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At least 127 records · Page 7

A phoenics model for the triaxial loading of an initially cylindrical mass of rate-type material with provisions for bulging and yield

This work traces the response of a granular material via the Ten Coefficient Truesdell rate-type constituitive model into the simplest meaningful loading: the triaxial test configuration. A functional relation has been posed for computing the rather peculiar relation between average applied stress and average porosity. Using that relation an attack has been mounted on the dilemma that exists between dynamic and constitutive use of the pressure variable; that is relating dynamic pressure, thermodynamic pressure, stress deviator and higher stress invariants. The resolution was as a linear superposition with a one-way feedback, in that while the dynamic component could not effect the constituitive component, the converse was not true since density appears in the momentum transport relation.

French, K. W., Jr.↗

Geodetic altitude to a triaxial ellipsoidal planet

An efficient theoretical model for determining geodetic altitudes with better than millimeter accuracy is proposed, with application to the TOPEX/Poseidon project. The triaxial ellipsoidal subsurface point of a satellite is used as the initial trial solution to achieve an efficient and simple iterative solution. It is found that the second-iteration solution is exact to an accuracy of at least 10 to the -9th km.

Tang, Charles C. H.↗

A highly triaxial N-body system tumbling about is intermediate axis

The results are presented of an N-body simulation which shows that it is possible for a highly triaxial self-gravitating system in dynamical equilibrium to exhibit stable figure rotation about its intermediate axis. The system is long-lived, lasting at least 20 half-mass crossing times of the final system. The nature of the simulation is summarized.

Duncan, Martin J.↗

Triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and rotational pole of 2 Pallas from two stellar occultations

The ability to derive unique triaxial ellipsoid dimensions and a rotational pole for an asteroid is demonstrated on the basis of three stellar occultations. Two such occultations for Pallas are used to examine the locus of solutions falling along a curve in seven-dimensional parameter space. While the first occultation slightly overestimated the true size of the asteroid's outline, more plausible solutions are allowed within its errors. The occultation model is combined with speckle interferometric results. Pallas is more flattened, with a greater b/c ratio, and smaller c, than found in previous estimates.

Drummond, Jack D.↗

The effect of galaxy triaxiality on globular clusters

Evidence of triaxiality and central mass concentration in the Galaxy and in M31 and M87 is examined. It is proposed that globular clusters on box orbits in the inner parts of these systems pass close enough to the center to be destroyed by tidal shocks. Remaining clusters will preferentially populate tube orbits with relatively high angular momentum. The process is used to explain the cluster distribution in M87 reported by Lauer and Kormendy (1986). Models are presented for cluster destruction by massive black holes in M87's dark halo. Consideration is given to techniques for testing the suggestion that clusters form only on box orbits.

Ostriker, J. P.↗

Orbital decay in aspherical galaxies. II - Triaxial systems

A previous analysis of orbital decay of small satellite galaxies into moderately oblate, axisymmetrical cannibal galaxies with Staeckel potentials is generalized here to triaxial systems with arbitary anisotropy and internal streaming. The orbital evolution to be expected in systems with differing degrees of anisotropy or rotation is briefly discussed. The evolution of some representative orbits is presented in detail using the orbit-averaged anisotropic Chandrasekhar drag and the distribution functions for perfect ellipsoids. The validity of orbit averaging is assessed by comparing the results with ensembles of single-particle orbits integrated directly in the same potential and the same drag prescription. An attempt is made to gauge the validity of the Chandrasekhar formula by comparison with restricted N-body solutions. It is found that the orbit-averaged evolution is consistent with such simulations.

Statler, Thomas S.↗

Space acceleration measurement system triaxial sensor head error budget

The objective of the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) is to measure and record the microgravity environment for a given experiment aboard the Space Shuttle. To accomplish this, SAMS uses remote triaxial sensor heads (TSH) that can be mounted directly on or near an experiment. The errors of the TSH are reduced by calibrating it before and after each flight. The associated error budget for the calibration procedure is discussed here.

Thomas, John E.↗

Mechanical properties of compacted lunar simulant using new vacuum triaxial equipment

Mechanical stress-strain strength properties of Arizona Lunar Simulant (ALS) are investigated by using a newly developed vacuum triaxial device that allows compaction under different initial vacuums and confinements. Influence of vacuum and confinement on compaction, strength and deformation characteristics of compacted material are delineated and discussed.

