Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,261 records · Page 70
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

A theoretical investigation of Ferromagnetic Resonance Linewidth and damping constants in coupled trilayer and spin valve systems

The ferromagnetic resonance intrinsic field linewidth ΔH is investigated for a multilayer system such as a coupled trilayer and a spin valve structure. The magnetic coupling between two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic interlayer will be described by the bilinear J{sub 1} and biquadratic J{sub 2} coupling parameters. The interaction at the interface of the first ferromagnetic layer with the antiferromagnetic one is account for by the exchange anisotropy field, H{sub E}. A general formula is derived for the intrinsic linewidth ΔH. The explicit dependence of ΔH with H{sub E}, J{sub 1} and J{sub 2} will be highlighted. Analytical expressions for each mode field linewidth are found in special cases. Equivalent damping constants will be discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ce 3 - x Mg x Co 9 : Transformation of a Pauli Paramagnet into a Strong Permanent Magnet

In this article we report on the synthesis of single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of Ce 3-x Mg x Co 9 solid solution (0 ≤ x ≲ 1.4) and characterization of their structural and magnetic properties. The crystal structure remains rhombohedral in the whole composition range and Mg partially replaces Ce in the 6c site of the CeCo 3 structure. Ferromagnetism is induced by Mg substitutions starting as low as x = 0.18 and reaching a Curie temperature as high as 450 K for x = 1.35 . Measurements on single crystals with x = 1.34 and T C = 440 K indicate an axial magnetic anisotropy with an anisotropy field of 6 T and a magnetization of 6 μ B /f.u. at 300 K. Coercicity is observed in the polycrystalline samples consistent with the observed axial magnetic anisotropy. Our discovery of ferromagnetism with large axial magnetic anisotropy induced by substituting a rare-earth element by Mg is a very promising result in the search of inexpensive permanent-magnet materials and suggests that other nonmagnetic phases, similar to CeCo 3 , may also conceal nearby ferromagnetic phases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Ferromagnetism in Gd doped ZnO nanowires: A first principles study

In several experimental studies, room temperature ferromagnetism in Gd-doped ZnO nanostructures has been achieved. However, the mechanism and the origin of the ferromagnetism remain controversial. We investigate the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of Zn{sub 48}O{sub 48} nanowires doped with Gd, using density functional theory. Our findings indicate that substitutionally incorporated Gd atoms prefer occupying the surface Zn sites. Moreover, the formation energy increases with the distance between Gd atoms, signifying that no Gd-Gd segregation occurs in the nanowires within the concentration limit of ≤2%. Gd induces ferromagnetism in ZnO nanowires with magnetic coupling energy up to 21 meV in the neutral state, which increases with additional electron and O vacancy, revealing the role of carriers in magnetic exchange. The potential for achieving room temperature ferromagnetism and high T{sub C} in ZnO:Gd nanowires is evident from the large ferromagnetic coupling energy (200 meV) obtained with the O vacancy. Density of states shows that Fermi level overlaps with Gd f states with the introduction of O vacancy, indicating the possibility of s-f coupling. These results will assist in understanding experimental findings in Gd-doped ZnO nanowires.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Emerging Diluted Ferromagnetism in High- T c Superconductors Driven by Point Defect Clusters

Here, defects in ceramic materials are generally seen as detrimental to their functionality and applicability. Yet, in some complex oxides, defects present an opportunity to enhance some of their properties or even lead to the discovery of exciting physics, particularly in the presence of strong correlations. A paradigmatic case is the high–temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7–δ (Y123), in which nanoscale defects play an important role as they can immobilize quantized magnetic flux vortices. Here previously unforeseen point defects buried in Y123 thin films that lead to the formation of ferromagnetic clusters embedded within the superconductor are unveiled. Aberration–corrected scanning transmission microscopy has been used for exploring, on a single unit–cell level, the structure and chemistry resulting from these complex point defects, along with density functional theory calculations, for providing new insights about their nature including an unexpected defect–driven ferromagnetism, and X–ray magnetic circular dichroism for bearing evidence of Cu magnetic moments that align ferromagnetically even below the superconducting critical temperature to form a dilute system of magnetic clusters associated with the point defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic and microwave properties of U-type hexaferrite films with high remanence and low ferromagnetic resonance linewidth

