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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Tantalum oxide and nitride spectral features from a laser-produced plasma

Here, we report measurements of time-resolved Ta, TaO and TaN emission spectroscopic signatures from a laser-produced plasma. Plasmas were generated using 1064 nm, 6 ns pulses from an Nd:YAG laser focused onto a pure Ta metal target in a gaseous environment with varying percentages of O 2 /N 2 for controlling gas-phase oxidation/plasma chemistry. Time-resolved analysis showed that Ta oxide emission is prominent at later times in plasma evolution, whereas strong atomic emission is present at early times in air. Emission spectral features as a function of O 2 partial pressure showed that TaO emission intensity increases, while the peak intensity of TaO appears earlier with increasing O 2 availability. We also report emission spectra of TaN, and show that plasma chemistry favors TaO formation instead of TaN when O 2 is present in the environment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2012

Synegies Between Visible/Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometry and the Thermal Infrared in an Urban Environment: An Evaluation of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HYSPIRI) Mission

A majority of the human population lives in urban areas and as such, the quality of urban environments is becoming increasingly important to the human population. Furthermore, these areas are major sources of environmental contaminants and sinks of energy and materials. Remote sensing provides an improved understanding of urban areas and their impacts by mapping urban extent, urban composition (vegetation and impervious cover fractions), and urban radiation balance through measures of albedo, emissivity and land surface temperature (LST). Recently, the National Research Council (NRC) completed an assessment of remote sensing needs for the next decade (NRC, 2007), proposing several missions suitable for urban studies, including a visible, near-infrared and shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer and a multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) instrument called the Hyperspectral Infrared Imagery (HyspIRI). In this talk, we introduce the HyspIRI mission, focusing on potential synergies between VSWIR and TIR data in an urban area. We evaluate potential synergies using an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and MODIS-ASTER (MASTER) image pair acquired over Santa Barbara, United States. AVIRIS data were analyzed at their native spatial resolutions (7.5m VSWIR and 15m TIR), and aggregated 60 m spatial resolution similar to HyspIRI. Surface reflectance was calculated using ACORN and a ground reflectance target to remove atmospheric and sensor artifacts. MASTER data were processed to generate estimates of spectral emissivity and LST using Modtran radiative transfer code and the ASTER Temperature Emissivity Separation algorithm. A spectral library of common urban materials, including urban vegetation, roofs and roads was assembled from combined AVIRIS and field-measured reflectance spectra. LST and emissivity were also retrieved from MASTER and reflectance/emissivity spectra for a subset of urban materials were retrieved from co-located MASTER and AVIRIS pixels. Fractions of Impervious, Soil, Green Vegetation (GV) and Non-photosynthetic Vegetation (NPV), were estimated using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) applied to AVIRIS data at 7.5, 15 and 60 m spatial scales. Surface energy parameters, including albedo, vegetation cover fraction, broadband emissivity and LST were also determined for urban and natural land-cover classes in the region. Fractions were validated using 1m digital photography.

Roberts, Dar A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Airborne simultaneous spectroscopic detection of laser-induced water Raman backscatter and fluorescence from chlorophyll a and other naturally occurring pigments

The airborne laser-induced spectral emission bands obtained simultaneously from water Raman backscatter and the fluorescence of chlorophyll and other naturally occurring waterborne pigments are reported here for the first time. The importance of this type data lies not only in its single-shot multispectral character but also in the application of the Raman line for correction or calibration of the spatial variation of the laser penetration depth without the need for in situ water attenuation measurements. The entire laser-induced fluorescence and Raman scatter emissions resulting from each separate 532-nm 10-nsec laser pulse are collected and spectrally dispersed in a diffraction grating spectrometer having forty photomultiplier tube detectors. Results from field experiments conducted in the North Sea and the Chesapeake Bay/Potomac River are presented. Difficulties involving the multispectral resolution of the induced emissions are addressed, and feasible solutions are suggested together with new instrument configurations and future research directions.

