Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Ga”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,261 records · Page 70

Materials Data on Hf6Ga16Rh7 by Materials Project

Hf6Rh7Ga16 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hf is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ga atoms. All Hf–Ga bond lengths are 2.77 Å. There are two inequivalent Rh sites. In the first Rh site, Rh is bonded to eight Ga atoms to form distorted edge-sharing RhGa8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.53 Å) and four longer (2.70 Å) Rh–Ga bond lengths. In the second Rh site, Rh is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms. All Rh–Ga bond lengths are 2.61 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Hf and three equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on UAl7GaFe4 by Materials Project

UFe4GaAl7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. U is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Fe, one Ga, and eleven Al atoms. There are a spread of U–Fe bond distances ranging from 3.11–3.17 Å. The U–Ga bond length is 3.09 Å. There are a spread of U–Al bond distances ranging from 3.10–3.37 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent U, two Fe, one Ga, and seven Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.49 Å) and one longer (2.58 Å) Fe–Fe bond lengths. The Fe–Ga bond length is 2.92 Å. There are a spread of Fe–Al bond distances ranging from 2.56–2.90 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent U, two equivalent Fe, two equivalent Ga, and six Al atoms. Both Fe–Ga bond lengths are 2.87 Å. There are four shorter (2.57 Å) and two longer (2.88 Å) Fe–Al bond lengths. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent U, two equivalent Fe, and eight Al atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Al bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.86 Å. Ga is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one U, four Fe, and nine Al atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Al bond distances ranging from 2.52–3.15 Å. There are three inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent U, four Fe, one Ga, and five Al atoms. There are a spread of Al–Al bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.70 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one U, four Fe, two equivalent Ga, and five Al atoms. The Al–Al bond length is 2.54 Å. In the third Al site, Al is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one U, four Fe, one Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on LiGa3 by Materials Project

LiGa3 is Uranium Silicide-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded to twelve Ga atoms to form LiGa12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent LiGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent LiGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen equivalent GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent LiGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight equivalent GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.87 Å) and eight longer (2.90 Å) Li–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Li and eight Ga atoms to form distorted GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent LiGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent LiGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten equivalent GaLi4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.87 Å) and four longer (2.90 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Li and eight equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ga3Au by Materials Project

AuGa3 is beta Cu3Ti-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Au is bonded to twelve Ga atoms to form AuGa12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with twenty-four GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent GaGa8Au4 cuboctahedra. There are eight shorter (2.95 Å) and four longer (3.00 Å) Au–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Au and four equivalent Ga atoms to form distorted GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with sixteen GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.95 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Au and eight equivalent Ga atoms to form distorted GaGa8Au4 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with twenty GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen GaGa4Au4 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent GaGa8Au4 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent AuGa12 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Lu6GaNi2 by Materials Project

Lu6Ni2Ga crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Lu sites. In the first Lu site, Lu is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni and two Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.70 Å) and one longer (3.09 Å) Lu–Ni bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.95 Å) and one longer (3.16 Å) Lu–Ga bond lengths. In the second Lu site, Lu is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni and one Ga atom. There are one shorter (2.67 Å) and two longer (2.82 Å) Lu–Ni bond lengths. The Lu–Ga bond length is 3.21 Å. In the third Lu site, Lu is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni and two Ga atoms. There are two shorter (2.84 Å) and one longer (3.07 Å) Lu–Ni bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.10 Å) and one longer (3.55 Å) Lu–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Lu and one Ni atom. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.74 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Lu and one Ni atom. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.47 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Lu atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve Lu atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on MgGa3 by Materials Project

MgGa3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ga atoms. All Mg–Ga bond lengths are 2.94 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ga atoms. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.84 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mg and three equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on MgGa2 by Materials Project

MgGa2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.90–3.02 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mg and two equivalent Ga atoms. Both Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mg and two equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on MgGa3 by Materials Project

MgGa3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to ten Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.14 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mg and six equivalent Ga atoms. There are four shorter (2.88 Å) and two longer (2.92 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mg and three equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Pr3(GaNi)2 by Materials Project

Pr3(NiGa)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Pr sites. In the first Pr site, Pr is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Pr–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.83–3.32 Å. There are a spread of Pr–Ga bond distances ranging from 3.12–3.45 Å. In the second Pr site, Pr is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and five Ga atoms. There are two shorter (3.14 Å) and two longer (3.16 Å) Pr–Ni bond lengths. There are a spread of Pr–Ga bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.21 Å. Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six Pr, one Ni, and three Ga atoms. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.70 Å. There are one shorter (2.52 Å) and two longer (2.60 Å) Ni–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to seven Pr and two equivalent Ni atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to eight Pr and four equivalent Ni atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing GaPr8Ni4 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Er6GaNi2 by Materials Project

Er6Ni2Ga crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Er sites. In the first Er site, Er is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni and two Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.76 Å) and one longer (3.17 Å) Er–Ni bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.98 Å) and one longer (3.20 Å) Er–Ga bond lengths. In the second Er site, Er is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni and one Ga atom. There are one shorter (2.70 Å) and two longer (2.85 Å) Er–Ni bond lengths. The Er–Ga bond length is 3.32 Å. In the third Er site, Er is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni and two Ga atoms. There are two shorter (2.90 Å) and one longer (3.11 Å) Er–Ni bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.14 Å) and one longer (3.62 Å) Er–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Er and one Ni atom. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.71 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Er and one Ni atom. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.40 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Er atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve Er atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Tb6GaCo2 by Materials Project

