Development of an Orbital Receiver for Low-Frequency Radio Energy from the Planet Jupiter Final Report
Development of radio receiver for Pioneer F/G Asteroid-Jupiter spacecraft
Lebo, G. R.↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Seattle's System for Evaluating Energy Options
In 1975, the City Council developed a blueprint called "Energy 1990" for meeting Seattle's future electric energy needs. Priorities for addressing or offsetting expected growth in demand are in order: (1) conservation; (2) hydroelectricity; (3) other renewable sources such as wind, biomass, solar, and geothermal energy; (4) abundant nonrenewable resources such as coal, and (5) other renewables. An energy resources planning group was formed and a data base was established. Resource options were investigated and the recommendations were published.
Logie, P.↗
Advanced Hydrocarbon Fuel Development
As a part of a high energy density materials (HEDM) development, the hot fire tests for Quadricyclane, 1,7 Octadiyne, AFRL-1, Biclopropylidene, and CINCH (Dimethyl amino ethyl azide) have been conducted at NASA/MSFC. The first 4 materials for this task are provided from Air Force Research Laboratory at Edward Air Force Base and US Army provided CINCH. The performance of these fuels is compared with RP-1. The preliminary results of these tests are presented. The preliminary results of Quadricyclane tests indicate that the specific impulse and c-star efficiency for quadricyclane at the mixture ratio 1.94 are approximately 5 sec and 105 ft/sec better than the RP-1 at mixture ratio 1.9. The 1,7 Octadiyne test indicate that the specific impulse and c-star efficiency at the mixture ratio 2.1 are approximately -1 sec and 89 ft/sec differ than the RP-1 at mixture ratio 2.04. The Quadricyclane soot buildup at the combustor is a little more than RP-1, but detail study of soot formation is not considered at this time. There was no visual soot buildup for the 1,7 Octadiyne and AFRL-1.
Bai, S. Don↗
A Review and Outlook on Energy Consumption Estimation Models for Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are critical to the transition to a low-carbon transportation system. The successful adoption of EVs heavily depends on energy consumption models that can accurately and reliably estimate electricity consumption. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of EV energy consumption models, aiming to provide guidance for future development of EV applications. Here, we summarize influential variables of EV energy consumption into four categories: vehicle component, vehicle dynamics, traffic and environment related factors. We classify and discuss EV energy consumption models in terms of modeling scale (microscopic vs. macroscopic) and methodology (data-driven vs. rule-based). Our review shows trends of increasing macroscopic models that can be used to estimate trip-level EV energy consumption and increasing data-driven models that utilized machine learning technologies to estimate EV energy consumption based on large volume real-world data. We identify research gaps for EV energy consumption models, including the development of energy estimation models for modes other than personal vehicles (e.g., electric buses, electric trucks, and electric non-road vehicles); the development of energy estimation models that are suitable for applications related to vehicle-to-grid integration; and the development of multi-scale energy estimation models as a holistic modeling approach.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Field Validation of Innovative Air-Source Heat Pumps for Cold-Climate Heating Applications
Air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) have historically found application in milder climates in the United States (US). Their application in cold climates has been hindered by reduced performance as outdoor temperatures fall below freezing and the need for backup or auxiliary electric resistance heaters to meet peak heating loads. Recent advances in cold-climate air-source heat pumps (ccASHPs) with features such as variable-speed compressors, multistage systems, and highly optimized thermal design have improved performance by increasing the coefficient of performance (COP), low-ambient-temperature capacity, and heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) dramatically. Despite their benefits, ccASHPs are still not widely prescribed for cold climate conditions. This is due in part to a lack of verified, demonstrated performance and analysis in cold climates. Ultimately, high-efficiency ccASHPs play a key role in emerging energy/grid renovation efforts in addition to their potential energy savings and avoided carbon emissions, but their actual performance in various cold climate field settings must be better understood. The primary objective of this project was to measure the in-field performance of variable-capacity air-source heat pumps in cold climates with the goal of enabling the development of field-based performance maps. Specifically, the study looked at how the heat pumps operated in the field, the frequency of cycling, the frequency of defrost events, and the time spent in each mode of operation. The results are intended to be used by DOE to inform research and development of energy-efficient equipment and to develop guidelines for optimizing primary energy savings when using air-source heat pumps in heating-dominated regions.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Advancements in Yttrium Hydride Moderator Development