U-type barium hexaferrite films (Ba{sub 4}Ni{sub 1.4}Co{sub 0.6}Fe{sub 36}O{sub 60}) were deposited on (0001) sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Microstructure and magnetic properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements were performed at X-band. The results indicate an anisotropy field of ∼8 kOe, and the saturation magnetization (4πM{sub s}) of ∼3.6 kG. An optimal post-deposition annealing of films results in a strong (0 0 n) crystallographic texture and a high hysteresis loop squareness (M{sub r}/M{sub s} = 92%) leading to self biased properties. Furthermore, the highly self-biased ferrite films exhibited an FMR linewidth of ∼200 Oe. The U-type hexaferrite films having low microwave loss, low magnetic anisotropy field, and high squareness are a suitable alternative to Sc or In doped BaM ferrites that have been the choice material for self-biased microwave devices at X-band frequencies.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Controlling Noncollinear Ferromagnetism in van der Waals Metal–Organic Magnets

Van der Waals (vdW) magnets both allow exploration of fundamental 2D physics and offer a route toward exploiting magnetism in next generation information technology, but vdW magnets with complex, noncollinear spin textures are currently rare. We report here the syntheses, crystal structures, magnetic properties and magnetic ground states of four bulk vdW metal–organic magnets (MOMs): FeCl 2 (pym), FeCl 2 (btd), NiCl 2 (pym), and NiCl 2 (btd), pym = pyrimidine and btd = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. Using a combination of neutron diffraction and bulk magnetometry we show that these materials are noncollinear magnets. Although only NiCl 2 (btd) has a ferromagnetic ground state, we demonstrate that low-field hysteretic metamagnetic transitions produce states with net magnetization in zero-field and high coercivities for FeCl 2 (pym) and NiCl 2 (pym). By combining our bulk magnetic data with diffuse scattering analysis and broken-symmetry density-functional calculations, we probe the magnetic superexchange interactions, which when combined with symmetry analysis allow us to suggest design principles for future noncollinear vdW MOMs. These materials, if delaminated, would prove an interesting new family of 2D magnets.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Magnetocaloric Effect in La{sub 0.67}Ba{sub 0.33}Mn{sub 0.95}Ni{sub 0.05}O{sub 3} Manganite Near Room Temperature

We report the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of La{sub 0.67}Ba{sub 0.33}Mn{sub 0.95}Ni{sub 0.05}O{sub 3} (LBMNO) manganite, synthesized by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using Rietveld refinement showed that this sample crystallizes in the rhombohedral structure with R 3-bar c space group. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to confirm the structure formation of the LBMNO material. The temperature dependent magnetization data revealed a transition from ferromagnetic (FM) to paramagnetic (PM) phase at T{sub C}= 308 K. Using Arrott plots, it was found that the transition is of a second order. From the measured magnetization data as a function of magnetic applied field, the magnetic entropy change (−ΔS{sub M}) and the relative cooling power RCP have been determined. In the vicinity of T{sub C} (−ΔS{sub M}) reached a maximum value of 2.15 J kg{sup − 1} K{sup − 1} and a large RCP value of about 299 J kg{sup − 1} under 5 T{sup − 1}. This magnetocaloric effect has been analyzed by considering the Landau theory of magnetic phase transition. Consequently, our sample can be considered a promising material in room-temperature magnetic refrigeration.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Room-temperature ferromagnetism and optical properties in Mg-doped TiO{sub 2}: A density functional theory investigation

The magnetic and optical properties of Mg-doped anatase TiO{sub 2} have been theoretically investigated using the LDA+U method. The total induced moments are about 2 μ{sub B}, which mainly localize on the nearest apical oxygen atoms. Moreover, the hole-induced interactions indicate that the magnetic moments prefer to the ferromagnetic coupling with the antiferromagnetic state lying 1160 meV higher in energy. This implies that the ferromagnetic state can be stable against thermal fluctuations up to room temperature. Additionally, the Mg doping is able to enhance the absorption efficiency of solar spectrum, especially in the near-infrared light region, which origins from the isolated O 2p states above the valence-band maximum rather than the effect of band-gap narrowing.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Dipolar field effects on the critical current for spin transfer switch of iron and permalloy nanoelements

We report a theoretical study of dipolar effects on the switching current density of soft ferromagnetic elliptical nanoelements. Relevant changes on the critical current value are found according to the orientation of the magnetization and the spin polarization with the major axis. We show that the critical current density may be reduced by as much as 92% for thin nanoelements magnetized along the minor axis direction, using in-plane spin polarization parallel to the magnetization.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

X-ray ptychography on low-dimensional hard-condensed matter materials

Tailoring structural, chemical, and electronic (dis-)order in heterogeneous media is one of the transformative opportunities to enable new functionalities and sciences in energy and quantum materials. This endeavor requires elemental, chemical, and magnetic sensitivities at the nano/atomic scale in two- and three-dimensional space. Soft X-ray radiation and hard X-ray radiation provided by synchrotron facilities have emerged as standard characterization probes owing to their inherent element-specificity and high intensity. One of the most promising methods in view of sensitivity and spatial resolution is coherent diffraction imaging, namely, X-ray ptychography, which is envisioned to take on the dominance of electron imaging techniques offering with atomic resolution in the age of diffraction limited light sources. In this review, we discuss the current research examples of far-field diffraction-based X-ray ptychography on two-dimensional and three-dimensional semiconductors, ferroelectrics, and ferromagnets and their blooming future as a mainstream tool for materials sciences.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Air- and Water-Resistant Noble Metal Coated Ferromagnetic Cobalt Nanorods