Hoge, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Non-contact temperature measurement

Three methods for noncontact temperature measurement are presented. Ideal gas thermometry is realized by using laser-induced fluorescence to measure the concentration of mercury atoms in a Hg-Ar mixture in the vicinity of hot specimens. Emission polarimetry is investigated by measuring the spatially resolved intensities of polarized light from a hot tungsten sphere. Laser polarimetry is used to measure the optical properties, emissivity, and, in combination with optical pyrometry, the temperature of electromagnetically levitated liquid aluminum. The precision of temperature measurements based on the ideal gas law is + or - 2.6 percent at 1500-2000 K. The polarized emission technique is found to have the capability to determine optical properties and/or spectral emissivities of specimens over a wide range of wavelengths with quite simple instruments.

Nordine, Paul C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Remote sensing cloud properties from high spectral resolution infrared observations

A technique for estimating cloud radiative properties (spectral emissivity and reflectivity) in the IR is developed based on observations at a spectral resolution of approximately 0.5/cm. The algorithm uses spectral radiance observations and theoretical calculations of the IR spectra for clear and cloudy conditions along with lidar-determined cloud-base and cloud-top pressure. An advantage of the high spectral resolution observations is that the absorption effects of atmospheric gases are minimized by analyzing between gaseous absorption lines. The technique is applicable to both ground-based and aircraft-based platforms and derives the effective particle size and associated cloud water content required to satisfy, theoretically, the observed cloud IR spectra. The algorithm is tested using theoretical simulations and applied to observations made with the University of Wisconsin's ground-based and NASA ER-2 aircraft High-Resolution Infrared Spectrometer instruments.

Smith, William L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Neptune radio emission - Predictions based on planetary scaling laws

In this paper a prediction is advanced concerning Neptune's low-frequency radio emission based on the radiometric Bode's law for radio planets in combination with the magnetostrophic scaling law for magnetized planets. The total emitted radio power is predicted to be about 1.6 x 10 to the 7th W, very nearly the same as that predicted and observed for Uranus. Possible emission spectral shapes, based on Saturn and earth-like models, are shown. Using these models, the radio emission frequency range is predicted to extend from approximately 100 to just over 1000 kHz, with a spectral peak between 350 and 500 kHz. If radiation is beamed approximately in the sunward direction, Neptune should be detectable by the planetary radio astronomy experiment onboard the Voyager spacecraft sometime between 45 and 90 days before closest approach. This detection is likely to represent the first direct evidence of a Neptune magnetic field. Possible implications for Neptune's magnetosphere with regard to the time of first detection are discussed.

Desch, Michael D.↗
NASA NTRS2007

The Prelude to and Aftermath of the Giant Flare of 2004 December 27: Persistent and Pulsed X-ray Properties of SGR 1806-20 from 1993 to 2005

We report on the evolution of key spectral and temporal parameters of SGR 1806-20 prior to and following the highly energetic giant flare of 2004 December 27. Using RXTE, we track the pulse frequency of the SGR and find that the spin-down rate varied erratically in the months before and after the flare. Contrary to the giant flare in SGR 1900+14, we find no evidence for a discrete jump in spin frequency at the time of the December 27th flare (Absolute value of (Delta * upsilon/upsilon) < 5 10 (exp -6)). In the months surrounding the flare, we find a strong correlation between pulsed flux and torque consistent with the model for magnetar magnetosphere electrodynamics proposed. As with the flare in SGR 1900+14, the pulse morphology of SGR 1806-20 changes drastically following the flare. Using Chandra and other publicly available imaging X-ray detector observations, we construct a spectral history of SGR 1806-20 from 1993 to 2005. The usual magnetar persistent emission spectral model of a power law plus a blackbody provides an excellent fit to the data. We confirm the earlier finding of increasing spectral hardness of SGR 1806-20 between 1993 and 2004. However, our results indicate significant differences in the temporal evolution of the spectral hardening. Rather than a direct correlation between torque and spectral hardness, we find evidence for a sudden torque change that preceded a gradual hardening of the energy spectrum on a timescale of years. Interestingly, the spectral hardness, spin-down rate, phase-averaged flux, and pulsed flux of SGR 1806-20 all peak months before the flare epoch.