As microreactors evolve to become a more affordable and efficient worldwide energy source, the development of moderator material within the system to decrease the required mass of low-enriched uranium fuel is important. The use of low- instead of high-enriched uranium in small nuclear reactors stems from recent national policies associated with nonproliferation. New designs are being developed for a range of applications and nuclear space systems in particular. Using system geometries such as those described in this paper, the next step is to advance the technology readiness level of moderator material such as delta-yttrium hydride (YH x,x = 1.6–2.0 ) so that it can be qualified for use in a microreactor system. Although characterization of unirradiated material has been documented previously, to fully understand the performance of this material, behavior in relevant irradiation environments must occur. This paper describes the fabrication of yttrium hydride samples through innovative techniques and how these samples were tested in two relevant neutron environments. These two experiments include (1) a critical experiment performed at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC) to evaluate reactivity changes in a neutron-critical environment and (2) irradiation in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) to assess structural integrity/material form, thermophysical data, hydrogen permeability, and other features post irradiation. For this purpose, hundreds of samples were fabricated for the NCERC and ATR experiments and are described within this paper.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Quantifying Energy Justice Goals in the Power Sector: Developing and Using Metrics
New policy goals are explicitly guiding the future grid toward greater energy equity. At the same time, policy goals also guide the grid toward decarbonization and resilience, while maintaining cost, security, and reliability cornerstone requirements. In conclusion, these pressures create a dilemma: moving urgently to address climate change and respond to energy disruptions, but also slowly to engage communities on the climate frontlines in earnest.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Developing Subgrantee Administrative Training for the Weatherization Assistance Program
During Fiscal Years (FY) 2019 and 2020, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed a series of online trainings for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) to support Subgrantee administrative professionals. NREL and its subcontractor developed a series of online administrative trainings for WAP Subgrantees. In total, 29 administrative training courses were developed for WAP Subgrantees, focused on the following job roles: Weatherization Director, Fiscal Manage, Quality Assurance Manager. As of September 8, 2020, 2,840 users in nearly all WAP Grantee jurisdictions had registered with the learning management system and completed over 23,000 courses. This report provides a summary of the development process, rollout, and outreach to the WAP network, user response, and lessons learned.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Accelerating Ocean-Based Renewable Energy Educational Opportunities to Achieve a Clean Energy Future
The United Nations has named 2021–2030 the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development with goals to 'strengthen the international cooperation needed to develop the scientific research and innovative technologies that can connect ocean science with the needs of society' (IOC 2019 The science we need for the ocean we want: the United Nations decade of ocean science for sustainable development (2021–2030) (Paris) p 24). Important actions that have been identified in support of sustainable development goals include capacity-building, training, and education. This includes educational opportunities for ocean-based renewable energy development in support of a healthy planet and ocean. Offshore wind is experiencing rapid development globally and, while the U.S. offshore wind market is still nascent, it is on the brink of exponential growth based on large cost reductions driven largely by European development and technology advances. Growth is also expected in wave and tidal energy with significant opportunities identified for various distributed markets through the Powering the Blue Economy™ initiative, with longer-term implications for expansion at the utility scale (LiVecchi et al 2019 Powering the blue economy; exploring opportunities for marine renewable energy in maritime markets p 207). In order to expedite progress and maximize benefits to the national, state, and local economies, these development actions will require a broad, diverse, and appropriately trained workforce. The ocean-based renewable energy workforce needs engineers and scientists to develop cost-effective technologies, as well as trade and maritime workers to eventually deploy the technologies at scale. In the United States, educational institutions, state governments, and private developers are taking action to understand job skills and capability requirements and to develop educational and training programs to meet offshore workforce needs; most are focused on offshore wind power, with gaining interest in marine energy. This article explores the workforce requirements of the growing ocean-based renewable energy industry and the current state of education and training programs to meet those requirements in order to identify gaps and make recommendations for further workforce development activities and initiatives. An international view needs to be adopted that incorporates the education and skill needs of early-stage marine energy technologies and evolving offshore wind technologies together with more market-ready offshore renewable energy markets. By accelerating educational development opportunities in ocean-based renewable energy, these growing blue economy markets can deliver significant economic and social benefits.