Cobalt nanorods possess ideal magnetic properties for applications requiring magnetically hard nanoparticles. However, their exploitation is undermined by their sensitivity toward oxygen and water, which deteriorates their magnetic properties. The development of a continuous metal shell inert to oxidation could render them stable, opening perspectives not only for already identified applications but also for uses in which contact with air and/or aqueous media is inevitable. However, the direct growth of a conformal noble metal shell on magnetic metals is a challenge. Here, we show that prior treatment of Co nanorods with a tin coordination compound is the crucial step that enables the subsequent growth of a continuous noble metal shell on their surface, rendering,them air- and water-resistant, while conserving the monocrystallity, metallicity and the Magnetic properties of the Co core. Thus, the as-synthesized tore shell ferromagnetic nanorods combine high;Magnetization and strong uniaxial Magnetic anisotropy, even after exposure to air and water, and hold promise for successful implementation in in vitro biodiagnostics requiring probes Of high magnetization and anisotropic shape.

Air- and Water-Resistant Noble Metal Coated Ferrom↗
DOE OSTI2025

Superconducting coherence peak in near-field radiative heat transfer

Enhancement and peaks in near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) typically arise due to surface phonon-polaritons, plasmon-polaritons, and electromagnetic (EM) modes in structured materials. However, the role of material quantum coherence in enhancing near-field radiative heat transfer remains unexplored. Here, we unravel that NFRHT in superconductor-ferromagnetic systems displays a unique peak at the superconducting phase transition that originates from the quantum coherence of Bogoliubov quasiparticles in superconductors. Our theory takes into account evanescent EM radiation emanating from fluctuating currents related to Cooper pairs and Bogoliubov quasiparticles in stark contrast to the current-current correlations induced by free electrons in conventional materials. Our proposed NFRHT configuration exploits ferromagnetic resonance at frequencies deep inside the superconducting band gap to isolate this superconducting coherence peak. Furthermore, we reveal that Cooper pairs and Bogoliubov quasiparticles have opposite effects on near-field thermal radiation and isolate their effects on many-body radiative heat transfer near superconductors. As a result, our proposed phenomenon can have applications for developing thermal isolators and heat sinks in superconducting circuits.

Dipole approximation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Noncollinear phases in moiré magnets

Significance Moiré patterns, which result when two or more two-dimensional materials with incommensurate or rotated lattices are layered together, create controllable electronic bands that have recently been shown to induce a tremendous wealth of physical phenomena. Here we initiate the theoretical study of moiré patterns’ influence on magnetic states of localized spins. We construct a general formalism using continuum field theory and present thorough analyses in twisted bilayers of antiferromagnets and also ferromagnets, which are within the experimental reach of Van der Waals materials. Two-dimensional magnets, well known for their strong intrinsic spin fluctuations, may serve as a new platform for moiré effects and open the door to a large class of novel phenomena that were once unimaginable.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Synthesis and physical properties of a new layered ferromagnet Cr 1.21 Te 2

Single crystals of a new layered compound, Cr 1.21 Te 2 , were synthesized via a vapor transport method. The crystal structure and physical properties were characterized by single crystal and powder x-ray diffraction, temperature- and field-dependent magnetization, zero-field heat capacity, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Cr 1.21 Te 2 , containing two Cr sites, crystalizes in a trigonal structure with a space group P-3 (No. 147). The Cr site in the interstitial layer is partially occupied. Physical property characterizations indicate that Cr 1.21 Te 2 is metallic with hole pockets at the Fermi energy and undergoes a ferromagnetic phase transition at ~ 173 K. The magnetic moments align along the c axis in the ferromagnetic state. Based on low-temperature magnetization, the spin stiffness constant, D, and spin excitation gap, Δ , were estimated according to Bloch's law to be D = 94 ± 17 meV Å 2 and Δ = 0.45 ± 0.33 meV, suggesting its possible application as a low dimensional ferromagnet.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effects of La Doping and Zn or O Vacancy on the Magnetic Property of ZnO