Woods, Peter M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sensitivity of Simulated Radiative Emission from Nitrogen Flows to Chemical Parameters

Numerical models of hypersonic flows rely on chemistry data inferred from experiments and quantum calculations. Experiments from NASA's Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) measure the spectral emission of strong shocks in pure nitrogen flows. These spectral profiles are only approximately captured by numerical simulations. To address these discrepancies, one wishes to calibrate some of the chemical parameters to better match experiment. Because there are hundreds of parameters in the numerical model, a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the entire chemistry database to determine which parameters are most important to analyze in the future. In order to perform this work it was necessary to generate a consistent chemical database that interfaced with both the CFD and line-by-line radiation solver. Using Monte Carlo methods, the total Sobol index was calculated for important parameters. Twenty parameters were identified as important across the nitrogen system. However, it was noted that in some spectral regions, the parametric uncertainty was unable to bound EAST measurements. Further improvements could be made by increasing the parameter uncertainties or addressing other sources of modeling error.

Kaelan B Hansson↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sensitivity of Simulated Radiative Emission from Nitrogen Flows to Chemical Parameters

Numerical models of hypersonic flows rely on chemistry data inferred from experiments and quantum calculations. Experiments from NASA's Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) measure the spectral emission of strong shocks in pure nitrogen flows. These spectral profiles are only approximately captured by numerical simulations. To address these discrepancies, one wishes to calibrate some of the chemical parameters to better match experiment. Because there are hundreds of parameters in the numerical model, a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the entire chemistry database to determine which parameters are most important to analyze in the future. In order to perform this work it was necessary to generate a consistent chemical database that interfaced with both the CFD and line-by-line radiation solver. Using Monte Carlo methods, the total Sobol index was calculated for important parameters. Twenty parameters were identified as important across the nitrogen system. However, it was noted that in some spectral regions, the parametric uncertainty was unable to bound EAST measurements. Further improvements could be made by increasing the parameter uncertainties or addressing other sources of modeling error.

Kaelan Hansson↗
NASA NTRS2002

Synchrotron and Synchrotron Self-Compton Spectral Signatures and Blazar Emission Models

We find that energy losses due to synchrotron self-Compton (BBC) emission in Blazar jets can produce distinctive signatures in the time-averaged synchrotron and SSC spectra of these objects. For a fairly broad range of particle injection distributions, SSC-loss-dominated synchrotron emission exhibits a spectral dependence Fv approximately v (exp -3/2). The presence or absence of this dependence in the optical and ultraviolet spectra of flat-spectrum radio quasars such as PC 279 and in the soft X-ray spectra of high-frequency BL Lac objects such as Mark 501 gives a robust measure of the importance of SSC losses. Furthermore, for partially cooled particle distributions, spectral breaks of varying sizes can appear in the synchrotron and SSC spectra and will be related to the spectral indices of the emission below the break. These spectral signatures place constraints on the size scale and the nonthermal particle content of the emitting plasma, as well as the observer orientation relative to the jet axis.

Chiang, James↗
NASA NTRS1999

Anticipating HESSI's View of Spectral Evolution in Flare Hard X-Ray Emission

The spectral evolution of observed flares' hard X-ray emission is found to conform to certain patterns in color-color diagrams (CCDs). By combining the spectral resolution of BATSE data with the spatial resolution of HXT data, we are able to address the nature of flare energy release and anticipate what kind of observations HESSI may make of the energy release/particle acceleration site in flares. The implications of these observations for theoretical models of acceleration and propagation is considered.