50 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Water (EE-4↗
An Advanced Microscopic Energy Consumption Model for Automated Vehicle:Development, Calibration, Verification
The automated vehicle (AV) equipped with the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system is expected to reduce the fuel consumption for the intelligent transportation system. This paper presents the Advanced ACC-Micro (AA-Micro) model, a new energy consumption model based on micro trajectory data, calibrated and verified by empirical data. Utilizing a commercial AV equipped with the ACC system as the test platform, experiments were conducted at the Columbus 151 Speedway, capturing data from multiple ACC and Human-Driven (HV) test runs. The calibrated AA-Micro model integrates features from traditional energy consumption models and demonstrates superior goodness of fit, achieving an impressive 90% accuracy in predicting ACC system energy consumption without overfitting. A comprehensive statistical evaluation of the AA-Micro model's applicability and adaptability in predicting energy consumption and vehicle trajectories indicated strong model consistency and reliability for ACC vehicles, evidenced by minimal variance in RMSE values and uniform RSS distributions. Conversely, significant discrepancies were observed when applying the model to HV data, underscoring the necessity for specialized models to accurately predict energy consumption for HV and ACC systems, potentially due to their distinct energy consumption characteristics.
Ma, Ke↗
A Remote Development Process and Platform for Power Electronic Systems
Like many areas in research and development, power electronic and distributed energy resource research and development slowed during the COVID pandemic. While the presence of the virus has reduced and workers are returning to shared offices, uncertainty of potential future challenges are still present. This work proposes a development and testing network that provides researchers the ability to operate remotely and coordinate control and debug activities for power electronic systems. This development and testing network has been demonstrated in both controller hardware-in-the-loop (C-HIL) and hardware testing.
Starke, Michael↗
Design of Hopfield Networks Based on Superconducting Coupled Oscillators
The global energy shortage has driven the development of many energy-efficient computational platforms beyond Moore's law, among which brain-inspired neuromorphic computing is one of the promising solutions. Associative memory and pattern recognition are important computations solved by brain-inspired Hopfield networks. Classical Hopfield networks store memories via fixed point attractors of their dynamics. In oscillatory Hopfield networks, these attractors are replaced by periodic orbits. Here, we design an oscillatory Hopfield network based on coupled superconducting oscillators. We first employ a mathematical phase reduction approach to map networks of coupled superconducting rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) ring oscillators to coupled Kuramoto phase-oscillator networks. We use this theory to numerically optimize the hardware's mutual inductances in order to directly match the phase-reduced superconducting oscillators to a model of phase-oscillator-based Hopfield networks. The resulting network can store multiple oscillatory phase-locked memory patterns and recover the patterns based on the initial phase conditions. As different pattern recognition tasks, or learning, require tunable connectivity strengths between the oscillatory nodes, we further employ a coupler circuit that enables tuning the coupling strength between two oscillators by applying an external flux. We demonstrate the functionality of our design through numerical simulations of a small example network with oscillators operating at 86 GHz and recognizing patterns within 10 ns. Our approach enables the learning and retrieval of dynamical memory patterns with a wide range of applications where rhythmic dynamic output is beneficial.
Cheng, Ran↗
Integrated Process for Direct Air Capture of CO 2 and Electrochemical Conversion to Ethanol
This Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between UT-Battelle, LLC and Reactwell, L.L.C. aimed to facilitate the development of an energy-efficient and cost-effective technology that captures carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air and converts it electrochemically to ethanol. Direct air capture (DAC) of CO 2 offers the prospect of permanently lowering the atmospheric CO 2 concentration, providing economic and energy-efficient technologies can be developed and deployed at a large scale. DAC has the potential for high-capacity atmospheric CO 2 capture, the flexibility of placement anywhere on earth, and the generation of high-purity CO 2 streams. The most significant technical challenge with DAC is the very low atmospheric concentration of CO 2 , thereby requiring sorbents that bind CO 2 quickly, strongly, and selectively against other components in the air. Integrating DAC with CO 2 conversion into useful chemicals, fuels, or materials can provide an economically feasible solution for mitigating climate change. As long as the carbon contained in these products is taken from the atmosphere and no additional carbon emissions result from their production, processing, and transportation, they can be considered carbon-neutral products. This CRADA facilitated the development of a new net-zero emission technology that closes the carbon cycle by combining DAC with the catalytic electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into ethanol.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Computer simulated building energy consumption for verification of energy conservation measures in network facilities
A computer program called ECPVER (Energy Consumption Program - Verification) was developed to simulate all energy loads for any number of buildings. The program computes simulated daily, monthly, and yearly energy consumption which can be compared with actual meter readings for the same time period. Such comparison can lead to validation of the model under a variety of conditions, which allows it to be used to predict future energy saving due to energy conservation measures. Predicted energy saving can then be compared with actual saving to verify the effectiveness of those energy conservation changes. This verification procedure is planned to be an important advancement in the Deep Space Network Energy Project, which seeks to reduce energy cost and consumption at all DSN Deep Space Stations.