Research on the magnetic origin and mechanism of La-doped ZnO system has been controversial. To solve this problem, we studied the effects of La doping and Zn or O vacancy on the magnetic property of ZnO using geometry optimization and energy calculation on the basis of first-principle generalized gradient approximation method of density functional theory. The electronic structures and magnetic properties of undoped ZnO, La-doped ZnO system, and systems with coexisting La doping and Zn or O vacancies were calculated. Results showed that the systems of La-doped ZnO and the coexistence of La doping and O vacancy are nonmagnetic. In addition, the system of La replacing Zn and one Zn vacancy exhibits long-range orderly ferromagnetism, and the Curie temperature of the doping system can achieve room temperature. The magnetism source of the systems with La doping and Zn vacancy coexisting in ZnO demonstrates strong hybrid coupling electron exchange effects existing among Zn-4s, Zn-3p, O-2p, and La-5s orbits that are nearest to the Zn vacancy. The next nearest distance between doping and Zn vacancy leads to the lowest formation energy and highest stability under the same doping condition.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Unexpected crystal and magnetic structures in MnCu4In and MnCu4Sn

We discovered a new compound MnCu4In with its own hexagonal structure type (hP12-P63mc, ternary ordered derivative of the hexagonal MgZn2-type) that becomes ferromagnetic at TC = 540 K. This transition temperature is higher than that found in the MnCu2In and MnCu2Sn alloys. In contrast, the homologous compound MnCu4Sn, which crystallizes in the cubic MgCu4Sn-type, orders antiferromagnetically with TN = 110 K. The neutron diffraction studies show ferromagnetic spin orientation in the {1 0 1} plane in MnCu4In with a magnetic moment of 4.5 μB/Mn at 22 K, and a corresponding value of 4.7 μB/Mn in the antiferromagnetic MnCu4Sn with propagation vector View the MathML source. The first-principles electronic structure calculations show that the unexpected difference in both magnetic and crystal structures of MnCu4In and MnCu4Sn is due to the difference in the Mn-3d bands and exchange interactions relating to different crystal anisotropy, coordination numbers, and interatomic distances.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Temperature Dependent Spin Dynamics in La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 /Pt Bilayers

Complex ferromagnetic oxides such as La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 (LSMO) offer pathways for creating energy‐efficient spintronic devices with new functionalities. LSMO exhibits high‐temperature ferromagnetism, half metallicity, sharp resonance linewidth, low damping, and a large anisotropic magnetoresistance response. Combined with Pt, a proven material with high spin‐charge conversion efficiency, LSMO can be used to create robust nano‐oscillators for neuromorphic computing. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and device‐level spin‐pumping FMR measurements are performed to investigate the magnetization dynamics and spin transport in NdGaO 3 (110)/LSMO(15 nm)/Pt(0 and 5 nm) thin films ranging from 300 K to 90 K and compare the device performance with Py(7 nm)/Pt(5 nm) sample. The spin current pumped into Pt is quantified to determine the temperature‐dependent influence of interfacial interactions. The generated spin current in the micro‐device is maximum at 170 K for the optimally grown LSMO/Pt films. Additionally, this bilayer system exhibits low magnetic Gilbert damping (0.002), small linewidth (12 Oe), and a large spin Hall angle (≈3.2%) at 170 K. Ex situ deposited LSMO/Pt bilayers demonstrate excellent dynamic response, exhibiting fourfold enhancement in signal output, eightfold reduction in damping, and a threefold reduction in linewidth as compared to the Pt/Py system. Such robust device‐level performance can pave way for energy‐efficient spintronic‐based devices.

complex perovskite thin films↗
DOE OSTI2014

Controllable fully spin-polarized transport in a ferromagnetically doped topological insulator junction

We investigate the energy band structure and the spin-dependent transport for a normal/ferromagnetic/normal two-dimension topological insulator (TI) junction. By diagonalizing Hamiltonian for the system, the band structure shows that the edge states on two sides are coupled resulting in a gap opening due to the transverse spatial confinement. Further, the exchange field induced by magnetic impurities can also modulate the band structure with two spin degenerate bands splitting. By using the nonequilibrium Green's function method, the dependence of spin-dependent conductance and spin-polarization on the Fermi energy, the exchange field strength and the ferromagnetic TI (FTI) length are also analyzed, respectively. Interestingly, the degenerate conductance plateaus for spin-up and -down channels are broken, and both the conductances are suppressed by magnetic impurities due to the time-reversal symmetry broken and inelastic scattering. The spin-dependent conductance shows different behaviors when the Fermi energy is tuned into different ranges. Moreover, the conductance can be fully spin polarized by tuning the Fermi energy and the exchange field strength, or by tuning the Fermi energy and the FTI length. Consequently, the junction can transform from a quantum spin Hall state to a quantum anomalous Hall state, which is very important to enable dissipationless charge current for designing perfect spin filter.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