Newton, Elizabeth K.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Investigating the Nature of the Luminous Ambiguous Nuclear Transient ASASSN-17jz

Abstract We present observations of the extremely luminous but ambiguous nuclear transient (ANT) ASASSN-17jz, spanning roughly 1200 days of the object’s evolution. ASASSN-17jz was discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) in the galaxy SDSS J171955.84+414049.4 on UT 2017 July 27 at a redshift of z = 0.1641. The transient peaked at an absolute B -band magnitude of M B ,peak = −22.81, corresponding to a bolometric luminosity of L bol,peak = 8.3 × 10 44 erg s −1 , and exhibited late-time ultraviolet emission that was still ongoing in our latest observations. Integrating the full light curve gives a total emitted energy of E tot = (1.36 ±0.08) × 10 52 erg, with (0.80 ± 0.02) × 10 52 erg of this emitted within 200 days of peak light. This late-time ultraviolet emission is accompanied by increasing X-ray emission that becomes softer as it brightens. ASASSN-17jz exhibited a large number of spectral emission lines most commonly seen in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with little evidence of evolution. It also showed transient Balmer features, which became fainter and broader over time, and are still being detected >1000 days after peak brightness. We consider various physical scenarios for the origin of the transient, including supernovae (SNe), tidal disruption events, AGN outbursts, and ANTs. We find that the most likely explanation is that ASASSN-17jz was a SN IIn occurring in or near the disk of an existing AGN, and that the late-time emission is caused by the AGN transitioning to a more active state.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1994

Long-Slit Spectra of Mars in the Thermal Infrared

We have obtained long-slit spectra of Mars in the 7-14 micrometer regime. Our two integrations, taken 1993 March 2, are spaced about 2 hours apart and are centered at longitudes of roughly 210 and 240 degrees. The data cover the Elysium Planitia and volcanic regions, the classical dark albedo regions of Cerburus and central and eastern Hesperia, and the classical bright albedo region Utopia Planitia. We have deconvolved the point spread function from the images using a maximum entropy reconstruction algorithm; the resulting spatial resolution of the images is better than 1". Mars occupies approximately 9" of the slit, and we have detected variations in the spectral emission from different areas of the planet. We are in the process of interpreting these spectral variations in terms of the temperature and composition of the surface and the transmission of the Martian atmospheric dust and gases.

Rowland, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Observed Spectral Evolution of Solar Flare Hard X-Ray Emission

The spectral evolution of flare emission may be characterized using color-color diagrams (CCDs), a technique which has been widely employed by the astrophysics community, but not yet by the solar flare community. CCDs are constructed for a sample of flares observed simultaneously by CGRO/BATSE and Yohkoh/HXT. It is found that flare spectral evolution follows one of only a few patterns, which generally evolve differently than the soft-hard-soft pattern put forth as the norm in previous work. The implications for the nature of flare energy release and acceleration/propagation models are discussed

Newton, Elizabeth↗
NASA NTRS1983

Feasibility of airborne detection of laser-induced fluorescence emissions from green terrestrial plants

The present investigation provides a demonstration of the feasibility of the airborne detection of the laser-induced fluorescence spectral emissions from living terrestrial grasses, shrubs, and trees using existing levels of lidar technology. Airborne studies were performed to ascertain system requirements necessary to detect laser-induced fluorescence from living terrestrial plants, to assess the practical acquisition of useful single-shot laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) waveforms over vegetative canopies, and to determine the comparative suitability of laser system, airborne platform, and terrestrial environmental parameters. The field experiment was conducted on May 3, 1982, over the northern portion of Wallops Island, VA. Attention is given to airborne lidar results and the description of laboratory investigations.

Hoge, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Upper atmospheric spectroscopy

Atomic physics is so intimately entwined with planetary aeronomy that progress in this geophysical-astronomical discipline is dependent in large measure upon progress in certain phases of atomic physics. The interdependence is illustrated by a discussion of photon, electron, and proton stimulation of the dayglow and the aurora. Calculations are given for the excitation of various states in N2, O2, and O as a result of electron energy degradation, assuming a gas mixture appropriate to 120 km. Emphasis is given to the O2(a 1 Delta g) 1.27 micron emission and to the low energy region in areas where many competing mechanisms enhance or inhibit certain spectral emissions.

Green, A. E. S.↗