Plankey, B.↗
Update on the Status of the FLUKA Monte Carlo Transport Code
The FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code is a well-known simulation tool in High Energy Physics. FLUKA is a dynamic tool in the sense that it is being continually updated and improved by the authors. Here we review the progresses achieved in the last year on the physics models. From the point of view of hadronic physics, most of the effort is still in the field of nucleus--nucleus interactions. The currently available version of FLUKA already includes the internal capability to simulate inelastic nuclear interactions beginning with lab kinetic energies of 100 MeV/A up the the highest accessible energies by means of the DPMJET-II.5 event generator to handle the interactions for greater than 5 GeV/A and rQMD for energies below that. The new developments concern, at high energy, the embedding of the DPMJET-III generator, which represent a major change with respect to the DPMJET-II structure. This will also allow to achieve a better consistency between the nucleus-nucleus section with the original FLUKA model for hadron-nucleus collisions. Work is also in progress to implement a third event generator model based on the Master Boltzmann Equation approach, in order to extend the energy capability from 100 MeV/A down to the threshold for these reactions. In addition to these extended physics capabilities, structural changes to the programs input and scoring capabilities are continually being upgraded. In particular we want to mention the upgrades in the geometry packages, now capable of reaching higher levels of abstraction. Work is also proceeding to provide direct import into ROOT of the FLUKA output files for analysis and to deploy a user-friendly GUI input interface.
Pinsky, L.↗
Autonomous Energy Systems
Energy systems are increasingly complicated by the proliferation of clean energy technologies such as solar, wind, storage, electric vehicles, and building automations. Future energy systems will require secure, autonomous, and reliable communications, control, and interoperability among millions of distributed generation points and billions of buildings, vehicles, and more. To enable effective management of the anticipated growth of distributed devices and the deluge of data and extensive metering that will follow, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed the concept of autonomous energy systems (AES).
autonomous↗
Equitable Employment Access Assessed Through the Mobility Energy Productivity (MEP) Metric
This paper examines commuting options for an underserved neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio to a major employment center. The analysis is based on an emerging metric called the Mobility Energy Productivity (MEP) metric developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on behalf the Department of Energy (DOE). The purpose of the analysis is twofold. The first is to quantify relative attractiveness of commute modes between the two locations, using a perspective that includes travel time, energy and cost, while providing an equity lens to compare commute options between privately owned vehicles and pooled transportation options. The second objective is to apply MEP in a specific origin-destination (O-D) scenario, whereas previously it has been used primarily as an aggregate metropolitan-wide statistical measure. In so doing, parameters in MEP are further customized and the methodology is refined to account for unique aspects of this case study. Four commute options between the neighborhood and the industry employment based are analyzed: drive alone option, public transit express bus (historical), public transit normal route (current), and a proposed shuttle specific to the O-D pair. This analysis identified issues applying MEP that required further customization: (1) deprecation functions customized to modes other than driving, (2) accounting for first-mile last-mile travel times with transit, (3) accounting for transit frequency without resorting to full simulation. The results provide quantitative insights on the employment accessibility between these two locations, both across modes, and as equity of job accessibility for those who can and cannot operate a personal vehicle.
ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
Integrated Micro-Power System (IMPS) Development at NASA Glenn Research Center
Glenn Research Center (GRC) has a long history of energy related technology developments for large space related power systems, including photovoltaics, thermo-mechanical energy conversion, electrochemical energy storage. mechanical energy storage, power management and distribution and power system design. Recently, many of these technologies have begun to be adapted for small, distributed power system applications or Integrated Micro-Power Systems (IMPS). This paper will describe the IMPS component and system demonstration efforts to date.
Wilt, David↗