “brownfield” implementation of TS, such as incentive problems of baseline approaches or long-term efficiency.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Projecting the number of new HIV infections to formulate the "Getting to Zero" strategy in Illinois, USA

Objectives: Getting to Zero (GTZ) initiatives focus on expanding use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to eliminate new HIV infections. Computational models help inform policies for implementation of ART and PrEP continuums. Such models, however, vary in their design, and may yield inconsistent predictions. Using multiple approaches can help assess the consistency in results obtained from varied modeling frameworks, and can inform optimal implementation strategies. Methods: A study using three different modeling approaches is conducted. Two approaches use statistical time series analysis techniques that incorporate temporal HIV incidence data. A third approach uses stochastic stimulation, conducted using an agent-based network model (ABNM). All three approaches are used to project HIV incidence among a key population, young Black MSM (YBMSM), over the course of the GTZ implementation period (2016-2030). Results: All three approaches suggest that simultaneously increasing PrEP and ART uptake is likely to be more effective than increasing only one, but increasing ART and PrEP by 20% points may not eliminate new HIV infections among YBMSM. The results further suggest that a 20% increase in ART is likely to be more effective than a 20% increase in PrEP. All three methods consistently project that increasing ART and PrEP by 30% simultaneously can help reach GTZ goals. Conclusions: Increasing PrEP and ART uptake by about 30% might be necessary to accomplish GTZ goals. Such scale-up may require addressing psychosocial and structural barriers to engagement in HIV and PrEP care continuums. ABNMs and other flexible modeling approaches can be extended to examine specific interventions that address these barriers and may provide important data to guide the successful intervention implementation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

A guide to the design of the virtual element methods for second- and fourth-order partial differential equations

Here we discuss the design and implementation details of two conforming virtual element methods for the numerical approximation of two partial differential equations that emerge in phase-field modeling of fracture propagation in elastic material. The two partial differential equations are: (i) a linear hyperbolic equation describing the momentum balance and (ii) a fourth-order elliptic equation modeling the damage of the material. Inspired by, we develop a new conforming VEM for the discretization of the two equations, which is implementation-friendly, i.e., different terms can be implemented by exploiting a single projection operator. We use C 0 and C 1 virtual elements for the second-and fourth-order partial differential equation, respectively. For both equations, we review the formulation of the virtual element approximation and discuss the details pertaining the implementation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Are Deep Energy Retrofits in Commercial Buildings Including Window Upgrades?

U.S. Commercial buildings account for about 20% of total U.S. energy consumption. Because the thermal performance of windows significantly affects building energy efficiency and HVAC system performance, best practice guidance often includes window and envelope improvements in conjunction with HVAC upgrades to optimize energy use and improve occupant comfort. It is an open question, however, regarding how often these best practices are implemented in the field. This paper aims to address that gap by conducting a literature review and a series of interviews with commercial building auditing and management professionals to explore the factors that drive window retrofits in commercial buildings. The paper explores a range of case studies from deep energy retrofits across the globe, comparing projects with and without window retrofits. The primary goals of this review are to: (1) provide data from real-world case studies illustrating the role of windows in deep energy renovations and HVAC upgrades, (2) conduct retrofit cost analyses for windows and high-performance HVAC systems and (3) offer insights into how window upgrade decisions are made and when they are implemented as part of deep energy retrofits. Most of the retrofit studies focused exclusively on high performance HVAC upgrades without considering how window upgrades might further enhance the overall energy efficiency of commercial buildings. Interviews with building industry experts shed light on the key factors influencing deep energy retrofit decisions and what factors tip the scales in favor of including window measures with more comprehensive retrofit projects.

Cort, Katherine↗

DOE OSTI2023

PSTN-055: Survey Cadence Optimization Committee's Phase 2 Recommendations

This document describes the recommendations formulated by the Survey Cadence Optimization Committee (SCOC) of Vera C. Rubin Observatory for the observing strategy of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). These "Phase 2" recommendations follow the initial "Phase 1" recommendations released in December 2021 as PSTN-053, and convey the current recommendations for the initial implementation of the LSST. These recommendations are based on the SCOC analysis of LSST simulations generated according to PSTN-053 and the feedback received from the scientific community on those simulations. These recommendations should be considered as the current guidance for implementing the LSST observing survey at the start of the survey, a strategy to be reviewed regularly over the survey lifetime, and are accompanied by a simulation, baseline_v3.0, which represents a specific implementation of these recommendations. While these recommendations dramatically narrow the possible LSST observing parameter choices, we emphasize that at this stage they do not yet represent a final or complete set of recommendations for the survey strategy, and several details are still to be refined. Furthermore, the strategy should be considered "living" and subject to evolution throughout the survey. The SCOC continues to engage with the community to finalize its recommendations. At the time of the release of this document, the final phases of construction of Rubin Observatory are ongoing with an expected first light in mid-2024. We expect the SCOC recommendations to be revised as needed, as knowledge of the system as built and the outcome of commissioning and Science Verification mature. This document describes the Phase 2 SCOC recommendations —highlighting elements that can be considered final and elements that remain to be finalized—, the process through which the SCOC has converged on these recommendations, and the working plan for the SCOC starting in January 2023 through the start of the survey to finalize the initial implementation of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