Tb6Co2Ga crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Tb sites. In the first Tb site, Tb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Co and two Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.79 Å) and one longer (3.29 Å) Tb–Co bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.98 Å) and one longer (3.31 Å) Tb–Ga bond lengths. In the second Tb site, Tb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Co and one Ga atom. There are one shorter (2.73 Å) and two longer (2.85 Å) Tb–Co bond lengths. The Tb–Ga bond length is 3.38 Å. In the third Tb site, Tb is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Co and two Ga atoms. There are two shorter (2.88 Å) and one longer (3.15 Å) Tb–Co bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.20 Å) and one longer (3.58 Å) Tb–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Tb and one Co atom. The Co–Co bond length is 2.60 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight Tb and one Co atom. The Co–Co bond length is 2.24 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Tb atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve Tb atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zr6Ga16Rh7 by Materials Project

Zr6Rh7Ga16 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zr is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Rh and eight Ga atoms. All Zr–Rh bond lengths are 3.18 Å. There are four shorter (2.81 Å) and four longer (3.12 Å) Zr–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Rh sites. In the first Rh site, Rh is bonded to four equivalent Zr and eight Ga atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing RhZr4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.55 Å) and four longer (2.72 Å) Rh–Ga bond lengths. In the second Rh site, Rh is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms. All Rh–Ga bond lengths are 2.63 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Zr and three equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Zr and four Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on V9GaGe2 by Materials Project

V9GaGe2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are seven inequivalent V sites. In the first V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two V, two equivalent Ga, and two equivalent Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.33 Å) and one longer (2.37 Å) V–V bond lengths. Both V–Ga bond lengths are 2.67 Å. Both V–Ge bond lengths are 2.67 Å. In the second V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two V, two equivalent Ga, and two equivalent Ge atoms. The V–V bond length is 2.33 Å. Both V–Ga bond lengths are 2.67 Å. Both V–Ge bond lengths are 2.67 Å. In the third V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two V and four Ge atoms. The V–V bond length is 2.39 Å. There are two shorter (2.66 Å) and two longer (2.67 Å) V–Ge bond lengths. In the fourth V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent V, one Ga, and three Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.34 Å) and one longer (2.46 Å) V–V bond lengths. The V–Ga bond length is 2.67 Å. There are one shorter (2.64 Å) and two longer (2.66 Å) V–Ge bond lengths. In the fifth V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent V, two equivalent Ga, and two equivalent Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.32 Å) and one longer (2.48 Å) V–V bond lengths. Both V–Ga bond lengths are 2.66 Å. Both V–Ge bond lengths are 2.66 Å. In the sixth V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent V, two equivalent Ga, and two Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.34 Å) and one longer (2.44 Å) V–V bond lengths. Both V–Ga bond lengths are 2.67 Å. There are one shorter (2.65 Å) and one longer (2.66 Å) V–Ge bond lengths. In the seventh V site, V is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent V and four Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.32 Å) and one longer (2.46 Å) V–V bond lengths. There are two shorter (2.65 Å) and two longer (2.67 Å) V–Ge bond lengths. Ga is bonded to twelve V atoms to form GaV12 cuboctahedra that share an edgeedge with one GeV12 cuboctahedra, edges with five equivalent GaV12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight GeV12 cuboctahedra. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded to twelve V atoms to form GeV12 cuboctahedra that share edges with two equivalent GaV12 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent GeV12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight equivalent GeV12 cuboctahedra. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded to twelve V atoms to form GeV12 cuboctahedra that share edges with six GeV12 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent GaV12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent GeV12 cuboctahedra. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded to twelve V atoms to form GeV12 cuboctahedra that share edges with six GeV12 cuboctahedra and faces with eight equivalent GaV12 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ga3Sn by Materials Project

Ga3Sn is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Ga and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 3.05 Å. All Ga–Sn bond lengths are 3.05 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms. Sn is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Mn3Ga4Ni9 by Materials Project

Mn3Ni9Ga4 is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ni and two equivalent Ga atoms. All Mn–Ni bond lengths are 2.50 Å. Both Mn–Ga bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are two inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mn, one Ni, and four Ga atoms. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.48 Å. There are three shorter (2.49 Å) and one longer (2.51 Å) Ni–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ni and six equivalent Ga atoms. All Ni–Ga bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to six equivalent Mn and eight equivalent Ni atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to ten Ni atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ga3Ag by Materials Project

AgGa3 is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ag is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms. All Ag–Ga bond lengths are 2.91 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Ag and four equivalent Ga atoms. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on BeGa3 by Materials Project

BeGa3 is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Be is bonded to twelve Ga atoms to form BeGa12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen equivalent GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with fourteen GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are eight shorter (2.79 Å) and four longer (2.89 Å) Be–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Be and eight Ga atoms to form distorted GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with fourteen GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.79 Å) and four longer (2.89 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Be and eight equivalent Ga atoms to form GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-four GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent BeGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve GaBe4Ga8 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on MgGa3 by Materials Project

MgGa3 is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded to twelve Ga atoms to form MgGa12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with twenty-four GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaMg4Ga4 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra. There are eight shorter (2.96 Å) and four longer (3.05 Å) Mg–Ga bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Mg and eight equivalent Ga atoms to form GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with twenty GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.96 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Mg and four equivalent Ga atoms to form distorted GaMg4Ga4 cuboctahedra that share corners with eight equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, corners with sixteen GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent MgGa12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen GaMg4Ga8 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent GaMg4Ga4 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