Desai, Chandra S.↗

The effects of specimen width on tensile properties of triaxially braided textile composites

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the unit cell architecture on the mechanical response of textile reinforced composite materials. Specifically, the study investigated the effect of unit cell size on the tensile properties of 2D triaxially braided graphite epoxy laminates. The figures contained in this paper reflect the presentation given at the conference. They may be divided into four sections: (1) a short definition of the material system tested; (2) a statement of the problem and a review of the experimental results; (3) experimental results consist of a Moire interferometry study of the strain distribution in the material plus modulus and strength measurements; and (4) a short summary and a description of future work will close the paper.

Masters, John E.↗

Experimental and analytical characterization of triaxially braided textile composites

There were two components, experimental and analytical, to this investigation of triaxially braided textile composite materials. The experimental portion of the study centered on measuring the materials' longitudinal and transverse tensile moduli, Poisson's ratio, and strengths. The identification of the damage mechanisms exhibited by these materials was also a prime objective of the experimental investigation. The analytical portion of the investigation utilized the Textile Composites Analysis (TECA) model to predict modulus and strength. The analytical and experimental results were compared to assess the effectiveness of the analysis. The figures contained in this paper reflect the presentation made at the conference. They may be divided into four sections: a definition of the material system tested; followed by a series of figures summarizing the experimental results (these figures contain results of a Moire interferometry study of the strain distribution in the material, examples and descriptions of the types of damage encountered in these materials, and a summary of the measured properties); a description of the TECA model follows the experimental results (this includes a series of predicted results and a comparison with measured values); and finally, a brief summary completes the paper.

Masters, John E.↗

Effects of preform architecture on modulus and strength of 2-D triaxially braided textile composites

Laminates formed using braided fibrous preforms have been extensively investigated during the course of the past few years as alternatives to unidirectional prepreg tape systems. This paper focused on one aspect of that work. It defined the role of the fibrous preform architecture in controlling a laminate's mechanical properties. The presentation was divided into four sections as the outline listed above illustrates. The presentation began with a brief introduction which defined the objectives of the study and detailed the materials studied. This was followed by a review of empirical test results. The materials' moduli and strengths were measured in both tension and compression. Their shear moduli were also experimentally determined. The review of the empirical data comprised the bulk of the presentation. A comparison of the experimental data to results predicted analytically was then presented. The presentation concluded with a few summary remarks. The specimens studied in this investigation featured 2-D triaxially braided AS4 graphite fiber preforms impregnated with Shell 1895 epoxy resin.

Masters, John E.↗

In-Orbit Calibration of a SAMS Triaxial Sensor Head

This report describes the results of in orbit calibration data collected for a Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) Triaxial Sensor Head (TS H) and the methods used to process the data for bias and gravity levels.

Chestney, Louis S.↗

Triaxial Burke-Schumann Flames with Applications to Flame Synthesis

The problem of a flame generated by three coaxial flows is solved by extending the Burke-Schumann methodology to include a third stream. The solution is particularly relevant to flame synthesis wherein multiple tubes are often employed either to introduce inert as a diffusion barrier or to introduce more than two reactants. The general problem is solved where the inner and outer tubes contain reactants and the middle tube contains either an inert or a third reactant. Relevant examples are considered and the results show that the triaxial Burke-Schumann flame can be substantially more complicated than the traditional Burke-Schumann flame. When the middle flow is inert the flame temperature is no longer constant but increases axially, reaching a maximum at the flame centerline. At the exit the flame does not sit on the tube exit but instead resides between the inner and outer tubes, resulting in an effective barrier for particle build-up on the burner rim. For the case of a third reactant in the middle flow, synthesis chemistry where the inner reaction is endothermic and the outer reaction is exothermic is considered. In addition to showing the flame temperature and flame shape, the results identify conditions wherein reaction is not possible due to insufficient heat transfer from the outer flame to support the inner flame reaction.

Chao, B. H.↗

Experimental Observations of Localization Phenomena in Sands: Plane Strain Versus Triaxial Compression Conditions

A comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of loading condition and confining pressure on strength properties and instability phenomena in sands. A uniform sub-rounded to rounded natural silica sand known as F-75 Ottawa sand was used in the investigation. The results of a series on Conventional Triaxial Compression (CTC) experiments tested under very low confining pressures (0.05 - 1.30) kPa tested in a Microgravity environment abroad the NASA Space Shuttle are presented in addition to the results similar specimens tested in terrestrial laboratory to investigate the effect of confining pressure on the constitutive behavior of sands. The behavior of the CTC experiments is compared with the results of Plane Strain (PS) experiments. Computed tomography and other digital imaging techniques were used to study the development and evolution of shear bands.