SUSTAINING NUCLEAR SECURITY REGIMES THROUGH CONTINUOUS LEARNING EXPERIENCES

As Member States plan, implement, and ultimately sustain their nuclear security regimes, human resource development supporting these regimes are paramount. Human resource development broadly includes programs addressing education, training, and knowledge management. The International Atomic Energy Agency’s Implementing Guide, Sustaining a Nuclear Security Regime, highlights the importance of national-level support for assigning resources that help ensure States are able to develop and retain sufficient human resources in the short, medium, and long term. Determining the resources needed to support education, training, and knowledge management is not an easy task, and knowledge management is a practice often overlooked when States plan for and allocate human resources for a nuclear security regime. The paper highlights the importance of implementing knowledge management practices as part of sustaining a nuclear security regime. Given the availability of secure web-based knowledge management tools, a nuclear security human resource development program should not depend solely on direct human interactions. To that end, the paper will offer an approach for planning and implementing a knowledge management system by using the U.S. Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration’s Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence Knowledge Management Website as a case study. This example offers useful lessons learned for States considering or actively developing their own nuclear security knowledge management efforts and human resource development.

Tremonte, Matthew M.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Coffea -- Columnar Object Framework For Effective Analysis

The coffea framework provides a new approach to High-Energy Physics analysis, via columnar operations, that improves time-to-insight, scalability, portability, and reproducibility of analysis. It is implemented with the Python programming language, the scientific python package ecosystem, and commodity big data technologies. To achieve this suite of improvements across many use cases, coffea takes a factorized approach, separating the analysis implementation and data delivery scheme. All analysis operations are implemented using the NumPy or awkward-array packages which are wrapped to yield user code whose purpose is quickly intuited. Various data delivery schemes are wrapped into a common front-end which accepts user inputs and code, and returns user defined outputs. We will discuss our experience in implementing analysis of CMS data using the coffea framework along with a discussion of the user experience and future directions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

A Case Study on the HACCmk Routine in SYCL on Integrated Graphics

As opposed to the Open Computing Language (OpenCL) programming model in which host and device codes are generally written in different languages, the SYCL programming model can combine host and device codes for an application in a type-safe way to improve development productivity. In this paper, we chose the HACCmk routine, a representative compute-bound kernel, as a case study on the performance of the SYCL programming model targeting a heterogeneous computing device. More specifically, we introduced the SYCL programming model, presented the OpenCL and SYCL implementations of the routine, and compared the performance of the two implementations using the offline and online compilation on Intel (R) Iris (TM) Pro integrated GPUs. We found that the overhead of online compilation may become significant compared to the execution time of a kernel. Compared to the performance of OpenCL implementations, the SYCL implementation can maintain the performance using the offline compilation. The number of execution units in a GPU are critical to improving the raw performance of a compute-bound kernel.

Compilation modes↗

DOE OSTI2021

High-Level Synthesis of Parallel Specifications Coupling Static and Dynamic Controllers

The increased need for efficient ways to implement domain-specific accelerators is driving design methodologies towards the use of abstractions higher than the Register Transfer Level (RTL). In this scenario, High Level Synthesis (HLS) plays a significant role by enabling the automatic generation of custom hardware accelerators starting from high level descriptions (e.g., C code). Conventional HLS tools exploit parallelism mostly at the Instruction Level (ILP). They statically schedule the input specifications, and build centralized Finite State Machine (FSM) controllers. However, aggressive exploitation of ILP in many applications has diminishing returns and, usually, centralized approaches do not efficiently exploit coarser parallelism because FSMs are inherently serial. In this paper we present a HLS framework able to synthesize applications that, beside ILP, also expose Task Level Parallelism (TLP). An application can expose TLP through annotations that identify the parallel functions (i.e., tasks). To generate accelerators that efficiently execute concur- rent tasks, we need to solve several issues: devise a mechanism to support concurrent execution flows, exploit memory parallelism, and manage synchronization. To support concurrent execution flows, we introduce a novel adaptive controller. The adaptive controller is composed of a set of interacting control elements that independently manage the execution of a single operation or function call. These control elements check dependencies and resource constraints at runtime, enabling as soon as possible execution. To support parallel access to shared memories and synchronization, we introduce a novel Hierarchical Memory Interface (HMI). With respect to previous solutions, the proposed interface supports multi-ported memories and atomic memory operations, which commonly occur in parallel programming. Our framework can generate the hardware implementation of C functions by employing two different approaches, depending on its characteristics. If a function exposes TLP, then the framework generates hardware implementations based on the adaptive controller. Otherwise, the framework implements the function by exploiting a more conventional FSM approach, which is optimized for ILP exploitation. We evaluate our framework on a set of parallel applications, and show substantial performance improvements (average speedup of 4.7) with limited area over- heads (average area increase of 5.48 times).

Castellana, Vito G.↗

DOE OSTI2021

High-Level Synthesis of Parallel Specifications Coupling Static and Dynamic Controllers

Castellana, Vito G.↗