Alshibli, Khalid A.↗

Effect of Microscopic Damage Events on Static and Ballistic Impact Strength of Triaxial Braid Composites

The reliability of impact simulations for aircraft components made with triaxial-braided carbon-fiber composites is currently limited by inadequate material property data and lack of validated material models for analysis. Methods to characterize the material properties used in the analytical models from a systematically obtained set of test data are also lacking. A macroscopic finite element based analytical model to analyze the impact response of these materials has been developed. The stiffness and strength properties utilized in the material model are obtained from a set of quasi-static in-plane tension, compression and shear coupon level tests. Full-field optical strain measurement techniques are applied in the testing, and the results are used to help in characterizing the model. The unit cell of the braided composite is modeled as a series of shell elements, where each element is modeled as a laminated composite. The braided architecture can thus be approximated within the analytical model. The transient dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA is utilized to conduct the finite element simulations, and an internal LS-DYNA constitutive model is utilized in the analysis. Methods to obtain the stiffness and strength properties required by the constitutive model from the available test data are developed. Simulations of quasi-static coupon tests and impact tests of a represented braided composite are conducted. Overall, the developed method shows promise, but improvements that are needed in test and analysis methods for better predictive capability are examined.

Littell, Justin D.↗

Finite Element Model for Failure Study of Two-Dimensional Triaxially Braided Composite

A new three-dimensional finite element model of two-dimensional triaxially braided composites is presented in this paper. This meso-scale modeling technique is used to examine and predict the deformation and damage observed in tests of straight sided specimens. A unit cell based approach is used to take into account the braiding architecture as well as the mechanical properties of the fiber tows, the matrix and the fiber tow-matrix interface. A 0 deg / plus or minus 60 deg. braiding configuration has been investigated by conducting static finite element analyses. Failure initiation and progressive degradation has been simulated in the fiber tows by use of the Hashin failure criteria and a damage evolution law. The fiber tow-matrix interface was modeled by using a cohesive zone approach to capture any fiber-matrix debonding. By comparing the analytical results to those obtained experimentally, the applicability of the developed model was assessed and the failure process was investigated.

Li, Xuetao↗

Experimental Techniques for Evaluating the Effects of Aging on Impact and High Strain Rate Properties of Triaxial Braided Composite Materials

An experimental program is underway to measure the impact and high strain rate properties of triaxial braided composite materials and to quantify any degradation in properties as a result of thermal and hygroscopic aging typically encountered during service. Impact tests are being conducted on flat panels using a projectile designed to induce high rate deformation similar to that experienced in a jet engine fan case during a fan blade-out event. The tests are being conducted on as-fabricated panels and panels subjected to various numbers of aging cycles. High strain rate properties are being measured using a unique Hopkinson bar apparatus that has a larger diameter than conventional Hopkinson bars. This larger diameter is needed to measure representative material properties because of the large unit cell size of the materials examined in this work. In this paper the experimental techniques used for impact and high strain rate testing are described and some preliminary results are presented for both as-fabricated and aged composites.

Pereira, J. Michael↗

Development of a Subcell Based Modeling Approach for Modeling the Architecturally Dependent Impact Response of Triaxially Braided Polymer Matrix Composites

Understanding the high velocity impact response of polymer matrix composites with complex architectures is critical to many aerospace applications, including engine fan blade containment systems where the structure must be able to completely contain fan blades in the event of a blade-out. Despite the benefits offered by these materials, the complex nature of textile composites presents a significant challenge for the prediction of deformation and damage under both quasi-static and impact loading conditions. The relatively large mesoscale repeating unit cell (in comparison to the size of structural components) causes the material to behave like a structure rather than a homogeneous material. Impact experiments conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center have shown the damage patterns to be a function of the underlying material architecture. Traditional computational techniques that involve modeling these materials using smeared homogeneous, orthotropic material properties at the macroscale result in simulated damage patterns that are a function of the structural geometry, but not the material architecture. In order to preserve heterogeneity at the highest length scale in a robust yet computationally efficient manner, and capture the architecturally dependent damage patterns, a previously-developed subcell modeling approach where the braided composite unit cell is approximated as a series of four adjacent laminated composites is utilized. This work discusses the implementation of the subcell methodology into the commercial transient dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA (Livermore Software Technology Corp.). Verification and validation studies are also presented, including simulation of the tensile response of straight-sided and notched quasi-static coupons composed of a T700/PR520 triaxially braided [0deg/60deg/-60deg] composite. Based on the results of the verification and validation studies, advantages and limitations of the methodology as well as plans for future work are discussed.

finite element method↗